Into the earth

What are the top-rated restaurants near Stump Cross Caverns?

Mon, 27 Apr 2026 16:55:43 GMT

Discover great restaurants and eateries near Stump Cross Caverns, from pubs to cafes – all perfect for refuelling after exploring the Dales.

A day out in the Yorkshire Dales has a way of working up an appetite.

Whether you've been exploring our underground caves or taking in the scenery above ground, there's something about this landscape that gets the tummy rumbling. Fortunately for you, you don't have to travel very far to find good food in the Dales.

This part of North Yorkshire is full of places where you can sit down, warm up and enjoy something deliciously satisfying at your own pace. Traditional country pubs, relaxed cafes and tearooms… You name it.

To make the choice a little easier, we've put together a guide to some of the top-rated restaurants and other places to eat. All are within easy reach of Stump Cross Caverns.

The Gamekeeper's Inn

Just a short drive from the caverns, The Gamekeeper's Inn is a firm favourite for visitors looking for a proper Yorkshire pub experience.

Set in the Long Ashes Park holiday park, the pub offers a warm and welcoming atmosphere. Think stone walls, wooden beams and plenty of cosy corners to settle into. On cooler days, especially, it's the kind of place you'll want to linger.

The menu leans into hearty, comforting dishes like traditional roasts and pies, all served in generous portions that feel well-earned after a day out. Also on offer is a good selection of lighter options and bar snacks in case you're after something a little simpler.

This is a reliable choice if you want somewhere relaxed with consistently good food and a setting that feels very much part of the landscape.

Grassington House

Are you heading into Grassington? The award-winning restaurant Grassington House is one of the standout dining spots in the region.

It sits right on the square, making it easy to find and ideal if you're already exploring the village. The setting feels a little more polished, with a focus on quality ingredients and thoughtful presentation.

The menus here tend to highlight local produce, with dishes that feel modern without losing their connection to the region. If you're looking to book a slightly more special meal, whether that's a long lunch or an early evening dinner, this is the ideal choice.

Cobblestones Café, Grassington

You can't visit Yorkshire without experiencing a charming, traditional Yorkshire tearoom. Cobblestones Café is just the thing – a relaxed and friendly place to stop that does Yorkshire tradition to a "tea".

It's the kind of cosy café that works for almost any point in the day, whether you're after breakfast, a light lunch, or just a coffee and something sweet. Well-known for a proper Yorkshire welcome, the atmosphere here is warm and easy-going, and you won't feel rushed.

Expect superior homemade bakes, including fresh warm scones, butcher-sourced sausages and plenty of choice if you're just looking to recharge before heading back out.

Are you travelling with a four-legged companion? The cafe is very welcoming to dogs. They might even provide a treat or two if you're lucky!

The Devonshire, Grassington

Another strong option in Grassington is The Devonshire, a traditional, family-run pub that blends character with comfort.

Inside, it feels welcoming and unpretentious – just the kind of place where muddy boots aren't out of place. Everyone here is here for the same reason: good food and a relaxed setting.

The menu covers classic pub favourites like pies and fish and chips, alongside a full range of cask ales. There's enough variety to suit many different tastes.

The pub is particularly popular with walkers and day-trippers, giving it a lively yet laid-back feel.

The Stripey Badger Bookshop, Coffee Shop & Kitchen

For something a little different, The Stripey Badger combines a café with a bookshop, creating a space that invites you to slow down.

It's not just about the food here. It's also about the atmosphere. Think shelves lined with books, quiet corners and a sense that you can stay as long as you like.

But the food, for what it's worth, is very good indeed, with a carefully curated menu focusing on fresh, simple ingredients. It's particularly famous for its homemade scones and afternoon teas.

The Badger is an especially good choice on a rainy day when you're happy to settle in and let the time pass gently. On brighter days, meanwhile, you can make the most of the outdoor seating in the village square.

Right here at Stump Cross Caverns

Of course, you don't even have to leave Stump Cross Caverns to find some well-earned refreshment and a hot meal.

Our Time Cafe offers a convenient and comfortable place to refuel when you emerge from exploring the caves. With a range of hot drinks, light meals and more substantial options, it's an easy way to round off your day without needing to travel further.

However, our doors are open to everyone, even those who haven't visited the caverns. Why not pop in, enjoy a warm lunch or a delightful cream tea, and savour the stunning views of the Yorkshire Dales?

This is a place where you can watch the weather rolling out across the Dales over a brew. It's a setting that's hard to beat, no matter what the clouds are doing.

A region made for good food

One of the best things about this part of North Yorkshire is how easily a day can come together. Yet, at the same time, no two days out ever need be the same.

You might start underground here at Stump Cross Caverns, spend some time exploring nearby villages, and then end the day in a pub or cafe. Or you might plan a special meal first and build your day around it.

There's no single way to do it, and that's part of the appeal.

Ours is a region that has long been known for its food, and it's a reputation well-earned. You'll see this reflected in the variety you'll find here.

From traditional recipes to more modern menus, the focus is always the same. The Dales is all about good ingredients, generous portions, and a picturesque landscape that encourages you to slow down and enjoy it.

Planning a visit to the Yorkshire Dales and need to stop for lunch? See what's on offer at our unique cave cafe with a view. Or why not treat yourself to a famous Stump Cross afternoon tea ?

How did cavemen and cavewomen brush their teeth?

Fri, 24 Apr 2026 08:04:04 GMT

Discover Stone Age dietary and dental habits, early methods of cleaning teeth, and what cavemen used instead of toothpaste.

Toothbrushes, toothpaste, dental floss and minty-fresh mouthwash – these are all very modern inventions.

But long before bathroom sinks, electric toothbrushes and whitening formula, early humans still had to look after their teeth somehow. After all, toothache didn't suddenly appear in the 21st century, and there were no dentures available if teeth fell out!

So, how did people living thousands of years ago keep their teeth clean?

The answer is a mix of simplicity, resourcefulness and a lifestyle that – in many ways – did more of the work for them.

A very different diet

One of the biggest differences between Stone Age habits and how we live today comes down to what people were eating.

During the Stone Age, diets were made up of natural, unprocessed foods – things like meat, fish, nuts, seeds, fruits and wild plants. There was no refined sugar, no fizzy drinks and none of the highly processed foods that are so common today, like chips, crisps and sweets.

That alone made a significant difference. Foods high in sugar are one of the main causes of tooth decay, so without those, early humans were far less likely to develop cavities.

Of course, that's not to say their teeth were perfect. Far from it – grit from grinding grains with stones would certainly have worn teeth down over time. And injuries or infections still happened. Overall, however, their dietary habits helped more than they harmed.

Cleaning teeth without a toothbrush

While early humans didn't have toothbrushes as we know them, there is evidence showing that they still cleaned their teeth in simple ways.

Chewing on sticks or fibrous plants is one of the most widely accepted ideas. The ends of small twigs could be frayed to create a brush-like texture, which could then be rubbed against the teeth and gums. It's a method that has been used in different cultures around the world for thousands of years.

In some cases, abrasive materials like ash or crushed bone may also have been used to help remove debris. These wouldn't have been used in the same way as modern toothpaste, but they could have helped to scrub the surface of the teeth.

Simply put, Stone Age people certainly didn't have the dental hygiene routine that we're used to (twice daily, for two minutes!) However, they still made use of what was available when they could.

Nature did some of the work

Interestingly, the act of eating itself likely played a role in keeping teeth cleaner.

Tough, fibrous foods require more chewing, which naturally helps remove plaque from the surface of the teeth. Think of it as a kind of built-in cleaning process – not perfect, but effective enough in the absence of modern tools.

There's also evidence that some plants used may have had mild antibacterial properties. This perhaps offered an added layer of protection without people necessarily realising how it worked.

What can ancient teeth tell us?

Archaeologists have learned a surprising amount about early humans simply by studying their teeth.

Teeth are like tiny time capsules that reveal what people ate, how old they were and even aspects of their daily lives.

Patterns of wear can show whether someone regularly ate tough or gritty foods. Tiny scratches on the surface can hint at the kinds of materials they were chewing. And traces trapped in dental plaque have even helped researchers identify specific plants that formed part of a person's diet thousands of years ago.

Signs of decay or damage can also tell a story. A sudden increase in cavities, for example, can point to changes in diet over time. This is particularly telling during the shift towards farming and more carbohydrate-rich foods in later prehistoric periods.

Teeth can even offer clues about health and hardship. Lines or defects in the enamel sometimes show periods where the body was under stress, such as illness or lack of food. In that way, they don't just reflect what people ate, but also how they lived.

One of the reasons we know so much about prehistoric life is that teeth are incredibly durable. Long after other evidence has disappeared, they remain – small but detailed records of lives that would otherwise be lost to time.

Not quite the same as today

Of course, it's worth remembering that Stone Age dental care was far from perfect.

Without modern dentistry, even relatively small problems could become serious. There were no fillings, no pain relief as we know it and no quick trips to the dentist.

So, while their lifestyle may have reduced certain issues, it also meant that when problems did arise, they were much harder, if not impossible, to treat.

Questions like how people cleaned their teeth might seem small, but they offer a window into everyday life in the Stone Age.

They remind us that early humans weren't so different from us. They adapted, experimented and made use of the materials around them in practical ways. Even something as routine as cleaning your teeth becomes a story of human ingenuity.

Discover more at Stump Cross Caverns

Are you curious about what life might have been like for early humans? You can experience an ancient underground landscape for yourself right here at Stump Cross Caverns.

Here, you'll step into a glittering underground world that echoes the kinds of spaces our distant cave-dwelling ancestors might have known. Moving through the caverns, it's easy to imagine how people once explored, sheltered and made sense of the world around them.

You may even come across our resident Cavewoman , the guardian of Stump Cross Caverns! Through storytelling and interaction, she brings the past to life for younger visitors in a way that feels engaging and immersive.

After your time underground, you could continue your day out in the open with a Yorkshire Dales walk . Or why not take a moment to unwind in our Time Cafe with a hot drink and something to eat? It's the perfect cosy contrast to the world you've just stepped out of.

Want to learn more about Stone Age life? Explore our Key Stage 2 portal to learn all about Stone Age animals and play fun learning games.

The best apps for navigating the Yorkshire Dales

Mon, 20 Apr 2026 13:22:49 GMT

Discover the best apps for navigating the Yorkshire Dales, with maps, weather and safety tools to help you explore with confidence.

Exploring the Yorkshire Dales is one of the best ways to experience North Yorkshire at its most open and unspoilt.

But with wide landscapes, winding routes and areas where signal can drop without warning, it really does help to be prepared. The good news is that there are a variety of convenient and easy-to-use apps that can make navigating the Dales much simpler.

Here are some of the best apps to install on your phone before you set off. Whether you're planning a gentle walk or a full day out, you can explore with confidence with these in your pocket.

OS Maps: the gold standard for walking routes

If you download just one app before heading into the Dales, make it OS Maps.

This is the digital version of Ordnance Survey maps – the same detailed maps used by walkers across the UK. You'll find footpaths, bridleways, contour lines and landmarks all clearly marked, making it much easier to understand the landscape around you.

One of its most useful features is the ability to download maps for offline use. This means you can still navigate even when you lose signal, which is always worth being prepared for. It happens even more often than you might expect in rural areas.

This app is a reliable, easy-to-use tool that works just as well for beginners as it does for experienced walkers.

Google Maps: simple, familiar and useful offline

While not specifically designed for hiking and walking trails, Google Maps remains a helpful tool to have at your disposal.

It's especially useful for planning your route to and from the Dales, whether you're driving or using public transport. It can also help you find nearby parking, cafés and other facilities, and allows you to check travel times as well as road and traffic conditions.

Like OS Maps, you can download areas for offline use. This is definitely worth doing in advance, in case of patchy mobile signal while you're out in the countryside.

It won't show every footpath and probably won't know your trail routes, but it's a good all-round backup for general road navigation.

Komoot: easy route planning and turn-by-turn guidance

Komoot is a popular choice for walkers, cyclists, hikers and anyone else who likes to add a bit more structure and adventure to their route.

The app is specially designed to look for scenic routes. You can use it to discover established trails in the Yorkshire Dales or plan your own walks based on distance and difficulty. And along the way, you'll enjoy turn-by-turn navigation to keep you on track.

It's particularly useful if you're not used to reading traditional maps, as it breaks routes down into clear, manageable steps.

Offline maps are also available, which makes it a practical option for longer days out.

AllTrails: great for inspiration and real user reviews

If you're looking for ideas rather than planning from scratch, AllTrails is a great place to start.

Designed for outdoor enthusiasts, the GPS-navigated app features a wide range of walking routes. These come complete with crowd-sourced difficulty ratings, estimated timings, photographs and recent reviews and updates.

This can be especially helpful in the Dales, where conditions can change depending on the weather. Seeing recent feedback from other walkers can also give you a better sense of what to expect.

It's a good way to find routes that suit your ability level without overcomplicating things.

Met Office Weather: reliable local forecasts

The weather in the Yorkshire Dales can change quickly, particularly in spring and early autumn.

The Met Office app is one of the most reliable and trusted ways to stay up-to-date with local conditions. You can check hour-by-hour forecasts, rainfall predictions, wind speeds and weather warnings.

Checking the forecast before you set off – and again during the day if needed – can help you make better decisions about your plans.

Even a quick glance can make the difference between a comfortable walk and a soggy one.

what3words: a simple but powerful safety tool

what3words is one of the most useful apps you can carry, especially in more remote areas.

It divides the world into three-metre squares, each with a unique three-word address. This makes it much easier to share your exact location – especially in the event that you need to call for help.

For example, if you're unsure where you are and need assistance, you can give emergency services a precise reference point instead of trying to describe your surroundings.

It's quick to use, works offline once loaded and can be vitally important in an emergency.

A few simple safety tips before you go

All these apps can make exploring the Yorkshire Dales easier, but they work best alongside a bit of sensible preparation.

Before heading out, it's worth taking the time to do the following:

Download maps in advance in case signal drops.
Charge your phone fully, and bring a power bank if you have one.
Let someone know your plans, especially for longer walks.
Wear suitable footwear, as paths can become slippery in wet weather.

It's also a good idea to stay aware of your surroundings rather than relying entirely on your phone. Technology is helpful, but it shouldn't replace your own awareness and common sense.

Starting your day at Stump Cross Caverns

The Yorkshire Dales is a place that rewards a curious spirit.

With the right apps on your phone, you can explore a little further, take new routes and feel more confident doing it. Whether you're sticking to well-known paths or heading somewhere quieter, having that extra support makes a real difference.

And if you're looking for an easy starting point, Stump Cross Caverns offers a great base for your adventure.

You can start by exploring our ancient underground caves . Then, you can use your chosen apps to plan your next steps, whether that's a short walk nearby or a longer route through the Dales. It's a simple way to combine a unique indoor experience with time outdoors, whatever the weather.

Are you planning an adventure in the Dales? Some of the best days out start underground. Plan your trip to Stump Cross today or secure your spot by booking your tickets online .

Wild swimming in the Yorkshire Dales: 5 scenic spots to explore

Fri, 17 Apr 2026 08:13:22 GMT

Discover scenic wild swimming spots in the Yorkshire Dales, with essential safety tips to help you enjoy the water responsibly.

Fresh air. Cool, clear water. Dramatic landscapes. The exhilarating feeling of plunging away from busy, built-up spaces…

More and more people are drawn to wild swimming in the Yorkshire Dales each year – and for good reason. On a day when the conditions are just right, it can be one of the most refreshing ways to experience the area.

But it's important to keep in mind that the Dales can be unpredictable. Water levels change, temperatures stay low even in warmer months, and what looks calm on the surface can behave very differently underneath.

Wild swimming here is best approached with care, awareness and a healthy respect for the landscape – without taking away from the joy of the activity.

We've put together a guide to some of the area's best-loved wild swimming spots, plus a few safety pointers to help you enjoy them responsibly.

Important safety tips

Like any activity involving water, wild swimming comes with risks. But the "wild" part makes a safety-conscious attitude even more important. These aren't swimming pools – they're natural spots, complete with slippy surfaces, unexpected plunges and powerful currents.

We can't cover all the safety points here. So, make sure to do your research and don't go wild swimming unless you're confident about staying safe. The RNLI's open water swimming guide is a good place to start.

That said, here are some wild swimming safety 101s:

Check conditions before setting out: rainfall can quickly change water levels and make currents stronger than they appear.
Avoid swimming alone: it's always safer to go with others or let someone know your plans.
Take your time getting in: cold water can take your breath away, so enter slowly and allow your body to adjust.
Wear suitable gear: items like wetsuits, grippy footwear and a bright swim hat can make a big difference.
Do not jump or dive in: natural waters can hide rocks and shallow areas beneath the surface.
Plan your exit before you enter: make sure there's a safe, easy place to get out of the water.
Be mindful of currents: even gentle-looking water can be more powerful than it seems.
Keep a safe distance from waterfalls and fast-moving water: these areas can be unpredictable and hazardous.
Take care on rocks and banks: surfaces can be slippery and uneven underfoot.
Keep swims short in cold water: it's easy to get cold more quickly than expected, even on mild days.
Respect nature: leave no trace and be mindful of local wildlife and habitats.
Follow local advice and signage: guidance is there to help keep everyone safe.

And remember: if ever you feel unsure, there's no need to enter the water at all. Instead, you can enjoy a picnic at the water's edge or go for a walk around the perimeter.

Five outdoor swimming spots in the Yorkshire Dales

Janet's Foss, Malham

Tucked away in woodland near Malham, Janet's Foss is one of the most well-known swimming spots in the Dales. It's easy to see why.

A small, picturesque waterfall spills into a clear pool below, framed by trees that give it a sheltered, almost hidden feel. The short walk to reach it only adds to the sense of discovery, especially on a quieter day. Local legend has it that a fairy queen named Janet once lived in a hidden cave behind the waterfall.

When the sun breaks through, the water can look very inviting. Do keep in mind that it stays cold throughout the year, and the rocks around the edge can be slippery underfoot. If you do choose to enter the water, it's best to take it slowly, easing yourself in and keeping movements steady.

The magic of this kind of place rewards a gentle approach.

Linton Falls and the River Wharfe

Near Grassington, Linton Falls offers a more open and dramatic setting, shaped by the steady movement of the River Wharfe.

While the falls themselves are fast and powerful, there are calmer stretches nearby where the river widens and softens. These quieter edges are where people tend to paddle or take a dip, particularly when water levels are low and conditions are settled. This is the ideal spot for those who want a more social or family-friendly experience.

Keep in mind that rainfall can quickly change the pace and depth further upstream. Taking a moment to observe the water before entering, watching its speed and movement, can tell you a lot.

Appletreewick and the River Wharfe

Further along the Wharfe, near Appletreewick, the landscape begins to open out, and the pace of life seems to slow with it.

Here, you'll find quieter stretches of river that feel more removed from the busier walking routes. It's this sense of space, as much as the water itself, that draws people in.

The river can appear gentle at first glance. Beneath the surface, however, there are always variations like deeper pockets, hidden rocks and subtle changes in current. Entering the water slowly, staying close to the bank and keeping aware of your footing can make all the difference.

Catrigg Force

Near Stainforth, Catrigg Force feels a little more tucked away. It's reached by a short walk through woodland that gradually reveals the sound of water before the view itself.

A beautiful waterfall drops through a narrow channel into a small plunge pool, surrounded by rock and greenery that gives it an enclosed, peaceful atmosphere. It's often quieter than some of the better-known spots, which adds to its appeal for those looking for a more secluded experience.

The pool itself can be particularly inviting on a hot day, but care is needed here. The rocks can be uneven and slippery, and the depth of the water can vary depending on recent rainfall. As with many waterfall pools, it's best to avoid jumping and to enter the water slowly, taking time to understand the conditions.

Semerwater

For something a little different, Semerwater near Wensleydale offers a peaceful stillness that is harder to find along the rivers.

As one of the few natural lakes in North Yorkshire, it brings a sense of openness, with wide views across the surrounding hills and a quieter, more expansive feel. On a calm day, the water can be still enough to appear glass-like.

The water remains quite shallow for some distance, giving you time to acclimatise. However, you should take care as it remains very cold even in the warmer months.

The sense of isolation, which is part of its appeal, is also something to be mindful of. If you prefer a solitary swim, it's a good idea to let someone know your plans before taking a dip.

Respecting the landscape

Wild swimming in the Yorkshire Dales is less about diving straight in and more about reading the landscape around you.

The Yorkshire Dales is a protected and much-loved landscape. It's important to take care of the environment, as well as take care of yourself.

Don't forget the simple things like carrying your litter home, sticking to established paths and being mindful of wildlife. This all helps preserve these places for others to enjoy for years to come.

Start with Stump Cross Caverns

Are you looking for a unique way to begin your outdoor adventures? Stump Cross Caverns offers a completely weatherproof experience and a natural starting point for a day in the Dales.

Stepping into the caverns, you leave the outdoor conditions behind for a while. It's a chance to explore an ancient, hidden world before you head back out into the elements.

When you return to the surface, you can take your pick of what the day calls for. If the weather has lifted, it might be the perfect moment for a dip!

If the rain is still lingering, there's no rush. Settle into our Time Cafe , warm up with a drink, and take in the views across the Dales as the clouds pass through.

It's an easy, flexible way to shape your day around the landscape. And it's a reminder that, here in the Dales, you don't need to follow a fixed plan to have the perfect day out.

Looking for an unforgettable day trip out in Yorkshire ? There's so much to do at Stump Cross Caverns, from exploring our ancient caves to panning for real gems . It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

Rainy days out in North Yorkshire: where to escape April showers

Mon, 13 Apr 2026 07:09:43 GMT

Discover the best rainy day activities in North Yorkshire, from museums to cosy cafes and caves that are perfect for April weather.

April in North Yorkshire brings longer days, spring blossoms… and more than a few rain showers.

But a bit of rain doesn't have to ruin your plans. In fact, it can be the perfect excuse to make some. When the weather turns, it opens the door to a different kind of day – one that's slower, cosier and often more memorable.

Whether you're holidaying in North Yorkshire or planning a local day out, there are plenty of ways to enjoy the region at its rain-drenched best!

Visit a museum, heritage centre or art gallery

When the heavens open, stepping indoors can lead you somewhere just as rich in atmosphere.

North Yorkshire has no shortage of fascinating open-air attractions. However, its indoor spaces come into their own on a rainy afternoon. Historic houses like Castle Howard and Newby Hall invite you to wander through grand rooms, where exhibitions sit alongside sweeping architecture and carefully preserved interiors.

In York, you can follow the story of one of the city's most famous exports at York's Chocolate Story. This visitor attraction offers an interactive experience as indulgent as it is informative.

Not far away, the York Castle Museum offers something completely different, with its recreated Victorian street letting you step back in time without stepping outside.

Over in Harrogate, the Mercer Art Gallery provides a quieter pace. Set within the elegant Promenade Rooms, it houses more than 2,000 works, with exhibitions that move between classic and contemporary.

These are the kinds of places that allow you to explore at your own pace, all while sheltered from the weather.

Try something creative – or a little more active.

Rainy days have a way of encouraging you to try something different.

For a slower, more hands-on experience, pottery painting studios like York's Rainbow Ceramics and The Painting Pot in nearby Selby offer a laid-back escape. They're easy to settle into, whether you're with family or just looking for a relaxed way to pass a few hours.

If you'd rather burn off some energy, there are plenty of indoor options that bring a bit of movement into the mix. You could take on the obstacle courses at Agility or test your nerve on the climbing walls at Clip 'N Climb, where challenges are designed for all ages.

This is exactly how to end a rainy afternoon feeling like you've really made the most of it.

Enjoy a relaxed pub lunch

There's nothing like a spell of rough weather to take the cosiness of a good pub to the next level.

Across North Yorkshire, traditional pubs offer a welcome pause from the weather. Step inside and you'll often find warm lighting, comfortable corners and menus built around hearty, satisfying food.

It's not just about the meal, though. It's the chance to sit back, dry off and take your time over good conversation in a warm and welcoming setting.

Sometimes, that change of pace is exactly what a rainy day calls for.

Plan a day that works around the weather

The good thing about April showers is that they rarely last all day. That often means you don't have to keep things indoors from start to finish.

One of the easiest ways to make the most of your time is to build a flexible plan. Start somewhere sheltered, then head out when the rain eases. Even a short walk through a village or a quick stop at a scenic viewpoint can add something special to your day.

Our top tip? Be prepared. Head out with a waterproof jacket, some sturdy shoes or wellies, and an adaptable mindset. These can go a long way to helping you move easily between indoor comfort and fresh, rain-washed landscapes.

Go underground at Stump Cross Caverns

If the weather really won't give you a break above ground, why not go beneath it?

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, the conditions stay more or less the same no matter what's happening outside. Step inside, and the sound of rain fades away, replaced by the stillness of the caves and the quiet drama of the underground.

You can explore winding passages lined with limestone formations, from delicate stalactites to towering stalagmites, all shaped over hundreds of thousands of years. Here, you'll find a setting that feels both ancient and otherworldly – and untouched by the weather outside.

It's an easy choice for families, couples or anyone looking for something a little different on a grey day.

And when you return to the surface, there's the simple pleasure of warming up again in our cosy Time Cafe . Just imagine: a hot drink and a hearty meal, all while taking in the breathtaking views of the Dales. Perfect.

Settle into a cosy cafe

Speaking of cafes… take your pick! The area is full of independent tearooms and coffee shops, each offering its own kind of refuge from the weather. So why not get your order in, find a window seat and watch the rain pass by?

What will it be – a slice of homemade cake, a full afternoon tea or just a good cup of coffee? These small moments can give a memorable glow to the greyest afternoons.

Rainy days can still surprise you

It's easy to see rain as a disruption – who wouldn't choose a blue sky for their downtime? However, it's hard to deny the change of pace a good downpour brings with it.

Places feel quieter, plans become more flexible, and you might find yourself lingering somewhere longer than expected. You might even discover somewhere you hadn't planned to visit at all. In those slower, soggier moments, North Yorkshire reveals a different side of itself.

But come rain or shine, there's always something to do here. From underground adventures at Stump Cross Caverns to unhurried afternoons in museums, cafes, and galleries, a rainy day doesn't have to mean a wasted one. With a bit of flexibility and the right mix of activities, it can easily become one of the highlights of your trip.

On the hunt for weatherproof Yorkshire Dales attractions ? Stump Cross Caverns is always an adventure, no matter what the forecast says. Book your tickets online today.

Educational birthday party ideas for curious kids

Fri, 10 Apr 2026 07:12:51 GMT

Planning a birthday party for an inquisitive mind? Discover creative ideas to make your child's special day educational and fun.

Is your little one a budding scientist or historian? Maybe they can list off the Earth's eras as easily as their ABCs. Or perhaps they're just as interested in conducting science experiments as catching up on cartoons.

If your child has a special interest in history and the natural world, planning a birthday party that's exciting and engaging can feel daunting. You want it to be educational, but you don't want to lose sight of the fun, laughs and happy memories.

Don't worry. With a little inspiration and a touch of prep, creating their special day can not only be incredibly rewarding but also pretty enjoyable.

Educational children's birthday ideas

Ready to spark imaginations and nurture special interests? Our list of engaging and exciting activities can help you create a birthday party that's both fun and educational.

An adventure through time

So, your child loves to bring out their inner cave dweller. Why not create a themed time-travelling party that'll transport you all back to the era of early man?

This idea is sure to be a hit with young drama-loving historians. Think dressing up, "cave" painting and a simple Stone Age menu to complete the immersive experience.

Decorations

Stock up on brown paper, cardboard boxes and any scraps of fabric you can find to transform your house or garden into a prehistoric cave.
Pile up logs or sticks with scrunched-up tissue paper and some hidden fairy lights to make the perfect faux fire pit.
Use animal print fabrics to furnish your Stone Age den and stick to natural materials and greenery to accessorise.

Activities

Organise a (treasure) hunt. Hide toy animals, crystals, fossils, painted rocks or similar items around the house and garden for your little cave-dwellers to find.
Use air-dry clay for an easy crafting station where kids can create their own Neolithic pots, arrowheads and animals.
Have a game of caveman charades. Get your drama-loving buddies to act out everyday tasks such as building a fire, sheltering from storms or even hunting a woolly mammoth.
Set up a caveman kitchen where kids can learn how our ancestors prepped their own food. Let them have a go at grinding grain by crushing wheat berries or spelt between rounded stones or in a modern mortar and pestle.
Have a den-building competition. Supply cardboard boxes, bed sheets, branches, etc. and let their imaginations run wild.
Create a build-your-own-tools station. Use twine, cardboard cutouts and papier-mâché "stones" to craft Stone Age sickles, spears and axes.

A dinosaur dig

Got a dino enthusiast? Put together a Mesozoic-themed party for guaranteed roars of fun. Children could either dress up as their favourite dinosaur or be palaeontologists sent back in time to study the great beasts.

Decorations

Create an immersive prehistoric jungle with paper chains, hanging streamers and as much greenery as you can get your hands on.
Use paper cutouts of dino footprints for the floor, plus green tulle on the windows to complete the transformation.

Activities

Make your own dinosaur dig station using a sandpit, gravel or a thick cornflour and water mixture. Supply brushes, scoops and scrapers to help your little ones excavate buried fossils and model dinosaurs.
Hide "dino" eggs around the house or garden for a prehistoric scavenger hunt. You could use either chocolate eggs or hollow plastic eggs filled with mini prehistoric-themed toys.
Create a fossil-making station for your little palaeontologists. Using a range of prehistoric models, kids can make impressions in air-dry clay or salt dough to craft their own take-home fossils.

Galactic exploration

For mini astronomers, you can craft an out-of-this-world adventure with these space-themed ideas. It's all about transforming your home into a beautiful starry night sky to create an immersive experience.

If you can get your hands on a telescope and some tents, you might even want to take the party outside to do some real stargazing.

Decorations

Use navy blue and black backdrops with cutout planets and glow-in-the-dark stars to transform your party space.
Hang paper stars, balloons, metallic foil curtains and twinkling fairy lights to add a bit of stellar magic.
Gather blankets, sleeping bags and cushions for a cosy campout under the stars.

Activities

If stargazing, print out some constellation charts and set up a "how many can you spot" challenge.
Create a build-your-own-constellation station. Set out a few large pieces of black card, a dark sheet or tablecloth and plenty of metallic pens, paints and glitter.
Have a rocket building competition. Save some empty bottles and provide vinegar and bicarb for a messy but thrilling experiment to see whose bottle rocket can fly the highest.
Set up a design-a-planet cupcake decorating station. Batch-cook some simple cupcakes and lay out a range of icing pens and edible glitter for this sweet treat.

A mini STEM fest

Why not craft a day of discovery for your little scientists with some simple but exciting DIY science experiments? You could personalise lab coats with fabric pens and hand out safety goggles to complete the transformation.

Decorations

Turn your home into a mini lab with plenty of accessories. Think test tubes, beakers and "biohazard" caution tape.
Hang balloon molecules and informative posters like the Periodic Table of Elements and "Meet the Scientist" displays.

Activities

Set up several experiment stations using camping tables, sideboards and trays.
Make a volcano. Kids will love coordinating their own volcanic eruption with bicarbonate of soda, vinegar and
food colouring. You can build your own model volcano out of clay, fashion some empty containers or buy a ready-made kit.
Have a personalised slime-building table. Mix together PVA, bicarbonate of soda and contact lens solution, then customise with glitter, food colouring, confetti and beads.
Set up a grow-your-own-crystals experiment. Mix together a 1:1 solution of Epsom salts with hot water and get guests to add food colouring and shaped pipe cleaners. Refrigerate for a couple of hours for a quick and exciting (but inedible!) party favour.

Plan an unforgettable birthday party at Stump Cross Caverns

Too much to think about and too little time? Don't worry, we get it.

How about skipping the prep and planning a trip to Stump Cross Caverns, here in the Yorkshire Dales?

Our on-site birthday parties are the perfect mix of excitement, intrigue, education and fun. With a choice of hands-on workshops and activities, party guests can:

Have fun digging for fossils and learning about palaeontology.
Learn all about what life was like in the Stone Age.
Explore the wonders of the dark skies above the Yorkshire Dales with our Cosmic Adventures workshop .
Marvel at the magic of geology with a walk through our beautifully lit, crystal-filled caverns .
Top it all off with a round of party games and a movie in our cosy private theatre .

Ready for an unforgettable day? Take a look at our cave party packages or get in touch with our team to chat about your unique requirements.

Questions kids ask about caves (and the fascinating answers)

Mon, 06 Apr 2026 21:27:18 GMT

Get ahead with your weird and wonderful cave knowledge. Learn the amazing answers to some of the most common questions kids ask about caves.

Imagine the thrill of first learning that there was a whole world beneath your feet. Somewhere barely explored but vast and filled to the brim with giant crystals, alien-like creatures and clues to Earth's past. A real-life treasure chest.

It's no wonder that kids are so fascinated with caves.

Children are innate explorers – their drive to understand the world around them is truly unmatched. And one of the best ways for them to explore the world is to ask questions.

For parents and educators, it's very rewarding to be able to foster that curiosity and feed their thirst for knowledge. However, it's not uncommon to be hit with a question that you're not entirely sure exactly how to answer.

Today, we dive deep into the world of caves to unearth answers to some of the most commonly asked (and downright ingenious) questions from youngsters.

How are caves formed?

There are five main types of caves. These are classified by their geological formation.

Solution caves

The most common type of cave. These caves are formed over tens of thousands to millions of years by slightly acidic groundwater dissolving soluble rock – a process known as "solutional weathering".

Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide from the air and soil, forming a weak carbonic acid solution. This then seeps down through cracks and fractures in rocks, dissolving anything vulnerable to the acid – primarily limestone, but also dolomite, marble and gypsum.

Over time, these fissures widen and transform into the large tunnels and chambers that we recognise as caves.

Kid-friendly version: most caves like this are made very, very slowly by rainwater. When rain falls, it mixes with tiny bits of air and soil and becomes just a little bit strong – strong enough to gently melt rock like limestone. Drop by drop, over thousands and thousands of years, the water makes tiny cracks bigger and bigger. Eventually, they turn into the huge cave tunnels you can walk through today!

Lava tubes

The fastest-forming of the five main types of cave, lava tubes can be created in only a matter of weeks.

The cave itself is formed by volcanic activity. When molten lava flows, the outer surface cools and hardens, forming a tube or conduit. As long as lava continues to flow through the conduit, it has the potential to grow wider and longer.

Once the volcanic activity has ended, the remaining lava drains out of the conduit, leaving behind a large hollowed-out tunnel.

Kid-friendly version: some caves are made by hot, runny lava from volcanoes! The outside of the lava cools and turns hard, like a crust, while the inside keeps flowing like a river. When the lava finally drains away, it leaves behind a long, empty tunnel – a cave made from cooled lava!

Coastal/sea caves

These caves are formed along coastlines by a process known as "mechanical erosion". It's caused by waves and hydraulic pressure of the water around them, aided by abrasion from the sand and silt the water carries.

The impact of the constant crashing waves and tides pushes compressed water and air through cracks and softer rocks around headlands. Eventually, this forms deep cracks that can, over time, become hollow tunnels.

Kid-friendly version: some caves are made by the sea! Big waves crash against the rocks again and again, pushing water and air into tiny cracks. Over a long time, the waves make the cracks bigger and bigger until they turn into caves you can walk into from the beach.

Glacier caves

Formed within the ice of a glacier, these caves are often dynamic, short-lived structures that can shift and reform annually.

During warmer months, meltwater from the surface forms tunnels down through the glacier. Heat transfer from this water creates a snowballing effect that causes the surrounding ice to melt and widens these tunnels into large crevices. Air circulating within the glacier speeds up the process and helps create extensive caverns.

Kid-friendly version: some caves are made inside giant blocks of ice called "glaciers"! When the weather gets warmer, melting water trickles through the ice and makes little tunnels. These tunnels grow bigger and bigger as more ice melts, creating bright, icy caves that can change shape every year.

Talus caves

Talus caves are mainly formed by rockfall events, largely triggered by weathering or seismic activity.

They come about from the accumulation of huge boulders piling up around the base of a cliff or inside narrow canyons. These boulders do not pack neatly together and leave large voids that are often fairly unstable.

Water flowing inside the talus cave furthers erosion by removing sediment and carving out channels in softer rocks.

Kid-friendly version: some caves are made when big rocks fall down from cliffs and pile up on top of each other. Because the rocks don't fit together perfectly, they leave little gaps and spaces in between. These spaces can turn into caves. However, they can be a bit wobbly and change over time!

What kinds of creatures live in caves?

While caves may seem pretty uninhabitable, there are actually a whole host of animals that call them home – at least for part of their lives.

We can split these animals into three main groups: trogloxenes, troglophiles and troglobites.

Trogloxenes are more "cave guest" than "cave dweller". These are animals that use caves for shelter – during rest, for example, or nesting. However, they then must return to the surface to feed. Bats and bears are examples of trogloxenes.
Troglophiles are animals that could complete their life cycle in caves, but could also be found surviving on the surface.
Examples include springtails, many types of carabid beetles, cave crickets, certain harvestmen and several salamander species.

Troglobites live their whole lives in caves. They have adjusted to life in the dark by losing all pigment and eyesight – instead developing incredibly enhanced non-visual senses to navigate their pitch-black homes. Cavefish and olms are both fascinating examples of these.

Kid-friendly version: lots of animals use caves in different ways! Some, like bats, just visit caves to rest but go outside to find food. Others, like cave crickets and beetles, can live both inside caves and outside. And a few special animals live their whole lives in caves, like cavefish. They don't need eyes and are great at finding their way in the dark!

How did Stone Age people use caves?

Prehistoric people who lived during the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods used caves for shelter and protection

Caves offered ready-made, dry and dependable shelter from harsh weather. Their narrow mouths would have made them easy to defend from predators, and their stable climate made them a great store for food.

The shallower areas closer to the entrance of the cave would have been used for shelter, while the deeper, darker areas within are thought to have been used for burials.

Stone Age people used natural pigments to create beautiful cave paintings that can still be found today.

Kid-friendly version: a long, long time ago, people used caves as safe places to live. The front of the cave kept them dry and protected from bad weather and animals. They also made amazing paintings on the walls using natural colours – and some of those pictures are still there today!

How old are cave paintings?

The oldest cave painting discovered so far is a hand stencil found on Muna Island in Indonesia. This dates back more than 67,000 years.

The oldest known piece of storytelling art is a cave painting found in Leang Karampuang, also in Indonesia. The painting depicts three human-like figures interacting with a wild pig.

The most common cave painting subjects are large animals like bison, horses, mammoths and deer. These paintings are generally considered to serve ceremonial or hunting-related purposes.

Kid-friendly version: a long, long time ago, people made pictures on cave walls. Some of the very oldest are from Indonesia and show hands or people with animals. Most cave paintings show big animals like bison, horses, and mammoths. People think these pictures were special – maybe to help with hunting or for ceremonies – not just for fun!

What kind of things can you find in caves?

Caves are treasure troves – full of the bizarre and the beautiful. They hold secrets like colourless, blind fish, towering, dripping stalactites and stories painted by our ancestors thousands of years ago.

And that's not all. Ancient fossils of early marine life and Ice Age giants can be found preserved beautifully inside the walls of many caves.

Breathtaking crystal formations can be found, too, such as flowstone, gypsum flowers and needle-like anthodites.

And, let's not forget those alien-like, single-celled extremophilic bacteria that form bizarre slime-like icicles called "snottites"…

Kid-friendly version: caves are like nature's treasure chests! You can find blind fish, dripping rock towers called stalactites and even pictures made by people a long time ago. Some caves have old bones from Ice Age animals, shiny crystals and strange, gooey things called "snottites" made by tiny bacteria. There's so much to see – it's like an underground adventure!

Take the kids on a real-life cave adventure in Yorkshire

Why not come along and let your kids discover the magical world of Stump Cross Caverns , hidden beneath their feet in the Yorkshire Dales?

Together, you'll go on a voyage back in time through some of the best-preserved underground caves in the UK.

Your little ones can feast their eyes on some real-life rock formations , meet our resident Cavewoman and get hands-on with an interactive fossil dig . They can even try panning for real crystals in our gem sluice . There's so much to see and do.

Ready for a day out your little ones will never forget? It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

Spring exploring: wildflower meadows in the Yorkshire Dales

Tue, 31 Mar 2026 23:14:21 GMT

Discover beautiful wildflower meadows in the Yorkshire Dales this spring – from limestone valleys to hay fields near Stump Cross Caverns.

You can't beat that hazy, late spring feeling. Come May and June, the whole of the Yorkshire Dales seems to breathe a warm, wistful sigh of bliss.

The hedgerows soften. The sunlight turns a rich, buttery yellow. And across the limestone valleys, ancient hay meadows begin to stir into colour. First, flickers of whites and blues – then, all at once, a vivid, kaleidoscopic palette of blooms.

If you're visiting the Dales in late spring, be sure to make time for a little wildflower-spotting. It's one of the most beautiful natural spectacles you can witness.

These aren't the manicured displays or carefully planted borders you'll find in our well-kept horticultural gardens. They're the living, breathing ecosystems shaped over centuries of traditional farming, where grasses and flowers grow together in astonishing abundance and diversity.

And here, in the area around Stump Cross Caverns, you don't have to travel far to find them.

Why the Yorkshire Dales is famous for wildflower meadows

The Yorkshire Dales National Park is home to some of the UK's finest surviving upland hay meadows. These precious habitats have declined dramatically across Britain over the years.

What makes these meadows special isn't just the colour. It's the sheer variety of life.

In just a single square metre, you might find yellow rattle, moon daisies, red clover, buttercups, meadow cranesbill and bird's-foot trefoil, to name just a few.

Many of these meadows have been managed in the same way for generations. They're cut for their hay in late summer, and lightly grazed by sheep and cattle over the winter. That traditional rhythm allows delicate species to thrive.

The result is miles of fields that glow gold, pink, purple and white beneath dry-stone walls and rolling hills. It's like a treasured family patchwork quilt passed down over generations.

Malham and the limestone country

Around Malham, the season of spring feels truly expansive.

While Malham is well known for its dramatic limestone landscape, the surrounding fields and valleys burst into colour as the temperature rises. The contrast between pale stone walls and vivid meadow flowers is striking, particularly on warm mornings when the air hums with pollinating insects.

Walking routes around Malhamdale often pass through traditional hay meadows, especially as you move away from the busiest footpaths. Late May into June is usually peak bloom.

Pu on some sturdy boots and take your time. These landscapes reward slowness.

Grassington Meadows

Not far from Stump Cross Caverns, the meadows around Grassington are some of the most celebrated in the Dales.

This area is particularly rich in traditional hay fields, and, in early summer, the slopes become a rich canvas of colour. The scent of fresh grass mixes with wild thyme and clover, while swallows swoop low over the fields.

There is something quietly moving about seeing a landscape that has changed so little over centuries.

It may not be dramatic in the way of waterfalls or cliffs – it's softer than that, but just as powerful.

Muker Meadows in Swaledale

Further north, Muker Meadows are often described as some of the finest hay meadows in England.

In late spring and early summer, the narrow strip fields around the village become a series of bright panels separated by stone walls. Footpaths wind gently through them, offering close-up views of the most beautiful, delicate flowers.

If you visit, be sure to tread carefully and stick to marked routes. These meadows are fragile and protected for good reason.

The quiet corners of Wharfedale

You don't always need a named landmark to find a wildflower meadow.

In Wharfedale, the valley that stretches between Grassington and beyond, there are some smaller, less famous fields. These hold just as much beauty as their better-known neighbours.

A simple riverside walk can bring you alongside flowering grasslands alive and bustling with bees and butterflies.

Sometimes, the best moments happen by accident. Like a bend in the path swerving into a sudden drift of moon daisies, while a skylark rises invisibly above the grass.

Spring in the Dales isn't a single destination, but a mood that settles in across the whole landscape.

When is the best time to see wildflower meadows?

Peak meadow season in the Yorkshire Dales is usually late May through June.

Of course, the weather plays a crucial role. A warm and bright early spring can usher the blooms in earlier, while colder, cloudier weather might delay them slightly.

The early morning, as the sun gains height, and the golden hour of late afternoon will offer the most magical light. (Be sure to bring the good camera.)

By July, many meadows are cut for hay, which is an essential part of their survival. If you want to see them at their most vibrant, aim for that late spring window.

Exploring responsibly

Wildflower meadows are beautiful – and very delicate.

To help protect them for years to come, remember to:

Stick to marked footpaths
Keep dogs well under control
Close all gates behind you and respect the working farmland
Resist any temptation to pick the flowers

These landscapes exist because of years of careful stewardship. Treat them gently, and they'll continue to thrive.

Colour above ground colour, wonder below ground

After wandering through flower-drenched fields, there's something particularly magical about heading underground to witness a different kind of beauty.

Just a short drive from Grassington, Stump Cross Caverns offers a unique spring experience – one shaped not by the swiftly passing seasons, but slowly, over the millennia.

While the meadows above burst briefly into colour each year, the caverns hold formations that have been growing slowly for thousands of years. Far longer, in fact, than humans have been around to farm the land above.

Crystal structures glisten in cool, constant temperatures. Passageways twist through ancient limestone. It's a reminder that the landscape you've just walked across is only the surface of a much older story.

So, why not spend the morning among wildflowers, then spend the afternoon discovering what lies beneath them?

At Stump Cross Caverns, you can experience both the fleeting beauty of the season and the enduring wonder of geology – all in one unforgettable day out.

Want to try your hand at safe, family-friendly caving in North Yorkshire ? At Stump Cross Caverns, you can venture underground with no ropes or special equipment required. Book your tickets online today.

Yorkshire's unique Easter traditions explored

Mon, 30 Mar 2026 07:31:55 GMT

Discover how Yorkshire does Easter differently, from folk theatre and unique baking customs to springtime sparkle beneath the ground.

In Yorkshire, Easter feels extra special. The hills and fields turn a lush green, dotted with lambs. Market squares brighten with bunting and blossom. And across towns, villages and valleys, our familiar Easter traditions, from ancient custom to modern fun, return for another year.

While Easter is a Christian festival, here in Yorkshire it is also part of a wider celebration of spring, renewal and community rooted in historical folklore. From egg-rolling competitions to centuries-old pastry-making customs, our county has developed its own distinct way of marking this happy season.

Today, we take a closer look at some of Yorkshire's most unique Easter traditions and how you can experience them. Come and join the fun!

Pace egging: Yorkshire's medieval Easter plays

One of the county's oldest Easter traditions is pace egging.

The word 'pace' comes from an old English word for 'Passover'. Traditionally performed in the days leading up to Easter Sunday, pace egg plays were short folk dramas acted out in village streets or pubs.

They usually feature a hero (often St George), a villain and a dramatic 'death' and revival, with plenty of comedy throughout.

Although the original religious meanings have faded in many places, pace egging survives as a piece of living folklore in parts of West Yorkshire and beyond.

If you're lucky enough to catch a performance, you can expect colourful costumes, exaggerated characters and a healthy dose of local humour.

Egg rolling on the moors and hills

Egg rolling is one of Yorkshire's simplest Easter traditions – and one of its most fiercely competitive!

Hard-boiled eggs are decorated, then rolled down hills. The person whose egg travels the furthest without cracking is crowned the winner.

In some areas, families still gather on slopes and village greens on Easter Sunday to carry on the tradition. It's a crafty, low-tech activity that hasn't changed much over the generations.

In the Yorkshire Dales, where hills are plentiful, egg rolling is a particularly joyful spring pastime for children and adults alike.

Apple tansy in Whitby

On the Yorkshire coast, Whitby once had its own distinct Easter flavour: apple tansy.

Tansy is a hardy, bitter herb that can be found in hedgerows. Historically, the young leaves of the plant were chopped and mixed into apple and egg-based puddings that were eaten at Easter. These puddings were not too dissimilar from a kind of sweet omelette.

The flavour is strong and certainly not to everyone's taste, but it was traditionally associated with spring cleansing and renewal.

While tansy puddings are harder to find today, Whitby's Easter celebrations still blend seaside atmosphere with seasonal food and local markets.

Hot cross buns with a Yorkshire twist

Hot cross buns are eaten across the UK at Easter. However, many Yorkshire bakeries pride themselves on doing things slightly differently.

Some add extra spice and fruit. Others produce large, sharing-size versions. Another famous variant is a Yorkshire Rarebit hot cross bun, made with cheese, marmalade and ale.

Many towns host Easter markets where independent bakers sell fresh batches straight from the oven.

Are you exploring the county over Easter weekend? Stopping at a traditional bakery to try its unique take on the hot cross bun is practically a seasonal ritual in itself.

Easter fairs and springtime markets

Across Yorkshire, Easter often coincides with the reopening of outdoor attractions, heritage sites and village fairs.

You'll be spoilt for choice. There are craft markets and seasonal food festivals. There are farms celebrating lambing season with special events, live music and Easter-themed displays. And there are Easter trails to follow in gardens and parks.

Whether you're in a bustling city like York or a small village in the Dales, Easter weekend never fails to bring something special to the calendar.

Sunrise services and quiet reflection

For those who observe Easter religiously, the landscapes of Yorkshire provide powerful settings for contemplation and quiet reflection.

Some churches hold sunrise services on hillsides or in churchyards as the dawn breaks over the moors. These gatherings are often simple and peaceful, drawing on the natural beauty of the surroundings.

At the same time, many people mark Easter in more personal ways. Think family meals, countryside walks and time spent reconnecting with nature and new life as the land awakens from winter.

Easter at Stump Cross Caverns

While many Easter traditions focus on new growth and fresh air, there's something equally special about exploring the deeper history beneath Yorkshire's landscape.

The limestone scenery of the Dales, shaped over millions of years, tells a story far older than any of our own seasonal customs. Beneath the rolling hills and wildflower meadows lies a hidden world carved slowly by water and time.

Easter, at its heart, is about renewal. And in Yorkshire, that sense of renewal can be found both above and below ground.

Each year, Stump Cross Caverns marks the Easter season with special activities and events designed to bring families together in a truly unique setting.

Exploring ancient passageways while spring unfolds above ground creates a unique contrast – the cool underground chambers paired with bright April skies.

Whether you're taking part in a seasonal activity or simply enjoying a day out in the Yorkshire Dales, you're in for a treat. Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we offer an Easter experience that blends tradition with geology and family adventure.

What's on at Stump Cross Caverns this Easter?

During the Easter holidays (28 March to 12 April 2026), we're inviting you to join a packed programme of interactive activities and underground adventures.

You can expect:

�� Fossil digs (12pm to 1pm): dig for your own fossils, get creative with crafts and learn about the prehistoric creatures that once roamed the Yorkshire Dales.
�� Crystal Wonders (2pm to 3pm): join our crystal workshop, where you can hunt for sparkling crystals and discover the fascinating minerals hidden underground.
�� Dino egg hunt (all day): as you venture down into our mysterious natural caverns, you'll hunt dinosaur eggs and look for hidden messages under UV light. Will you win a prize?
�� Geode cracking (all day): visit Geode James's Geode Shack and reveal your own sparkling crystal geode that you can take home and keep.
⛏️ Stump Cross Mining Co. (all day): take your bag of paydirt to our outdoor mining sluice and have fun sifting for real gems and fossils.

Ready for an unforgettable Easter in Yorkshire? Book your tickets online today.

Yorkshire fossil hunting: where to go and what to look for

Fri, 27 Mar 2026 08:49:26 GMT

Discover where you might find fossils in Yorkshire, and how to explore responsibly while protecting the prehistoric heritage of the region.

Few activities connect us to the deep history of the Earth quite like fossil hunting.

Across Yorkshire, ancient seas, tropical lagoons and prehistoric ecosystems have left their mark in the stone. Millions of years ago, much of what is now Yorkshire lay beneath warm oceans teeming with marine life. And today, patient explorers can still uncover the preserved traces of that distant past embedded within cliffs, rocks, and shorelines.

Whether you're a curious beginner or a lifelong geology enthusiast, you'll be richly rewarded in Yorkshire. The county is home to some of the UK's most rewarding fossil-hunting opportunities – provided, of course, you approach them safely and responsibly.

To help get you started on your quest, we've put together this Yorkshire fossil guide. Read on to learn where to go, what to look for and how to make the most of your fossil-hunting adventure.

Why Yorkshire is a fossil hotspot

The rich fossil record of Yorkshire exists thanks to the remarkable geology of the region.

During the Jurassic period, about 145 to 200 million years ago, layers of sedimentary rock were formed. In the process, the rocks preserved a vast range of marine creatures that once thrived in ancient seas. Over time, shifting landscapes exposed these layers along coastlines and within inland rock formations.

Erosion continues to reveal new finds today, meaning fossils regularly emerge naturally without the need for excavation.

Some of the most common fossil types to be found in Yorkshire include:

Ammonites (spiral-shelled marine animals)
Belemnites (squid-like prehistoric creatures)
Shells and corals
Plants from ancient forests
Though more rarely, even a few marine reptiles

Every new discovery offers a small window into life on Earth long before humans existed.

Best places for fossil hunting in Yorkshire

As far as fossil hotspots go, you're spoilt for choice around here. But before you go hunting in any of the following locations, it's really important to remember that fossils should only be collected from loose material. Never hammer directly into rocks and cliffs, as this can be dangerous as well as damaging to the environment.

The Yorkshire Coast

The coastline between Staithes, Whitby and Robin Hood's Bay is widely regarded as one of the UK's premier fossil-hunting regions.

Here, constant coastal erosion exposes fresh material within shale and mudstone cliffs.

Visitors frequently find ammonites embedded in loose rocks, as well as jet fossils and marine shell impressions.

Cayton Bay and Scarborough

Near Scarborough, Cayton Bay provides another good fossil hunting location, where Jurassic rocks are accessible at low tide.

Timing is crucial here for your safety. Be sure to always check tide tables before visiting, as incoming tides can quickly cut off exit routes.

Inland Yorkshire discoveries

While coastal locations receive the most attention, inland Yorkshire also holds fascinating geological stories.

Limestone landscapes throughout the Yorkshire Dales reveal evidence of ancient marine environments formed hundreds of millions of years ago. Although casual fossil collecting opportunities are more limited inland, it's these areas that help explain how Yorkshire's caves, valleys and rock formations developed over time.

Visitors exploring underground environments can see fossilised marine remains preserved within limestone formed long before the dinosaurs appeared. Yes – Yorkshire's prehistoric story stretches even further back than you might expect!

What fossils should beginners look for?

If you're new to fossil hunting, start by learning to recognise common shapes and textures.

Ammonites

Perhaps one of the most iconic fossil shapes, ammonites resemble tightly coiled snail shells. Their ribbed patterns make them easier to spot among rocks.

Belemnites

Often mistaken for bullet-shaped stones, these fossils are actually the internal skeletons of extinct squid-like creatures.

Fossilised shells

Look for symmetrical ridges or repeated patterns embedded in rock fragments.

Trace fossils

Not all fossils are bones or shells. Burrows, tracks and feeding marks preserved in sediment are fascinating finds in themselves. These can reveal animal behaviours, rather than their physical remains.

Equipment for fossil hunting

You don't need any specialist gear to begin with – just curiosity and patience.

A simple kit might include:

Sturdy footwear with good grip
Gloves
A small backpack
Safety glasses
A hand lens or magnifying glass
Some containers or wrapping material for your finds

Experienced hunters may also carry a geological hammer. However, these are really for professionals only, as they can be hazardous to use and often require permission due to the risk of environmental damage.

Safety first

Yorkshire's fossil-rich coastlines are beautiful but can present dangers.

Always remember:

Check tide times before setting out.
Avoid standing close to cliffs.
Watch out for falling rocks.
Never turn your back on the sea.
Visit with others wherever possible.

Weather and sea conditions can change quickly, so planning ahead is crucial.

Responsible fossil hunting

Fossils are part of Yorkshire's shared natural heritage.

Responsible collecting helps preserve sites for future generations and supports scientific discovery.

Good fossil-hunting etiquette includes:

Taking only a small number of finds
Leaving significant discoveries in place and reporting unusual or large finds to local museums
Respecting protected geological sites

Some locations are designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), where collecting may be restricted.

When in doubt, observe and photograph rather than remove.

Fossil hunting for families and beginners

One of fossil hunting's greatest strengths is its accessibility.

Children and adults alike can enjoy the excitement of discovery, turning an ordinary walk into a prehistoric treasure hunt. Even small finds spark curiosity about Earth's history, evolution and changing climates.

Many visitors combine fossil hunting with wider Yorkshire adventures – exploring walking routes, coastal villages or underground geological attractions that reveal how ancient environments shaped today's landscape.

From ancient seas to modern discoveries

Every fossil tells a story in a geological journey lasting millions of years. And best of all, you don't need to spend hours trekking along the coastline to find them. At Stump Cross Caverns, we hold interactive workshops where you can dig your own fossils and learn fascinating facts about the ancient world.

Whether you're spending the day exploring Whitby Bay or venturing underground at Stump Cross, fossil hunting allows you to step briefly into that ancient story. It's a way to connect past and present through curiosity and discovery.

Want to try digging for real fossils you can take home and keep? Book your tickets for our family fossil digs today.

5 beautiful Yorkshire Dales cottages near Stump Cross Caverns

Mon, 23 Mar 2026 07:01:17 GMT

Planning a visit to Stump Cross Caverns? Discover 5 beautiful Yorkshire Dales holiday cottages nearby, perfect for relaxing after adventures.

A visit to Stump Cross Caverns hardly needs to be limited to a day trip.

Many visitors arrive intending to explore the caverns. But they quickly realise the surrounding Yorkshire Dales deserve far more time and attention. Rolling countryside, peaceful villages, walking routes and dramatic landscapes make this corner of North Yorkshire ideal for a longer escape.

If you're planning a longer stay, choosing the right accommodation can transform your visit into a truly memorable break.

We've partnered with trusted holiday cottage specialists Sykes Holiday Cottages to highlight five fantastic places to stay within easy reach of Stump Cross Caverns. Each offers comfort, character and the perfect base for exploring the Dales above and below ground.

Peaceful countryside comfort at Ulverston House Annex

Nestled in a peaceful location in High Birstwith, near Darley, North Yorkshire, Ulverston House Annex is ideal for visitors seeking a quiet rural retreat.

Ulverston House Annex blends modern comforts with countryside charm. It benefits from all-ground-floor living, an open-plan interior with a wood-burning stove, and an enviable location amongst the rolling countryside. Large windows invite natural light inside, while the surrounding scenery provides uninterrupted views of rolling farmland.

The cottage welcomes two guests, making it perfect for couples or friends, as well as solo travellers exploring the Yorkshire Dales at their own pace.

After a day exploring underground passageways at Stump Cross Caverns, returning here feels wonderfully restorative. And there's plenty more on your doorstep to fill the remainder of your stay.

The market town of Skipton is only a short drive away. Why not enjoy a boat trip along the Leeds and Liverpool Canal before exploring the town's quirky selection of shops?

Alternatively, head to Harrogate. This lovely spa town is home to a superb array of shops and pubs, as well as the Royal Pump Museum, The Stray and Valley Gardens.

When sleep calls, you can retreat to a luxurious king-size bedroom. It's charmingly presented with its own TV and plenty of storage, so you can make yourself feel right at home.

Riverside relaxation in Glasshouses at Millnook

Located in the picturesque village of Glasshouses, near Pateley Bridge, Millnook is a delightful conversion of a Grade II-listed rope mill. The property is set over three floors, offering a relaxing stay beside the gently flowing waters of the River Nidd.

This beautifully presented property combines traditional Yorkshire character with contemporary touches, creating a welcoming space for families or couples alike. With two bedrooms and one allocated parking space, Millnook is perfect for couples and small families looking to explore the stunning Nidderdale National Landscape. It's particularly appealing for walkers and nature lovers, with scenic walking routes beginning practically on the doorstep.

Guests can spend the day exploring Nidderdale or visiting Stump Cross Caverns before unwinding with a picnic beside the river.

Rustic charm with modern luxury at Mosscarr Barn

For visitors wanting space, style and dog-friendly hospitality, Mosscarr Barn is a standout choice.

Tucked away on a farm near the quaint village of Pateley Bridge, this converted barn retains its rural heritage through exposed beams and traditional stonework. Yet, all the while, it offers all the modern amenities expected from a premium holiday stay.

Spacious interiors make it especially suitable for families or small groups of up to eight people travelling together.

The cottage boasts a superb location in the Yorkshire Dales National Park and is within easy distance of Stump Cross Caverns. Why not bookend your underground adventure with one of the many walks and trails through quaint rustic villages and stunning landscapes?

A classic Yorkshire escape at The Barn

Here's another luxury barn conversion, sitting in an elevated position and surrounded by landscaped gardens and rolling countryside. The Barn delivers exactly what many visitors imagine when planning a Dales getaway.

Stone-built and full of character, The Barn is ideal for couples wanting to enjoy the North Yorkshire countryside. It's well-placed for discovering the Nidderdale National Landscape, Yorkshire Dales National Park and, of course, Stump Cross Caverns. It's the perfect base for those looking to balance outdoor adventure with cosy indoor luxury.

Cosy and charming Yorkshire character at Cuckoo Cottage

Tucked away in the charming town of Pateley Bridge is the arresting stone dwelling of Cuckoo Cottage . Dating back 200 years, this picturesque property is the ideal choice for a group of up to six visitors seeking charm and comfort in equal measure.

Compact yet thoughtfully designed, the cottage offers a cosy atmosphere ideal for couples and small families. It also welcomes up to two dogs.

Traditional features combine with modern conveniences, ensuring a relaxing stay, whatever the season. Meanwhile, its convenient location makes visiting Stump Cross Caverns simple, while also placing guests close to some of Nidderdale's most scenic landscapes.

Why stay nearby?

Choosing accommodation close to Stump Cross Caverns allows visitors to experience far more than a single attraction.

Staying locally means you can explore the caverns without rushing – and then have plenty of time to enjoy nearby walking routes and countryside views. And when you're ready to unwind, you won't be far from charming local villages full of independent cafes and shops.

You might find that what begins as a cavern visit quickly becomes a full Yorkshire Dales holiday.

Making the most of your Yorkshire stay

The beauty of the Dales lies in contrast. Imagine dramatic underground spaces paired with wide-open skies above, stretching over miles of rolling hills. Then, to end the day, the cosy comfort of a wood-burning stove – and peaceful countryside views to usher in the next morning.

Booking through Sykes Holiday Cottages also offers reassurance. The company offers a wide selection of professionally managed properties designed to help visitors feel at home from the moment they arrive.

Plan your Stump Cross adventure

Perhaps you're visiting for a family holiday, or simply looking for a relaxing escape from everyday life. Either way, staying nearby lets you experience the Yorkshire Dales at its best.

These carefully chosen cottages combine comfort, location, and authentic Yorkshire character, making them ideal companions to a visit to Stump Cross Caverns .

After all, the best adventures deserve more than just one day.

Stump Cross Caverns is one of the best-preserved caves in the Yorkshire Dales . Hidden deep underground, our ancient cave system is rich with beautiful rock formations and mysterious passageways. Plus, with an on-site cafe and plenty of fun activities, it's a great way to spend a day in the Dales. Ready for an unforgettable day out? It's easy to book tickets online .

Your guide to gorge walking in Yorkshire

Fri, 20 Mar 2026 12:23:18 GMT

Learn about gorge walking in Yorkshire and how to stay safe while exploring rivers, waterfalls and natural rock formations.

If you enjoy the outdoors with a sense of adventure, gorge walking might already be on your radar.

Somewhere between hiking, scrambling and wild swimming, gorge walking involves actually travelling through river gorges rather than simply following them alongside. Participants follow waterways upstream, navigating rocks, shallow pools, waterfalls and natural obstacles along the way.

Yorkshire's dramatic landscapes, shaped over thousands of years by flowing water, make it one of the UK's most popular regions for this increasingly well-known activity.

But while gorge walking can be hugely rewarding, it's also an activity that requires preparation, awareness and respect for natural environments.

Curious? Here's what you need to know before getting your feet wet.

What is gorge walking?

Gorge walking involves moving along a river route through narrow valleys or rocky channels carved by water. Depending on where you are, you might also hear it called:

"Ghyll scrambling" , which usually involves an ascent up a mountain stream
"Canyoning" , which often involves more technical descents using ropes and challenging obstacles

Routes vary by location. You may find yourself walking through shallow streams, climbing over rocks and boulders, scrambling beside waterfalls, wading through pools or carefully descending natural rock steps.

Difficulty varies significantly, too. While there are plenty of tracks suitable for beginners under supervision, others are more advanced and require technical skills and specialist equipment.

Unlike traditional hiking, gorge walking places you directly within a moving water environment. This is part of both its appeal and its challenge.

Why Yorkshire is the perfect place for gorge walking

Yorkshire's rich limestone and gritstone landscapes create the ideal conditions for gorges and fast-flowing becks.

Over time, our rivers have carved deep channels through rock, forming natural slides, pools and waterfalls across the region. Areas within the Yorkshire Dales and the surrounding countryside are particularly well known for these features.

The combination of elevation, rainfall and geological variety means no two routes feel the same. Some offer gentle introductions, while others provide more physically demanding experiences.

Many of the best gorge walking locations in Yorkshire are explored through professional outdoor activity providers. These organisations have an in-depth understanding of local conditions and seasonal changes.

Essential safety considerations

It seems obvious, but we have to say it: an activity like gorge walking should never be approached casually. Never!

Water levels, weather conditions and slippery surfaces can rapidly and suddenly change the difficulty of a route. What appears calm from above may feel very different once you're in the water.

Here are some key safety principles to keep in mind.

1. Go with experienced guides

Beginners should never go it alone. Always take part in professionally guided sessions when you're starting out. Qualified instructors can assess conditions, provide equipment and ensure routes match the abilities of participants.

2. Check weather conditions

Heavy rainfall, even miles away, can dramatically increase water flow. Flash flooding is a genuine risk in narrow valleys.

3. Wear appropriate equipment

Standard hiking clothing isn't suitable. Most organised sessions will provide wetsuits, helmets, buoyancy aids and footwear that can grip properly. These will all help protect you against cold water, impacts and slips.

4. Move as a group

Teamwork plays a big role in safe gorge walking. Participants often help one another over obstacles or through stronger currents.

Techniques used in gorge walking

You don't need any advanced climbing skills to begin. However, familiarising yourself with a few basic techniques will make a big difference.

Careful footing

Rocks underwater can be uneven and almost definitely slippery. Short, steady steps and balanced movement are essential.

Three-point contact

Keep two feet and one hand (or two hands and one foot) in contact with rock surfaces at all times. This improves stability when scrambling.

Reading the water

Experienced guides will teach you how to identify calmer channels, safe entry points and areas to avoid.

Controlled descents

Small waterfalls or rock drops are sometimes negotiated by sliding, stepping or carefully lowering yourself under supervision.

Remember, the emphasis is always on control rather than speed.

Physical fitness and accessibility

Gorge walking is certainly active. However, it may surprise you to learn it doesn't necessarily require elite levels of fitness.

Most beginner routes are designed for people with reasonable mobility and, importantly, confidence around water. Just be ready for uneven terrain, cold conditions and moderate physical effort.

If you're comfortable walking on rough ground, using your hands for balance, following instructions and, above all, getting wet, you're good to go.

If you have any medical conditions, just be sure to check suitability with activity providers and discuss with your GP beforehand.

Respecting Yorkshire's natural environments

With the right guidance, equipment and awareness, gorge walking offers an exhilarating and memorable way to experience the wild beauty of Yorkshire. However, as well as staying safe, it's vital to protect the environments that make it possible.

River gorges are delicate ecosystems. They support plant life, insects, fish and wildlife adapted to very specific conditions.

Responsible gorge walking means following established access routes, respecting local land permissions, avoiding damage to vegetation and leaving no litter behind.

Organised providers will operate under agreed environmental guidelines designed to protect these landscapes for years to come.

The best time to go

Gorge walking takes place throughout much of the year, though experiences vary by season.

Spring and summer often offer milder temperatures and lower water levels, making them popular with beginners and families.

Autumn and winter can provide more dramatic water flow, but conditions become colder and more technically demanding. That's great for thrill-seekers, but it reinforces the importance of guided participation.

Rather than strict calendar dates, it's the weather that ultimately determines suitability.

Combining adventure with exploration

Many visitors choose to combine outdoor activities like gorge walking with other Yorkshire experiences, from scenic walks to underground exploration.

After time spent navigating rivers and waterfalls above ground, exploring the world beneath offers an entirely different perspective on how water shapes the landscape.

At Stump Cross Caverns, you can see the long-term effects of water erosion, safely revealed underground in the form of glittering mineral formations carved over millions of years. This natural wonder serves as a reminder of how today's flowing streams are part of an ongoing natural process still shaping Yorkshire beneath our feet.

Are you ready for an adventurous day trip out in Yorkshire ? Stump Cross Caverns is an underground cave system full of mysterious passageways and ancient rock formations. It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

The history of caving: when curiosity became a sport

Mon, 16 Mar 2026 07:36:00 GMT

From ancient explorers to modern adventurers… Discover how caving evolved from survival and science into a carefully managed outdoor sport.

Long before caving became a hobby and a sport, humans were already drawn underground.

Caves offered shelter, protection and mystery – and were sometimes crucial to survival. Early people used them as homes, ritual spaces, storage sites and places of refuge . Yet alongside these practical uses, there was likely a deeper sense of curiosity at work.

What lay in the darkness beyond? Where did tunnels lead? How deep did the earth continue beneath our feet?

The history of caving is, at its heart, the story of that curiosity slowly transforming into complex exploration. The story of tentative steps into the dark becoming a carefully managed outdoor activity enjoyed around the world today.

The first cave explorers

The earliest cave visitors were not adventurers in the modern sense of the word. Early humans entered caves out of necessity.

Archaeological evidence shows humans using caves across Europe and beyond for tens of thousands of years. Some of the world's most famous prehistoric artworks, including those at Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain, were created deep underground, far away from natural light.

Reaching these spaces required planning, firelight and courage. Even then, early explorers ventured only as far as conditions safely allowed.

While these journeys weren't recreational, they demonstrate how humans have always felt compelled to explore beneath the surface.

From shelter to scientific curiosity

By the 17th and 18th centuries, attitudes toward caves began to change.

Natural philosophers started studying caves to understand geology, water systems and the formation of landscapes. They carefully recorded stalactites, underground rivers and fossil discoveries. These hidden spaces offered vital clues about Earth's history long before geology as a science existed as we know it today.

Close to home, growing interest in limestone regions such as those in the Yorkshire Dales led to increased exploration of natural caverns and potholes. Local miners and landowners often guided visitors underground using candles, ropes and ladders.

The Victorian age of exploration

The 19th century marked a turning point.

Victorian society developed a fascination with discovery and adventure – from mountain climbing to polar exploration – and caves became part of that trend. Improved lanterns and basic climbing equipment allowed explorers to travel deeper underground than ever before.

Caves were mapped, measured and documented as exploration clubs were established, sharing knowledge and techniques.

In Yorkshire, particularly, curiosity about limestone landscapes encouraged systematic investigation of underground passages.

Visitors described underground chambers with theatrical excitement , often comparing them to cathedrals or enchanted palaces carved by nature.

While still a long way from the organised sport we know today, we were getting closer. Victorian cave explorers were determined, getting organised and increasingly skilled.

When caving got organised

The early 20th century saw the birth of modern speleology – the scientific study of caves – alongside recreational caving.

Clubs formed across the UK and Europe, bringing together a growing number of people interested in geology, mapping, climbing and exploration.

Equipment improved rapidly. Safety helmets replaced hats. Electric lighting replaced candles. Ropes and anchors became more advanced and reliable. Safety techniques were shared and standardised.

Cavers began pushing into deeper and more complex systems, discovering underground waterways, vast chambers and intricate passage networks that were previously completely unknown.

Most importantly, safety culture also evolved. Training, communication and rescue planning became central parts of responsible exploration, and curiosity was now guided by knowledge and diligence.

Exploring responsibly – caving as a modern-day activity

Today, caving sits alongside activities such as climbing, hiking and kayaking as a recognised outdoor pursuit.

Modern cavers use specialist equipment and undergo training to safely explore challenging environments. Many trips take place under professional supervision, particularly for beginners.

The focus has shifted away from conquest and toward appreciation for geology and experiencing landscapes rarely seen by others.

Attitudes toward caves nowadays recognise something earlier generations often overlooked – caves are fragile, delicate places.

Responsible caving emphasises environmental protection, group safety and respect for these precious ecosystems and environments.

Formations grow incredibly slowly – sometimes over millions of years. Wildlife habitats can be easily disturbed. Damage caused in seconds may have an impact that lasts forever.

As a result, responsible exploration now prioritises cave conservation alongside adventure.

Many caves are protected environments, and access may be restricted to preserve delicate ecosystems. Education plays an important role in helping visitors understand why careful behaviour underground matters.

Caving for everyone

While technical caving remains a specialised activity, many people experience caves for the first time through show caves designed for safe public exploration. Stump Cross Caverns is one such cave.

Here, visitors can experience genuine underground environments without any specialist equipment. Carefully maintained pathways and lighting systems make it possible for families, school groups and curious explorers to encounter geology shaped over hundreds of thousands of years.

For many visitors, this first experience sparks the same curiosity that motivated early explorers centuries ago, inspiring the natural scientists and geologists of the future.

From ancient shelter to shared adventure – why caves still fascinate us

Despite technological advances and satellite mapping, caves retain an element of mystery.

Deep beneath the earth, there is no weather forecast, no traffic noise, no horizon – only the tranquillity of the stone and the trickle of running water. Caves are like nature's very own sensory deprivation tanks. And many cavers love that feeling of escape from everyday distractions.

The journey from prehistoric refuge to modern sport spans thousands of years, yet the motivations to explore caves remain remarkably similar. Today, people enter caves in the name of science, adventure, education or simple fascination. But they all share the same instinct that drew our ancestors underground long ago: to learn, to understand and to discover.

At Stump Cross Caverns, we keep that long history alive every day as we welcome visitors to take their first steps beneath the Yorkshire landscape. Thanks to the centuries of work done by those who came before, your underground adventure is guided by safety, knowledge and understanding. However, just like the early humans who took those first steps into darkness, your curiosity still leads the way.

Are you ready to try caving in North Yorkshire ? Buried deep beneath the Yorkshire Dales, Stump Cross Caverns is a family-friendly show cave that requires no specialist equipment or knowledge to explore. Start your adventure today by booking your tickets online .

The tricky (but rewarding) art of cave photography

Sun, 08 Mar 2026 21:26:10 GMT

Cave photography isn't easy, but it's very rewarding. Learn why capturing underground worlds requires patience, planning and creativity.

For amateur enthusiasts and professional landscape photographers alike, there are few environments more challenging than a cave. But that challenge only makes caves more compelling.

Out in the open, photographers work with the familiar tools provided by nature – open spaces, reasonably predictable landscapes, sunlight and shadow.

But underground, beyond the reach of natural light, all of that disappears. Some surfaces soak up colour and light, while others reflect it. Even shadows behave very differently.

And yet, despite the difficulty, cave photography remains one of the most rewarding forms of photography in the natural world.

For those drawn to exploration and geology, photographing caves offers a chance to capture hidden worlds few people get to see for themselves.

Why is cave photography so difficult?

The biggest challenge is the most obvious one: caves are dark.

Unlike with twilight or night photography outdoors, there is often no ambient light at all underground. Every detail visible in a cave photograph exists only because a photographer has deliberately introduced light.

This in itself creates challenges. It usually necessitates long exposure times, so any movement could blur images. And if lighting is not curated carefully, colours can appear dull and flat, with no dynamic light or shadow.

Furthermore, moisture and condensation in caves can affect, or even damage, equipment. And uneven surfaces can make tripod placement difficult.

Even the most experienced photographers quickly discover that cave photography is less about quick snapshots and more about patience and planning. A single image can take a long time to create.

Light – the most important tool

In cave photography, light replaces composition as the primary creative decision.

Photographers often use multiple light sources positioned around a chamber to reveal texture and depth. Headtorches, LED panels and handheld lights can all help illuminate formations gradually during a long exposure.

The goal is usually to create subtle, dramatic lighting rather than flooding a space with bright light. This allows stalactites, mineral flows and rock textures to emerge naturally from the darkness and stand out against shadow.

Too much light flattens the composition, but too little leaves the most important and most beautiful details hidden.

Stability matters underground

Because exposures usually need to be long, stability becomes essential.

Tripods are almost always required, but caves rarely offer convenient flat ground on which to set them up. Photographers often work carefully around rocks, water or narrow passages to find secure footing for both themselves and their equipment.

Safety always comes first. Slippery surfaces, uneven terrain and confined spaces mean photographers must move slowly and deliberately.

A simple and sensible rule: if setting up a photograph compromises your safety and risks injury or worse, the photograph is not worth taking.

Protecting precious environments

Caves are incredibly delicate natural spaces that must be respected.

Many formations take thousands, sometimes millions, of years to form. Oils from human skin can permanently halt mineral growth, while careless movement may damage features that cannot be replaced.

Responsible cave photography therefore follows some strict principles:

Stick to established paths
Avoid touching formations
Never move rocks or natural features for composition
Leave no equipment or waste behind

A good cave photographer sees themselves not just as an artist, but as a guest in an ancient space.

Working with colour and texture

One of the surprises of cave photography is how colourful underground environments can be.

Minerals create subtle variations in tone, from cool greys to iron reds and crystalline whites. However, these colours often need careful lighting to appear in photographs.

Moisture adds another layer of complexity. Water reflects light unpredictably, creating beautiful sparkle in some conditions and unwanted glare in others.

Capturing texture becomes just as important as capturing colour. Shadows help reveal the curves of stone, the sharp edges of crystal formations and the scale of vast underground chambers.

Often, the most successful images embrace and utilise the impact of darkness rather than try to eliminate it completely.

The human element

Including a person within a cave photograph can dramatically change how an image feels.

A small figure illuminated by torchlight instantly communicates scale, helping viewers understand the size of underground spaces that might otherwise seem unreal. It also helps to tell a story of human exploration and discovery.

However, photographers must take great care to ensure people remain safe and comfortable throughout the process of taking a cave portrait.

Going underground

Unlike a lot of outdoor photography, preparation for cave photography begins long before arrival.

Considerations include access permissions and weather conditions that affect cave safety. It's also vital to ensure photographers have appropriate clothing and safety gear, and are well-stocked with backup lighting, batteries and protective equipment for cameras.

Humidity, mud and temperature changes can all affect equipment performance, so waterproof protection and spare power sources are essential.

Good planning maximises the chances of an enjoyable experience, rather than a stressful one.

The art of cave photography demands more skill than almost any other environment. It requires patience, creativity, technical ability and, above all, great care.

And sometimes, the true reward isn't just the resulting photographs, but the deeper appreciation gained for the hidden worlds beneath our feet. Here, the darkness gives way to ancient stone, and light reveals landscapes formed long before human history began.

Beyond the lens

While cave photography can produce extraordinary results, it's worth remembering that you don't always need a camera to experience the wonder of the world below.

Sometimes, the beauty of caves is best experienced in the moment, surrounded by the sense of deep time.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we encourage our visitors to enjoy the caves for themselves. You'll notice the textures of limestone shaped over hundreds of thousands of years. You'll spot the sparkle of mineral formations. And you'll experience the spellbinding atmosphere that photographs can only partially convey.

And you don't need any specialist equipment or technical knowledge to take part. Guided pathways and thoughtful lighting allow visitors of all ages to safely experience this incredible underground world.

Stump Cross Caverns is one of the most magical tourist attractions in the Yorkshire Dales . Visiting us means exploring an ancient underground cave that began life long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth. Ready for an adventure like no other? It's easy to book your tickets online .

What's on this spring in Yorkshire (2026 guide)

Mon, 02 Mar 2026 17:19:24 GMT

Discover the best spring events across Yorkshire in 2026, from festivals and family days out to hidden gems at Stump Cross Caverns.

We may be a little biased, but we don't think there's a better place to welcome in the springtime than Yorkshire.

Around here, the season gathers together in a gentle rhythm. The days begin to glow a little longer as the weeks pass, with the fields and hedgerows welcoming pale blue skies smeared with peaches-and-cream cloud.

It's lovely . And that's before we even get to the packed calendar of events waiting to be explored across the region.

Throughout the season, communities and venues across Yorkshire host a vivid mix of events celebrating food, music, literature, seasonal change and creativity. And good news: they're as varied and colourful as a wildflower meadow.

Here's your guide to what's on this spring, with options ranging from big festivals to quirky local celebrations.

Culture, cuisine and community

York Chocolate Festival

Wednesday 1 to Sunday 5 April

A must for all sweet-toothed visitors, this annual event transforms the centre of York into a chocolate-lover's paradise. There'll be artisan stalls, tastings and masterclasses, as well as cosy spaces where you can lounge with a hot drink.

Packed with treats and plenty of fun for all ages, it makes for a great spring day out in one of Yorkshire's most historic cities. (And just wait until you smell that chocolate in the air…)

Filey Food Festival

Saturday 4 and Sunday 5 April (first weekend)

Saturday 6 and Sunday 7 June (second weekend)

Based around the town's beautiful Crescent Gardens, Filey Food Festival celebrates tastes from Yorkshire and beyond.

Expect street food stalls showcasing fresh seafood and local cheeses, as well as gourmet pies and artisan chocolate cakes. There'll be chef demos and family-friendly entertainment, too.

Harrogate Spring Flower Show

Thursday 23 to Sunday 26 April

Held at the Great Yorkshire Events Centre, this is one of the biggest horticultural highlights of the season. You can expect impressive displays, gardening inspiration and plenty of photo-worthy blooms to kickstart the spring spirit.

Whitby Goth Weekend

Friday 1 to Sunday 3 May

It might not seem all that mainstream, but Whitby Goth Weekend is actually one of the most famous tourist attractions in the country, not just the region.

Set in a beautiful seaside town steeped in gothic lore, the festival is a must-visit for anyone interested in goth culture. Lured in by the bewitching power of Count Dracula, visitors from across the UK and beyond stay for the fashion, music, markets and community-led fringe events.

It's very, very popular. So, if you're planning to visit, make sure to book your accommodation early.

Ilkley Food & Drink Festival

Saturday 13 and Sunday 14 June

Set by the River Wharfe in picturesque Ilkley, this festival is a highlight for local produce, street food, cookery demos and live entertainment.

The best bit? The festival's easy-going two-day weekend format is perfect for families and busy foodies.

Beverley Folk Festival

Friday 19 to Sunday 21 June

Held in East Yorkshire since 1983, this three-day festival brings acoustic music, dance, comedy and storytelling to Beverley town and racecourse. Expect performances and workshops that appeal to families and music lovers alike.

Harrogate Food & Drink Festival

Saturday 27 and Sunday 28 June

Held on The Stray in Harrogate, this event combines artisan food stalls with live music and family-friendly areas. It's a great excuse to enjoy an early summer weekend in one of Yorkshire's most elegant towns.

Celebrating the great outdoors

H4: Ride2Stride: The Settle-Carlisle Walking & Music Festival

Tuesday 28 April to Monday 4 May

If you love getting outdoors, this festival of walks, talks and music will be right up your country lane.

The programme spans multiple routes and guided walks across the Western Dales and Eden Valley, celebrating their landscape and culture. It's a gorgeous way to experience the area, with expert local guides and walks to suit all abilities.

Bridlington Kite Festival

Saturday 16 and Sunday 17 May

Families and coastal lovers will adore this colourful weekend of giant, imaginative kites soaring above Sewerby Cliffs.

This vibrant spectacle also features free children's activities such as inflatable assault courses, as well as plenty of food and drink facilities to choose from.

Yorkshire Cycle Festival

Friday 12 to Sunday 14 June

At this event, cyclists of all ages and abilities converge for a weekend of rides, talks, workshops and community events around York. It's perfect for families who love exploring on two wheels.

H4: The Swaledale Marathon

Saturday 13 June

Here's one for the cardio lovers! Organised by the Swaledale Outdoor Club and held annually since 1979, this 24-mile course passes through some of Swaledale's finest scenery. Whether you choose to tackle the fell run or challenge walk event, be warned: they're not for the faint-hearted. Competitors must navigate themselves and complete the course within 10 hours.

Other spring highlights

Spaw Sunday

Sunday May 3

Spaw Sunday is a traditional Yorkshire and Lancashire celebration, where ancient holy well waters are blessed, smelled and even tasted. The event also features local gatherings, brass bands, dancing and traditional food. It's a charming local ritual rooted in folk custom.

WizardFest

Saturday 23 to Monday 25 May

A spellbinding city-wide festival in York, WizardFest celebrates all things fantasy, magic and storytelling. The programme includes theatrical performances, film screenings, family activities and immersive fun, such as LEGO wand-making workshops.

York Festival of Ideas

Saturday 30 May to Friday 12 June

Led by the University of York, this is a thought-provoking celebration of culture, science, politics and creativity. It's packed with talks, workshops, debates and performances in venues across the city.

The spring beneath your feet at Stump Cross Caverns

While most events celebrate spring above ground, there's another kind of seasonal magic hiding deep beneath the Dales.

Stump Cross Caverns invites visitors throughout spring and beyond to explore an ancient subterranean world. Here, you can tour limestone passageways, spot amazing rock formations and attend engaging educational workshops on geology and natural history. It's a very special way to celebrate the awakening of the natural world and add a geological twist to your spring plans.

Why not pair your morning or afternoon festival visits with an adventure beneath the surface? The contrast between that fresh spring air and the cool underground corridors makes for a uniquely Yorkshire adventure.

Looking for an amazing family day out in Yorkshire this spring? Stump Cross Caverns is always an unforgettable experience – even when those April showers strike! It's quick and easy to book your cave tickets online .

Our favourite short walks in the Yorkshire Dales

Mon, 02 Mar 2026 01:34:17 GMT

Looking for a short but sweet walk in the Yorkshire Dales? Lace up your boots and get ready as we share 8 of our personal favourites.

Think of walks in the Yorkshire Dales and you'll probably think of long-distance hikes over hill and dale. And for good reason – the region is home to some spectacular destinations, from the Three Peaks to the limestone amphitheatre at Malham Cove.

But the Yorkshire Dales are just as good for short-but-sweet walks. These cover lead mining country, picture-book villages, rivers, viaducts and more – and many are suitable for the whole family, not just the veteran walkers.

So, without further ado, here are eight of the best short walks in the Yorkshire Dales. And if you do come out for a short walk, why not combine it with a trip to Stump Cross Caverns? There's a whole world to discover hidden beneath those hills and dales – and our underground cave lets you see it in glorious detail.

1. Ribblehead audio trail

The viaduct at Ribblehead is a marvel of 19th-century construction. Still active as a railway viaduct and visible from the Three Peaks, it's as Yorkshire as Wensleydale cheese.

This audio trail takes you on a journey through time and space, educating you about the history of the railway and the viaduct while leading you through some jaw-dropping scenery.

Today, the area surrounding the Ribblehead viaduct is peaceful and idyllic. But when the viaduct was under construction, the place was unrecognisable – a shanty town where workers slept, lived and worked.

Keen to learn more? If you want a little bit of history and a little bit of walking, the Ribblehead audio trail could be just what you're after.

2. Conistone Circular

Looking for a short walk the kids will enjoy? This gentle two- or three-hour amble is family-friendly and boasts birdlife as well as beautiful landscapes.

The circular route begins in the cobbled market town of Grassington. It follows a stretch of the 65-mile-long River Wharfe towards the limestone village of Conistone.

You then head east through the Grass Wood nature reserve before making your way back to Grassington.

3. Embsay Reservoir

Near the village of Skipton, Embsay Reservoir is a great spot for a flat, well-kept and easy walk.

The walk in question is just one mile long, making it perfect for little hikers. However, the route can be easily extended to take in the whole circumference of the reservoir (about three and a half miles).

On a fine day, the reservoir is full of sailing boats. Whatever the weather, you can finish the walk in Embsay itself or nearby Skipton with its castle, market and canals.

4. Cataracts of the Strid

This well-signposted walk takes you through the woods near historic Bolton Abbey and along the River Wharfe.

Before we go any further, it's worth saying that the Strid itself – a narrow stretch of the Wharfe in Strid Wood – is a dangerous spot. It looks like a small gap that you could jump across, but in fact, it's the site of powerful rapids.

This shouldn't deter you from taking the walk, of course. Just take extra care not to fall in.

The estate is a Site of Special Scientific Interest thanks to its oak trees, rare plants and fungi. Meanwhile, the river is home to kingfishers, herons and other birdlife.

It's an easy route that takes you through some charming woods.

5. Ilkley Moor

Starting and finishing at Ilkley train station, this two-hour, three-and-a-half-mile walk takes you up the moor, past the Cow and Calf rocks and past the plunge pool at White Wells.

Expect gorgeous views and a gentle climb. The walk is also notable for its flashes of history – from the famous folk song "On Ilkley Moor baht 'at" to the plunge pool where rich folks would come for hydrotherapy.

Ilkley itself is a picture-book town full of independent cafes, shops and pubs.

6. Grassington lead mining trail

Believe it or not, North Yorkshire used to be a hotbed of lead mining. In fact, our story at Stump Cross Caverns is untellable without this industrial past – after all, it was two local lead miners who first stumbled upon the caves .

Today, the lead mining past isn't immediately obvious – but look closely and there are remnants everywhere.

This short walk takes you across low moorland. Information boards give you a vivid insight into what life must have been like during the heyday of lead mining.

But it's not all history. The views of the moor are something to write home about, too.

7. Aysgarth woods and waterfalls

Aysgarth Falls is one of North Yorkshire's finest natural features – a spectacular triple flight of waterfalls nested in woodland and filled with wildlife.

The good folks at Yorkshire Dales National Park provide walkers with a selection of walks of varying lengths.

There are short walks to the Lower, Middle and Upper Falls. There's a one-mile woodland walk. There's also a 2.7-mile walk that takes you through farmland and across a disused railway line.

All of these routes are gentle and unforgettable, beginning or ending with a perfect photo opportunity at the falls themselves.

8. Trollers Gill and Stump Cross Caverns

This one is a little longer – around five and a half miles. It takes you through the moorlands to the mysterious limestone gorge of Trollers Gill, before heading to meet us here at Stump Cross Caverns.

We've written about this walk in more detail previously . If it's only the route you're after, you can find it on AllTrails . Happy hiking!

Are you looking for an unforgettable day out in the Yorkshire Dales? Book for Stump Cross Caverns today and get ready for an awe-inspiring adventure deep underground.

How Stump Cross Caverns has contributed to science

Sat, 28 Feb 2026 17:23:24 GMT

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're proud that our caves have contributed to the sum of scientific knowledge. Here are 4 fascinating examples.

One of the great things about looking after the caves here at Stump Cross Caverns is that they point in so many directions.

Their prehistoric origins lead us to think about our Stone Age past, while their location in a Dark Sky Reserve leads us to collaborate with local stargazers.

Meanwhile, scientists have studied the caves to learn about everything from cave formations to plant life, from prehistoric animals to the last Ice Age.

Here are four examples of how the caves at Stump Cross have contributed to science, starting with a study of the caves and karsts of the Yorkshire Dales.

1. How limestone caves were formed

"Caves from Greenhow Hill to Cracoe", chapter by Harry Long in Caves and Karsts of the Yorkshire Dales

In this chapter from a major cave science book, Harry Long describes 17 areas within the Yorkshire Dales. His writing focuses particularly on cave systems in the karst (limestone) landscapes.

He explains how the landscape between Greenhow Hill and Cracoe was shaped by limestone, faults in the Earth and water. And, of course, the most inevitable influence of all: the passing of time.

This landscape, which includes Stump Cross Caverns, lies along the "Craven Fault Zone". Here, rocks have been bent and broken over time, exposing thick ribs of limestone.

Over hundreds of thousands of years, the limestone has dissolved in rainwater. This has led to the creation of caves, sinkholes, underground rivers and deep gorges. This is even more remarkable when you consider that the limestone is much thicker than in other parts of Yorkshire.

Harry Long gives Stump Cross Caverns (along with Mongo Gill) the accolade of "most important cave system" in the area. He describes how the higher passages are old and dry, formed when the caves flooded long ago, and how the lower level carries streams.

Finally, he describes the stalactites and flowstone that are over 220,000 years old, as well as the fossil bones that have been found in the caves. This is proof that the climate of the Yorkshire Dales was once much, much colder.

2. When the Ice Age ended in Yorkshire

"Glaciation and deglaciation of the Stump Cross area, Yorkshire Dales, northern England, determined by terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (10Be) dating" by Wilson and Rodes.

In this study, Wilson and Rodes look at scientific evidence to answer the question: was the area around Stump Cross Caverns covered in ice during the last Ice Age? And if so, when did it melt?

They used a method called "cosmogenic nuclide dating". This measures how long rocks have been exposed to cosmic rays and helps date large boulders and bedrock.

Through this method, the researchers established that glaciers moved against these rocks during the Late Devensian Ice Age.

Two boulders in the Stump Cross cave system show signs of prehistoric glacial movement somewhere between 18,000 and 21,000 years ago. The most reliable finding shows that the ice completely disappeared some 18,500 years ago.

Wilson and Rodes checked these findings against evidence from other sites in the area and from cave deposits in Stump Cross itself. They conclude that the area as a whole thawed out between 16,000 and 18,000 years ago.

3. Identifying prehistoric animals

"Cave palaeontology", chapter by Terry O'Connor and Tom Lord in Caves and Karst of the Yorkshire Dales

Palaeontology is the study of the history of life on Earth, mostly through the fossil record. In this paper, O'Connor and Lord look at how caves in the Yorkshire Dales – including Stump Cross Caverns – preserve fossils.

They find that fossils are mostly left by animals that either used the caves for shelter or fell into them. When they died, their bones were buried under water and sediment, eventually becoming fossils.

Fossils found in the area include large mammals like hyenas, bears, lions, elephants and hippos, as well as smaller animals and plant remains.

No fossil record is complete and, in the case of the caves, this is partly because of flooding and blockages. However, scientists such as O'Connor and Lord use the existing fossils to reconstruct the prehistoric ecosystem. The results suggest a rich and varied selection of animals and plants.

The research also shows how climate change influenced these ecosystems. As the world got colder, warm-climate animals disappeared and were replaced by cold-climate animals like reindeer, bison, wolves and wolverines.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, remains of reindeer, bison and wolverines have been found. Most recently, we found a wolverine jaw while digging out a new cavern at Stump Cross. Finds like these are fascinating relics of the last Ice Age.

4. How stalagmites form

"Non-linearities in drip water hydrology: an example from Stump Cross Caverns, Yorkshire" by Andy Baker and Chris Brunsdon

Published in the Journal of Hydrology, this article reports the results of a 14-year analysis of drip rates in Stump Cross Caverns.

The scientists sought to learn whether the water dripping into the caves did so in a linear (steady and consistent) or non-linear fashion.

They concluded that "at our drip sites there is a non-linear input (weather) and non-linearities within the karst system leading to non-linear dripping".

This could help us understand more about the speed at which stalagmites grow and the shapes they take. It could also help us understand the historical rate of rainfall in karst areas.

What is the future of cave science?

Cave science is developing all the time. In recent years, caves have given us everything from the earliest examples of rock art to evidence of the droughts that led to the decline of the Mayan civilisation.

What's next? We're likely to see more 3D mapping of cave systems and a deeper understanding of the role that microbes play in cave formation. Meanwhile, dating systems for rocks, speleothems and other cave-related phenomena continue to grow in sophistication and accuracy.

Whatever happens, we'll be sure to let you know! In the meantime, why not inspire the next generation of cave explorers with our educational resources for kids ?

Stump Cross Caverns is an ancient cave system in the Yorkshire Dales. Fancy going on an underground adventure? It's easy to book your tickets online .

5 lost and abandoned villages in Yorkshire

Fri, 27 Feb 2026 10:17:53 GMT

There are around 3,000 deserted villages in the UK. Explore 5 incredible examples in Yorkshire and nearby.

Spend even a few days in the Yorkshire Dales and you'll struggle not to notice its rich history.

The landscape itself is the result of prehistoric glacial movement. The remains of medieval monasteries, lead mines, quarries, textile mills, dry stone walls and stately homes all bear us ceaselessly back into the past.

Some remains, however, are less obvious to the eye. The United Kingdom is full of abandoned villages. Some are only visible today as markings in fields or the foundations of a church. Others are only visible when reservoirs dry up in the heat and flooded villages are briefly exhumed.

It's a fascinatingly eerie part of the UK landscape. Here are five historical examples in Yorkshire (and nearby) to fire the imagination.

1. Wharram Percy

There are more than 2,000 deserted medieval villages in England, stretching from Northumberland down to Dartmoor. Once vibrant settlements are now reduced to earthworks in fields, ruined churches and the outlines of houses.

Wharram Percy is the biggest and most famous of these lost villages. Found on the side of a valley in the Yorkshire Wolds, it was occupied for six centuries before being abandoned in the 1500s.

We say it "was abandoned", but in fact the people who lived there were evicted by landowners – a tale told in many similar villages across the UK.

Like so many dramatic changes in history, the reason was economic. Wharram Percy was arable land and the tenants there lived by growing crops. But landowners realised that sheep farming was more profitable than arable production.

Their response was brutal. They evicted tenants, demolished houses and converted the land to pasture for sheep.

2. West End

Summer 2022 was a hot one. In the Washburn Valley, North Yorkshire, the waters of Thruscross Reservoir evaporated – and a lost village rose into view.

West End was once a thriving flax-making community where flax plants were turned into fibre for textiles. But the trade declined – and by the 1960s, the village was deliberately flooded to create a reservoir.

Residents were forced to leave their homes and farms. Bodies from the churchyard were moved and the church was dismantled, leaving just the foundations.

The whole village now lies beneath the reservoir waters: mill, cottages, school, church foundations and all.

3. Tanshelf

Visit Tanshelf Industrial Estate in Pontefract today and you'd be unlikely to guess that it was once a village.

The street layout remains largely unchanged and the 19th-century railway station is still there. But the former Queen's Hotel is now flats and the terraced houses that once housed colliers were demolished in 1971.

Tanshelf had its roots in the Anglo-Saxon era. The Domesday Book of 1086 records its church, mills and fishery and says it had a population of 101 – quite populous for a village of the time.

By the late 19th century, Tanshelf was a mining community. Most of the men worked at the nearby Prince of Wales colliery. A former resident of nearby Knottingley describes a typical scene:

"One of the most common sights you would see in Tanshelf was the heaps of coal tipped outside the houses on the street, this being the concessionary coal allowance given to all colliery workers; 10 deliveries per year."

In 2026, this seems as bygone as the Domesday Book. It's incredible to think just how much Yorkshire has changed over the centuries.

4. Lotherton

Today, Lotherton Hall is a historic Edwardian country house near Leeds. Its picturesque estate features art, fashion, furniture and a zoo with wallabies, capybaras and more.

From the medieval times to the 19th century, however, Lotherton was a village known as Luttrington.

By 1840, the village had significantly downsized. People moved out and the remaining hall grounds and farms were finally amalgamated with nearby Aberford in 1908.

All that remains of Lotherton is the 10th-century chapel dedicated to St James. This was restored during the First World War (1914-1918) when Lotherton Hall was temporarily converted into a military hospital.

5. Derwent and Ashopton

Ladybower Reservoir is in Derbyshire, not Yorkshire – but it sits right on the border with South Yorkshire.

It took eight years to build and another two years to fill with water. Together with Derwent Reservoir and Howden Reservoir, it covers 200 square kilometres and holds 464 billion litres of water.

Two small villages were flooded to allow for the construction of Ladybower Reservoir in 1935: Derwent and Ashopton.

Derwent was a small, pretty village. Ashopton was larger, located on the main road between Sheffield and Glossop, and was home to an annual wool fair.

Derwent Valley Water Board compulsorily purchased the buildings in both villages in the teeth of opposition from the residents. Nevertheless, they were evicted and rehoused near Bamford. As in West End, bodies were dug up and moved from the churchyard and buildings were demolished.

In Derwent, the spire of the church was left intact – a spooky memorial to a lost village rising out of the water. This, too, however, was demolished in 1947.

History and Stump Cross Caverns

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're fascinated by the local history of the Yorkshire Dales. The caves themselves were discovered by locals in the lead mining trade – a lost industry whose remains can be seen all over the Dales.

But our own history goes back further – much, much further to a time when Yorkshire was at the bottom of a tropical sea. Over millions of years, the limestone landscape was formed and the caves slowly, slowly took shape.

Exploring the chambers and passageways of the caverns, it's incredible to think their history stretches back so many hundreds of thousands of years.

So, if you want to take a trip in a time machine, why not pay us a visit? With amazing rock formations and aeons of history to discover, we're proud to be one of the most popular tourist attractions in the Yorkshire Dales . It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

How to survive the Stone Age: a time traveller's guide

Mon, 23 Feb 2026 10:43:31 GMT

What skills and tools would you need to survive as a Stone Age person? Take a trip in our time machine and find out…

If there's one thing we get wrong about the Stone Age, it's that Stone Age people were fundamentally different from us.

This is partly because of the way Stone Age people are usually depicted in cartoons, films and books: hairy, lumbering brutes with bones in their hair.

In fact, archaeological evidence shows that Stone Age people were just like us, more or less. They painted on cave walls – and some of those paintings told stories. They played music on flutes and pipes made from animal bones.

The big difference between your average person in the UK today and your average person in the Stone Age is the level of threat you face.

That's not to say that people don't struggle, scrimp and strive today. But in the Stone Age, you were truly on your own. You had to hunt for your own food, make your own tools and weapons, light your own fires and dress your own wounds.

This meant people tended to live in small, tight-knit communities. This could be a family unit or a band of 25 to 50 people. It also meant people moved from place to place looking for food and shelter.

Imagine you stepped into a time machine and found yourself emerging into Stone Age Yorkshire. What skills and tools would you need to survive? Here are six essentials.

1. Find food

No supermarkets. No agriculture as such. Stone Age people relied on each other to hunt, gather and find water.

Today, we have a lot of choice over our diets. In the Stone Age, however, vegetarianism, veganism and other diets weren't an option.

Instead, people lived off fish, birds, deer, boar, mammoths and other animals. They would hunt for these with rudimentary tools.

They also lived off berries, nuts and roots. Today, we have scientists, governments and other bodies to tell us which plants are safe to eat. Back then, you had to figure that out for yourself.

The same goes for water. Stone Age people had to find fresh water sources like rivers and streams, make sure the water was clean and carry it home in containers they'd made themselves.

2. Make tools and weapons

Hunting and gathering is difficult. And unlike today's world, where tools can be bought in shops, Stone Age people had to make their own tools and weapons for the job.

Spears were made by sharpening sticks. Scrapers, hand-axes, arrowheads and harpoons were made by flint knapping. This involves shaping pieces of flint by striking them against each other or with another stone or antler.

By now, it should be clear that materials were limited. This was the Stone Age, after all. People hadn't yet discovered how to process metal. If it couldn't be found in the natural world, it wasn't an option.

3. Stay warm and dry

OK, so you've got your tools and weapons and you've had a good day's hunting and gathering. But where on Earth are you going to sleep?

Stone Age people are often called "cavemen" and "cavewomen". This is because they would look for existing shelters, such as caves, to sleep in. We know this from human remains found in caves and paintings on cave walls.

You couldn't always find a cave or other hole to sleep in, though. Sometimes, you would be forced to build a shelter from branches, mud, grass and animal skins.

The same went for clothes. Animals weren't just killed for food. They were also killed so their fur and skin could be used for clothes. It all sounds like a lot of work, doesn't it?

4. Make fire

Time to settle down for the night. With central heating thousands of years away, you had to make do with a homemade fire – and you couldn't pop to the shops for firelighters and matches.

Stone Age people had two main methods . The first was to strike sparks from flint or pyrite onto tinder. The second was to rub wood until an ember formed.

Both methods required skill, materials and above all, patience . In fact, you could say that patience is the most important skill for Stone Age people. Lose patience, and you put yourself, your family and your band at risk.

5. Build a community

The Stone Age is often portrayed as a dog-eat-dog kind of epoch.

This is true – up to a point. Yes, resources were fought over and groups looked after their own interests. But within those groups, a high level of cooperation existed.

It makes sense. If you need to work hard every day for the bare essentials, you'll need to work in a pack. Cooperation and resourcefulness are the names of the game. This can be seen in the fact that both men and women hunted animals for food, clothing and materials for tools and shelters.

And while we have little evidence of how children were raised, it seems likely that Stone Age communities were like modern-day hunter-gatherer societies . Children were probably raised communally by their parents and multiple "alloparents" (caregivers).

6. Know your environment

In the Stone Age, you won't last five minutes if you don't know your environment. That includes knowing which plants are safe to eat and which animals you can hunt. But it also means predicting weather patterns and the changing of the seasons by tracking the Sun and Moon.

After all, it's this awareness of the environment that meant Stone Age people could eventually develop basic agriculture and animal husbandry. And without those skills, human societies as we know them today would never have come about.

Do you think you have what it takes to survive the Stone Age?

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we love learning about the Stone Age – we even have our very own resident Cavewoman ! If you're a young history buff, why not try our Key Stage 2 Stone Age activities ?

Stump Cross Caverns discovery: how we found a wolverine jaw

Fri, 20 Feb 2026 17:05:01 GMT

Diggers working to excavate C Chamber at Stump Cross Caverns have discovered the fossilised jawbone of a wolverine. Let's take a closer look.

Blog image ©YorkshirePostNewspapers, taken by James Hardisty ( @snapperjim )

The world's museums are full of fossils. Some are the complete skeletons of prehistoric beasts, others individual bones. Each of them adds another piece to the puzzle of what the world used to look like.

Taken from its earliest origins, Stump Cross Caverns is around 300 million years old. So, it's no surprise that it's been the site of some fascinating fossil finds – most recently the jaw of an Ice Age wolverine.

Today, wolverines are found in remote subarctic regions: northern Canada, Alaska, parts of northern Europe, western Russia and Siberia. But in Britain, they haven't been seen alive for thousands of years.

It's amazing to think these carnivorous bear-like beasts once roamed the landscape we now call the Yorkshire Dales. But roam they did.

The jawbone in question is approximately 80,000 to 90,000 years old. Despite this ancient pedigree, it still has most of its teeth, including one large canine.

It was found by Rowan Worsman, a member of Craven Pothole Club . This local caving community is currently hard at work extending the network of our show cave.

This means digging. Lots of digging. "It's hard work," Rowan told The Yorkshire Post . "You get cold, wet and dirty down there, but finding something like that is exciting."

How did the wolverine fossil get there?

Fossils are formed in places where plants and animals die. This could be because of an injury, an attack, a disease or an accident. There are even fossils of animals locked in combat like the fighting dinosaurs found in Mongolia in 1971.

In the case of our poor wolverine, the story is a little grisly. The likeliest explanation for its presence in Stump Cross Caverns is that it smelled decaying meat and wandered in for food.

"They'd smell animals fallen into the pit," elaborates dig coordinator Tom Thompson, "climb in, consume the animals, then might not be able to get out.

"The evidence is," he continues, "they ended up cannibalising each other."

This is nature red in tooth and claw – and the jawbone was preserved thanks to "a tremendous flood" in which "the wolverine was washed into the lowest part of the cave where it was covered in stalactites."

Previous fossil finds at Stump Cross Caverns

This wolverine jaw isn't the first fossil to be found at Stump Cross Caverns. Previous specimens have included reindeer, bison and Arctic fox bones.

The bones of four adult reindeer, in fact, gave Reindeer Cavern its name. These were discovered in the late 1950s when a team of cavers broke through a boulder choke (a pile of rocks that blocks a passage).

As with the wolverine, we don't know for sure how the reindeer got down there. But chances are they were washed down there by the water from a melting glacier.

And how about the future? Could more fossils be uncovered in the winding chambers and passageways of Stump Cross Caverns? Our owner, Oliver Bowerman, thinks so: "I'd put my life savings on there being more down there."

If there is, we'll be the first to let you know.

What is C Chamber?

The wolverine jaw was found during the excavation of C Chamber . This is a chamber in the Stump Cross network hitherto blocked from public access by lots of rocks and lots of mud – and we mean lots .

A team of cavers is currently digging their way in, with the target of opening the chamber in 2028. That involves shifting another 200 tonnes of rubble, probably with the help of a digger.

This extension to the caverns is partly a case of opening another gorgeous prehistoric site to the public. But it's also to realise a vision of the cave network as a circular experience.

At present, you see, you go into the subterranean wonderland and then out again. The addition of C Chamber, however, will mean a satisfying circular route.

Wolverine facts

Wolverines are carnivorous predators. They're the kind of animal, says Tom Thompson, "that leaps on something and tears it to pieces".

Despite their bearlike appearance, wolverines belong to the weasel family and are about the size of sheep.

They're muscular creatures with short legs, short ears and five-toed paws to help them get through heaps of snow. Their frost-resistant fur is dark brown except for black patches on their legs and faces.

They mostly dine on small mammals like rabbits, mice and squirrels. They have been known, however, to go after bigger prey such as lynxes and weasels.

When not munching on meat, they supplement their diet with seeds, berries, roots, birds' eggs and insect larvae.

In the UK, wolverines can be seen at Whipsnade Zoo, Bristol Zoo Project, Dudley Zoo, Cotswold Wildlife Park, New Forest Wildlife Park and Exmoor Zoo.

Who knows what we'll discover next at Stump Cross Caverns? To follow along with our adventures as we excavate C Chamber, subscribe to the Stump Cross YouTube channel .

The Gwynedd car cave: why is this cavern full of abandoned cars?

Mon, 16 Feb 2026 10:51:41 GMT

Caves contain all sorts of secrets – but not all of them are pleasant. Explore this car graveyard in North Wales, and the lessons we can learn from it.

Think of landfill and you probably picture huge piles of rubbish. But did you know that caves and quarries have also been used for waste disposal?

Before we go any further, it's important to note that we at Stump Cross Caverns take cave conservation very seriously and do not condone this kind of activity. In the case of the Gwynedd car cave, however, there are valuable lessons to be learned.

Once upon a time, this cave was used for slate mining – an important source of revenue for the Welsh economy. However, when the mine was closed in the 1970s, the cave became a dumping ground for cars, TVs, fridges, microwaves and other waste.

The cave later became a viral social media sensation, with visitors and influencers flocking to take pictures and videos of this surreal sight. Unfortunately, this influx of interest only made the situation worse.

Today, the cave is a sorry sight, filled with rusting cars and plastic waste left by visitors. Many cars are now underwater – and the water itself is full of hazardous substances.

So, what can we learn from this tale of neglect and misuse? Let's first take a trip in our time machine back to the slate mines of the 19th century.

About the Gwynedd car cave

This car-filled dump was once a slate mine. It's located 65 feet below private land in Corris Uchaf.

The quarries at Corris Uchaf are the southernmost in North Wales – and were small fry next to the sprawling quarries of northern Snowdonia.

Today, the state of the cave is the direct result of mistreatment. First, by the people who used it as a dumping ground for cars and electrical goods. And secondly, by the people who went to explore and left rubbish behind them.

But in fact, the mine itself was another example of mistreatment, albeit of a different kind.

"Some mines in the 19th century were speculative ventures," explains slate mines expert Dr David Evans . "They were fly-by-night operations with business practices that would not stand up to scrutiny today" – not in the UK, at least.

The mine was shoddily run, unproductive and the site of dangerous working conditions and limited employment rights.

And today, things aren't much better. Photographers and influencers are drawn to the surreal sight of heaps of rusty cars illuminated by the cave entrance. But it's a dangerous place to visit, and clean-up attempts are only scratching the surface.

Renewed interest

For decades, the cave was only visited by the people who came to dump their cars and electrical goods. This all changed in 2019 when a YouTube video brought the location into the public eye.

People came in droves. Some came out of sheer curiosity and a spirit of adventure. Others came for views on social media, treating the cave as clickbait.

We don't want to demonise the people who came to the car cave. But it's undeniable that some contributed to leaving the cave in a worse state than they found it in.

This was partly because they had to cross a small lake to reach the dumping ground. Many got across in inflatable dinghies – and promptly dumped their dinghies on the other side.

The caver and travel vlogger Anthony Taylor describes a sea of dinghies and "rubbish on the floor, including glow sticks… There are also discarded black bags, presumably used by people visiting the cave trying to keep their feet dry."

The lake itself is in a sorry state, too: "Besides leaching rust," the Daily Post reported, "the lake is laden with antifreeze, oil, transmission fluid and other nasty chemicals."

In short, the cave is a victim of disposable consumer culture and viral fame in equal measure. It's a dangerous place to go. Some visitors who have been there as part of a clean-up operation have concealed the cave's exact location to save it from further mistreatment.

But in the words of the old song, for every litterbug there's a litter picker. Some cavers hit back at the treatment of the cave, organising clean-up expeditions.

It's not a tale that's easy to tell or to hear. So, what can we learn from the mistreatment of this cave? For us here at Stump Cross Caverns, it's a timely reminder of the importance of cave conservation.

The importance of conservation

The caver Anthony Taylor doesn't mince his words. "If these keep happening," he says , "it's going to be lost to everyone forever."

There's nothing new about caves being under threat. Take the case of the caves at Lascaux in the south of France. Discovered by accident in 1940, these caves are a treasure trove of prehistoric paintings. But the influx of visitors and environmental changes put these paintings at risk and the caves were sadly closed in 1963.

It's a conundrum we're all too familiar with here at Stump Cross Caverns. At the bottom of a nearby shaft, for instance, there's an amazing crystal floor . We would love this to be open to the public – but we know that doing so would harm the crystals.

At the end of the day, the caves come first. They're nature's gifts to humans and need to be taken care of. The alternative is too sad to consider. That's why we take our role as cave custodians so seriously here at Stump Cross.

But it's visitors, too, who need to take care of the caves. That means sticking to marked trails, leaving no trace and keeping your hands off the stalactites, stalagmites and other rock formations.

Together, we can preserve Stump Cross Caverns – and caves all across the world – for future generations. Will you help us in our mission?

Stump Cross Caverns is one of the best-preserved ancient caves in Yorkshire . Want to see how beautiful a well-conserved cave can be? Join us for an amazing day out in the Yorkshire Dales. It's easy to book your tickets online .

5 incredible caves with their own ecosystems

Fri, 13 Feb 2026 23:57:59 GMT

Did you know that some caves have their own ecosystems? Explore 5 incredible-but-true examples in our guide.

Come to Stump Cross Caverns more than once a year and you'll notice something that may surprise you. No matter what the weather is doing outside, the temperature in the caves is the same all year round – come rain or shine, snow or hail.

This is because Stump Cross Caverns, like many other caves and cave systems, is a microclimate. It follows its own rules, cut off from the Yorkshire weather by the soil that lies above it.

But some of the world's caves and cave systems go even further. They aren't just microclimates – they house entire ecosystems.

Have you ever seen a terrarium – a miniature garden in a jar? These create a self-sustaining environment for plants with their own water cycle – no need for a watering can, sprinkler or other water source.

The caves we're discussing today aren't unlike these miniature ecosystems. Shut off from the outside world (but occasionally penetrated by sunlight and water), they pursue their own evolutionary paths.

Some draw in nutrients from the outside world via groundwater seepage and collapsed entrances. Some exist in total darkness, home to creatures that live without eyesight. And some rely on chemosynthesis, the process by which organisms create food from chemical reactions rather than sunlight.

It's another example of just how dizzyingly various our planet is. But before we put on our caving gear and take a trip underground, what is an ecosystem, exactly?

What is an ecosystem?

An ecosystem is a kind of natural community. Living organisms interact with each other and with their environment. Plants, animals, microbes, air, water, soil and sunlight all work together to sustain themselves.

An ecosystem can be as small as a puddle and as big as an ocean. And in the following five examples, they exist in caves and cave systems. Let's take a closer look…

Five amazing cave ecosystems

1. Son Doong Cave, Vietnam

Son Doong Cave in Vietnam is the world's largest cave by volume – a whopping 200 metres tall and 150 metres wide.

It's the stuff of fairytales – a naturally occurring underground kingdom big enough to house skyscrapers and containing its own jungle, river, clouds and ecosystem.

This is possible because of dolines – huge, funnel-shaped sinkholes in the Earth's surface through which sunlight enters.

Enriched by bat guano, the cave supports more than 200 plant species alongside animals that have adapted to the dark: insects, fish and even monkeys.

Tourists are welcome at Son Doong Cave, but visits are strictly regulated to help preserve this marvel of the natural world.

2. Movile Cave, Romania

Can an ecosystem thrive without sunlight? Yes! In Movile Cave, Romania, bacteria convert hydrogen sulphide and methane into energy. This sustains a food web of blind, colourless invertebrates, cave spiders, scorpions and leeches.

The cave has been sealed off from the Earth's surface for some 5.5 million years. Its atmosphere is low in oxygen (around 10%), providing scientists with a model for life on Mars and Jupiter's moon Europa.

It could also give us an insight into life on Earth before the advent of plants.

This alien world within our world was discovered by Romanian scientists in 1986. Unfortunately, visits are strictly limited to a few scientific research teams a year. This is to minimise human impact on this one-of-a-kind ecosystem.

3. Waitomo Glowworm Caves, New Zealand

The Waitomo Glowworm Caves in New Zealand are world-famous for their bioluminescent glowworms ( Arachnocampa luminosa). Visitors from around the world have marvelled at the constellation-like effect they create on the cave ceilings.

The glowworms are ethereally beautiful – at least until you learn what they're up to. That bioluminescent shimmer is made by sticky threads consisting of saliva and urine. These are spiderweb-like traps for tiny insects.

Tourists can explore the caves by boat. However, photography is prohibited to protect the glowworm larvae.

This is just one example of how Waitomo's management seeks to protect this uniquely beautiful ecosystem. Pest control and waste reduction are both key strategies. Meanwhile, visitors are reminded to look but not touch, as even the slightest touch can make the glowworms extinguish their lights.

Nature, however, has other ideas. The Waitomo caves are under threat from koi carp. This invasive species has been sighted in the caves – and if it goes unchecked, could disrupt the delicate balance of this unique and much-loved ecosystem.

4. Vjetrenica Cave, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Vjetrenica Cave is so biodiverse that it's been recognised by UNESCO as a global biodiversity hotspot.

That's because it's home to nearly 200 animal species, including more than 90 troglobites. A troglobite is an animal that lives its whole life underground and has adapted to total darkness.

Within Vjetrenica Cave live snails, crustaceans, beetles and even living fossils – animal species that closely resemble prehistoric species from the time of the dinosaurs.

Another unique inhabitant is the olm. This is a cave salamander that's adapted to life in complete darkness – blind but with powerful smell and hearing. It's also called the "human fish", owing to its human-like fleshy colour.

No sunlight penetrates Vjetrenica Cave. Instead, the ecosystem is sustained by nutrients from outside, organic debris and the occasional organism popping in for a visit.

5. Ayalon Cave, Israel

Like Movile in Romania, Ayalon Cave in Israel is one of a kind – or rather, one of fewer than 10 ecosystems like it. It's an isolated underground domain powered by chemosynthesis – not a ray of sunlight in sight.

These incredibly rare conditions are created by deep, sulphidic groundwater. Within the cave, there are species found literally nowhere else on Earth. These include blind cave prawns, crabs, scorpions and arthropods.

Stump Cross Caverns might not have its own ecosystem – but it does have some of the UK's best-preserved underground rock formations. Why not visit our caves in the Yorkshire Dales and experience the magic for yourself? It's quick and simple to book your tickets online .

The best days out around Harrogate

Mon, 09 Feb 2026 17:09:47 GMT

Discover the most unforgettable family-friendly days out around Harrogate – from castles and gardens to underground caves.

Harrogate has a well-earned reputation for elegance. It's a place that calls to mind leisurely afternoon teas, beautiful architecture and picturesque, manicured gardens.

But did you know it's also one of the best jumping-off points in Yorkshire for some truly unforgettable, family-friendly days out?

In just a short drive, you'll find castles, abbeys, wildlife parks, woodland adventures and wide-open countryside – all perfectly suited to explorers of all ages.

Travelling with curious children? Visiting relatives? Planning a weekend of fresh air and discovery with a friend or loved one? In any case, Harrogate and the surrounding area is waiting for you with a variety of great experiences. Some are peaceful. Some are playful. Some feel like stepping straight into a storybook.

We've made planning the itinerary for your adventure a little bit easier and compiled a list of our favourite spots. Here are some of the best days out, all in easy reach of Harrogate.

RHS Garden Harlow Carr: curiosity, colour and calm

Here's one of those rare places that's so well curated, it seems to naturally appeal to every age group.

Just on the western edge of Harrogate, Harlow Carr is one of only five public gardens run by the Royal Horticultural Society. Showcasing the best of Yorkshire scenery, the garden is a living landscape that changes dramatically with the seasons. The attraction features woodland, wildflower meadows, a scented garden and more.

Children love the winding paths and sensory experiences, while adults can appreciate the innovative landscape design and planting. There are family trails, interactive features and enough hidden corners to keep explorers of all ages engaged and enchanted.

The famous Bettys tearoom inside the gardens turns a simple visit into a real occasion. With a recommended smart-casual dress code, the vibes are elegant yet comfortable as you recharge with an exquisite selection of teas, cakes and seasonal dishes.

Ripley Castle and Gardens: history you can live in

Ripley Castle, just a short hop from Harrogate, is the kind of place where history doesn't sit behind ropes and "Do not touch" signs.

Instead, the castle's history spills out with a sense of continuity and character that many historic houses can only imitate. Its rooms feel alive and storied rather than staged. And guided tours don't just recount events, but reveal generations of family life woven into the fabric of the building. After all, Ripley Castle remains the home of the Ingleby family after more than seven centuries.

Step outside, though, and Ripley truly opens up. The grounds are made for wandering. Here, ancient trees line winding paths, lakes mirror the clouds that drift overhead and herds of deer graze calmly in the parkland.

For families, this place is a dream. Children can roam safely across wide lawns, dart between trees and follow trails that feel like mini-adventures. Adults, meanwhile, can take things at their own pace. Why not linger by the water, stroll through the elegant gardens or simply enjoy the rare mix of tranquillity and space?

Ripley Castle offers a splendid balance. It's a place where learning feels natural, where imagination takes over, and where a day out can be both deeply relaxing and brilliantly active.

Valley Gardens: classic parkland charm

Sometimes the best days out are the simplest.

Valley Gardens sits right within Harrogate and delivers exactly what families want from a town park: playgrounds, open lawns, colourful flowerbeds and space to breathe. You'll also find miniature golf, plenty of nearby cafes and enough room for children to run off all that extra energy. Adults, meanwhile, can sit with coffee and watch the afternoon unfold.

It's easy, affordable, and always welcoming – the kind of place that becomes part of family tradition for residents and repeat visitors alike.

Lightwater Valley: big excitement and big laughs

For those families with a shared love of adrenaline and white-knuckle thrills, Lightwater Valley delivers a very different kind of day out.

This adventure park blends enough high-energy attractions, imaginative play areas and live entertainment to keep everyone buzzing. You can glide from rollercoasters to soft-play zones, from splash areas to character shows, without ever losing momentum.

Younger children have their own dedicated spaces designed with gentler thrills in mind. Meanwhile, older kids and kids at heart can take on the bigger rides and fast-paced challenges.

It's perfect for those who like it loud – full of whooshing rides, delighted squeals and the unmistakable soundtrack of a family day well spent. The bright visuals and open-air energy make it a joyful counterpoint to the more peaceful charms for which Harrogate is better known.

Stump Cross Caverns: a day out beneath the Yorkshire Dales

What makes Harrogate so special isn't just the town itself, but the sheer variety of experiences packed into the surrounding landscape. Within a short drive, you can move from formal gardens to medieval ruins, from rollercoasters to quiet riverside paths, from history to open countryside. Whichever direction you go, the area offers something new.

And why not finish your Harrogate adventure with something truly unforgettable? Head into the hills between Grassington and Pateley Bridge and join us at Stump Cross Caverns, where curiosity takes the lead and imaginations run wild.

When you step underground, you enter a new world. The caverns are a natural masterpiece carved by ancient waters over millions of years, revealing chambers filled with delicate stalactites, glittering crystals and cathedral-like rock formations. Mineral colours shift under the atmospheric lights, and every corner holds rare geological features – shaped, drop by drop, over millennia.

For children, it feels like stepping into a real-life fantasy realm. For adults, the scale, silence, and age of the caverns inspire a deeper kind of wonder.

Above ground, the experience continues. Our cosy Time Cafe offers spectacular views of the Yorkshire Dales alongside hot drinks and hearty meals for you to linger over. Fossil digging and geode cracking activities turn the visit into a hands-on adventure, blending education with excitement to inspire the next generation of natural historians.

After a day spent exploring Harrogate's castles, gardens and parks, there is truly no better finale than stepping into a magical world hidden beneath your feet.

Are you looking for an unforgettable family day out in Yorkshire ? It's quick and easy to book Stump Cross Caverns tickets online .

Valentine's Day in North Yorkshire [2026 guide]

Fri, 06 Feb 2026 14:10:07 GMT

Are you looking for some Valentine's Day inspiration? Explore 10 varied options in North Yorkshire.

For the world's romantics, 14 February is a day unlike any other. It's an opportunity to express love for a partner and enjoy a memorable experience together.

And best of all, there's no right or wrong way to do it. If you want to share a bowl of spaghetti in front of the telly, there's nothing stopping you.

Nevertheless, this special day provides a great opportunity for a special experience – from romantic rambles to candlelit cuisine, from theatre trips to craft workshops.

So, if you're looking for an outside-the-box experience in North Yorkshire this Valentine's Day, you've come to the right place. Here are 10 of the best.

1. Go for a sunrise hike

If you want to see North Yorkshire in all its glory, you can't beat a sunrise hike.

There are plenty of spots to choose from, ranging from the iconic to the off-the-beaten-track. But for our money, the best sunrise hike in the area is the 1,046-foot-high hill of Roseberry Topping.

Nicknamed "the Matterhorn of the North" after the famous Alp, Roseberry Topping offers panoramic views of the North York Moors – the perfect place to blow away the cobwebs.

2. Book a pottery class

Get hands-on and creative with a pottery class for two. There are plenty to choose from. But if you want to be taught by experienced potters in a gorgeous location, Bentham Pottery's courses could be just what you and your beau or belle need.

Want a sense of what's in store? Check out the pottery's handy demonstration videos .

3. Go for afternoon tea

Afternoon tea is one of those traditions that's as English as cricket at Lord's or a royal wedding. Hotels, cafes and other establishments offer a wide range of afternoon teas from the lavish to the more affordable but no less delicious (like ours ).

4. Visit a historical site

North Yorkshire is bursting with ruins, castles, abbeys and more. Why not take a romantic wander through Rievaulx Abbey, visit the stately gardens at Harewood House or explore the medieval fortress of Helmsley Castle?

These kinds of historical sites are a great way to soak up the scenery and stoke the imagination. Combined with a hearty lunch in one of North Yorkshire's traditional pubs or our Time Cafe , and you've got an unforgettable Valentine's Day in the making.

5. Have a spa day in Harrogate

Once voted the happiest town in England, Harrogate is certainly one of the most relaxed – not least because of its selection of spas. This includes the Turkish Baths in the Royal Baths building.

If you do go for a spa day in Harrogate this Valentine's Day, you'll be following in the footsteps (and bath robes) of countless tourists before you.

In the Victorian era, Harrogate was a go-to destination for rich folks looking for some country air and hydrotherapy. Today, you can sample the same, perhaps followed by a stroll through one of Harrogate's magnificent parks.

6. Book a cookery class

Are you looking for a hands-on experience this Valentine's Day? You can't go wrong with a cookery class. As well as rolling up your sleeves and learning new skills, you get some delicious grub at the end of the day.

The Grand York Cookery School in York offers a plethora of courses at a range of skill levels. This includes the Couple's Valentine's Cookery Class. For more information, take a look at the Grand York's course page .

7. Take in the views at Richmond Castle

Not far from the centre of Richmond and towering above the River Swale, the 12th-century keep at Richmond Castle offers panoramic views of the castle, the town and the Dales.

As well as the views from the keep, there are further vistas to be enjoyed in the peaceful Cockpit Garden. Polish the day off with a spot of lunch in Richmond, or take a trip to Stump Cross Caverns for our Valentine's afternoon tea .

For more information, see the English Heritage website .

8. Go stargazing

Did you know that the Yorkshire Dales is an International Dark Sky Reserve – one of only 25 such sites worldwide? This means our night skies are spectacularly dark – so dark that the stars shine more brightly here than elsewhere.

There are all sorts of places you can go to stargaze in North Yorkshire. But if you want a bit of guidance, why not check out the events at the Dark Skies Festival? These run from 13 February to 1 March and include several Valentine's Day events.

You can find more information on the festival website . Meanwhile, you can explore the cosmic calendar for inspiration over at the Royal Museums Greenwich website . Just make sure you wrap up warm!

And don't forget our Cosmic Adventures workshops . Join us at Stump Cross Caverns on selected dates throughout February (including Valentine's Day), and we'll take you on an educational trip through the stars. (No telescope necessary.)

9. Go birdwatching

One of the earliest references to Saint Valentine's Day as a day for lovers comes in Geoffrey Chaucer's medieval poem Parliament of Fowls. This long narrative poem includes a vision of a parliament where birds have to choose their mates.

Perhaps it's because February is the time when birds begin to mate that makes birdwatching such a suitably romantic activity for Valentine's Day. Possible destinations include Bempton Cliffs, Wheldrake Ings and the North York Moors.

10. Come to Stump Cross Caverns

Stump Cross Caverns welcomes visitors from around the world, all year round. But if you want a unique experience this Valentine's Day, why not pay us a visit?

Our Valentine's Day Afternoon Tea and Cave Experience is the perfect date idea for those wanting something a little different this 14 February.

Your day starts with a beautifully presented afternoon tea for two. Expect homemade sandwiches, freshly baked scones, lashings of clotted cream and jam and a few sweet treats for good measure. (Coffee or tea, too, of course.)

Then you'll descend into our ancient underground cave system on a self-guided tour. It's a place of stunning ethereal beauty – all glistening stalactites, cathedral-like rock formations and twisting passageways. Just the thing for a date with a difference.

So, if you want to experience some natural beauty with your natural beauty, secure your spot at Stump Cross Caverns this Valentine's Day. It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

Burns Night 2026: our favourite poems about caves

Fri, 30 Jan 2026 14:20:01 GMT

Are you looking for evocative poetry about caves? Discover 5 classic examples in our Burns Night guide.

Since 1801, Scots have celebrated Burns Night on 25 January. It's a celebration of Robert Burns, the national poet of Scotland, as well as Scottish culture more generally.

The evening centres on haggis, mashed turnips and potatoes (known as "neeps and tatties"). Folk music is played and whisky consumed. And at most Burns Night celebrations, Burns's poem "Address to a Haggis" is read:

Fair fa' your honest, sonsie face,
Great Chieftain o' the Puddin-race!
Aboon them a' ye tak your place,
Painch, tripe, or thairm:
Weel are ye wordy of a grace
As lang 's my arm.

Burns was a poet with range. As well as his famous ode to a haggis, he penned love poems, narrative poems, landscape lyrics and more.

And perhaps most importantly to us here at Stump Cross Caverns, he also wrote one of the best poems about caves: "Had I a Cave".

We like it so much that it inspired us to gather some other fine poems about caves – from medieval verse all the way to 20th-century pieces. But before we get ahead of ourselves, let's take a closer look at that classic poem by the father of the feast himself, Robert Burns.

Robert Burns: "Had I A Cave"

Many of Burns's poems were written for music, and "Had I A Cave" is marked as a song.

It's a song of disappointment and grief – a blues, if you will. The speaker, it seems, has been let down by a false lady whose "fond, plighted vows" were as "fleeting as air". He wants nothing more than to escape to a cave and quietly fade away. Poor chap…

Had I a cave on some wild distant shore,

Where the winds howl to the wave's dashing roar:
There would I weep my woes,
There seek my lost repose,
Till grief my eyes should close,
Ne'er to wake more!

Read "Had I A Cave" in full.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge: "Kubla Khan"

Many people have dreamt wild dreams after falling asleep over a book. But few have taken those dreams and turned them into poetry as vivid and fantastical as the 19th-century Romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

According to his own account, Coleridge came up with "Kubla Khan" after falling asleep reading about the medieval Chinese king of the same name.

"On awaking," Coleridge wrote, "[he] eagerly wrote down the lines that are here preserved." However, "he was unfortunately called out by a person on business from Porlock… and on his return to his room, found… with the exception of some eight or 10 scattered lines and images, all the rest had passed away".

It was this unfortunate interruption that left "Kubla Khan" a fragment rather than a complete poem. But even in its unfinished state, it contains many memorable lines, including "caverns measureless to man" and "a sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice".

Read "Kubla Khan" in full.

Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene

Edmund Spenser's late 16th-century poem, The Faerie Queene , is a spectacularly ambitious work. Hitting more than 36,000 lines and 4,000 stanzas, it's a narrative poem full of knights, giants, nymphs, ladies and shepherds.

Not content with creating a poem of such epic length, Spenser also invented his own verse form, now known as the "Spenserian stanza".

In the first book of The Faerie Queene, the Redcrosse Knight enters the Cave of Despair. There, he meets the allegorical figure of Despair, who does his best to derail the knight's mission:

He there does now enjoy eternall rest
And happie ease, which thou doest want and crave,
And further from it daily wanderest:
What if some little paine the passage have,
That makes fraile flesh to feare the bitter wave?
Is not short paine well borne, that brings long ease,
And layes the soule to sleepe in quiet grave?
Sleepe after toyle, port after stormie seas,
Ease after warre, death after life does greatly please.

Thankfully for the knight, however, the beautiful princess Una intervenes and helps him triumph over Despair.

Read The Faerie Queene in full.

Anonymous: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Written in Middle English, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a romance poem about a knight who accepts a challenge from a mysterious Green Knight.

Gawain is invited to strike the Green Knight with an axe – on the condition he receives an identical blow at the Green Chapel in a year's time. Gawain accepts the quest and undertakes a journey of temptation and honour.

The story ends outside the Green Chapel, described (in translation) as "all overgrown everywhere with patches of grass… all hollow within, nothing but an old cave, or a crevice of an old crag".

Some scholars believe that the anonymous Gawain-poet was inspired by Lud's Church, a natural chasm in the Staffordshire Moorlands. It shares with the Green Chapel a mossy, rocky structure and an eerie atmosphere.

Like the identity of the Gawain-poet, however, the exact inspiration for the Green Chapel remains uncertain.

Read Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in full.

Louise Glück: "Memo from the Cave"

We circle back to where we began – a poem about a cave that's also a poem about despair, this time by the American poet Louise Glück.

Her cave, however, is fully metaphorical – a domestic sphere where "Alibis hang upside-down / Above the pegboard" and "My lies are crawling on the floor".

In this emotional cave, despair has replaced love: "I've let / Despair bed / Down in your stead / And wet / Our quilted cover".

In Spenser's Faerie Queene , the Redcrosse Knight leaves the Cave of Despair. Will the speaker of Glück's poem get out, too?

Read "Memo from the Cave" in full.

Poets have used caves to express the full range of the human experience – from discovery to despair. But here at our caves in the Yorkshire Dales , it's fun, surprise and adventure all the way down. Feeling inspired? Join us at Stump Cross Caverns for a day out you'll never forget. It's easy to book your tickets online .

Where to try extreme sports in the Yorkshire Dales

Mon, 26 Jan 2026 13:13:33 GMT

From cliff-edge climbs to guided underground adventures… Discover exhilarating experiences across the Yorkshire Dales for all abilities.

Here in the Yorkshire Dales, we're famous for rolling hills, dry stone walls and picturesque villages – scenery that has inspired poets and playwrights for centuries.

But look a little closer and you'll find a landscape shaped by an entirely different kind of drama. Over thousands of years, sheer force has carved out this region. Ice, water, pressure, collapse and time have turned it into the perfect playground for adrenaline-fuelled adventure.

Is 2026 the year you want to feel your heart race a little faster? The Dales offers some of the most dramatic and rewarding extreme sports in the UK. Whether you're dangling from limestone cliffs or riding powerful currents through narrow gorges, these are experiences that let you meet the landscape on its own terms.

The best part? You don't need to be a daredevil to experience the thrill. The Dales is packed with professionally run, safety-led adventures that let you push your comfort zone while staying firmly in expert hands.

We've compiled a few of the most exhilarating experiences on offer in Yorkshire – all while safely harnessed, helmeted and guided by qualified instructors.

Limestone cliffs – climbing, abseiling, scrambling

The limestone geology of the Dales creates some of the best terrain in the country for ascending – and descending!

Steep faces, deep fissures and sculpted edges offer routes for both seasoned climbers and those looking to push beyond indoor walls for the first time. And few activities deliver such an instant adrenaline rush as stepping backwards over a cliff edge.

Yes, abseiling is the ideal way to enjoy the thrill of height and exposure without needing the technical knowledge and experience of climbing. It lets you defy gravity and conquer fears – all while safely harnessed, helmeted and guided by qualified instructors.

Malham Cove is perhaps the most iconic location for this kind of experience. Formed at the end of the last ice age more than 12,000 years ago, this vast, curved limestone amphitheatre feels awe-inspiring even from the ground.

And for those not ready for full rope climbs, scrambling routes across limestone pathways and rocky escarpments provide a thrilling middle ground.

Gorge walking and wild swimming

Gorge walking combines climbing, scrambling, swimming and jumping through narrow river gorges – often in wetsuits, often getting completely soaked and almost always grinning by the end. It's messy, physical and hugely exhilarating.

There are routes throughout the Dales and nearby valleys. Here, you'll wade through pools, slide down smooth rock chutes and leap into dark water framed by towering stone walls.

For those who prefer their thrills quieter (and even colder), wild swimming delivers a different kind of adrenaline. Plunging into a Dales river or pool can quite literally take your breath away, and leave you buzzing long after you've dried off and warmed up.

Mountain biking on technical trails

The Dales' vast open spaces and varied terrain make it a dream destination for adventurous cyclists.

Steep climbs reward you with long, flowing descents. Rocky tracks test bike handling and nerve. Remote routes take you far from roads, villages and noise.

Areas around Swaledale, Wensleydale and Nidderdale offer challenging off-road riding where the landscape feels big and uncompromising. Weather plays its part too – rain transforms trails, wind sharpens exposure and winter rides become exercises in resilience.

Mountain biking here isn't just about speed, but about endurance and connection to the land.

Trail running across big skies and rough ground

For runners who like their terrain wild and their horizons wide, the Yorkshire Dales delivers.

Trail running here means uneven ground, sudden climbs and weather that can change in minutes. It demands agility, stamina and respect for the landscape, but rewards you with stunning views and peaceful solitude that road running simply can't match.

Long-distance fell routes take you across ridgelines, through valleys and over exposed moorland where the only sounds are wind and breath.

Paragliding and aerial adventure

On the right day, the Yorkshire Dales offers one of the most tranquil yet exhilarating experiences imaginable: paragliding.

Tandem flights with experienced pilots allow you to take to the air without any prior training. After a briefing and safety check, you'll lift gently from the hillside and quietly glide over valleys, rivers and patchwork fields below.

It's not fast, loud or extreme in the traditional sense, but floating over the Dales delivers an unforgettable rush. And it's a feeling that stays with you long after your feet are back on the ground.

Beneath the surface – a safe introduction to caving at Stump Cross Caverns

Are you curious about what lies beneath the Yorkshire Dales? Stump Cross Caverns offers a completely different kind of adventure – one that's immersive, awe-inspiring and entirely family-friendly.

Unlike technical caving or potholing, Stump Cross Caverns provides a safe, guided underground experience suitable for all ages. Well-lit passages, handrails, clear pathways and knowledgeable staff make it an ideal first step into the world below the Dales.

Here in these famous Yorkshire caves , the thrill comes not from risk, but from discovery. The sights are breathtaking: glittering mineral formations, ancient geology and the sense of stepping into a hidden landscape shaped over millions of years.

This is adventure without fear – and the perfect contrast to a day spent outdoors.

Balancing adrenaline with awe

Extreme sports in the Yorkshire Dales aren't about conquering the landscape but about connecting with it. And what makes the Yorkshire Dales such a special place for adrenaline-fuelled activities is the emphasis on care, expertise and respect for the land.

Ready to slow things down and swap the harnesses and protective gear for quiet wonder? The Dales offer that too – deep underground, here at Stump Cross Caverns.

2026: your year for bold experiences

If 2026 is calling you to try something bigger, braver or bolder, the Yorkshire Dales are ready for you to climb higher and get muddier. But don't forget to pause and reflect on this landscape shaped by time, pressure and change.

Want to try your hand at caving in North Yorkshire ? Stump Cross Caverns promises an underground adventure that's safe and awe-inspiring for all the family. It's quick and simple to book your tickets online .

A tour of Europe 300 million years ago

Sat, 24 Jan 2026 01:00:51 GMT

Travel back 300 million years to discover coral seas, shifting continents and the ancient origins of caves.

If you could step into a time machine and set the dial to 300 million years ago, you would emerge to find an unrecognisable Europe. It's Earth – but not as we know it!

There would be no rolling dales, no Alps, no North Sea. No humans, no birdsong, no familiar trees – and no Stump Cross Caverns.

Instead, you'd arrive in a world of steamy air, shallow seas, vast swamps and drifting continents – Planet Earth still deciding what it wanted to be.

This is what we call the "Carboniferous Period", a chapter of Earth's history etched deep in stone. And if you know what to look for, it's a story still visible today – especially underground.

So, take a deep breath and mind your step. Our tour of prehistoric Europe is about to begin.

First stop: Europe – but not where you expect it!

Three hundred million years ago, Europe wasn't quite in the same place it is now. Far from it, in fact.

The continents were on the move, slowly drifting toward one another like colossal puzzle pieces. What we now call Europe lay much closer to the equator, basking in warm, humid conditions – more like modern-day Southeast Asia than the UK.

Much of the land was drowned beneath shallow tropical seas, teeming with life. Coral reefs thrived. Crinoids – ancient sea creatures resembling feathery plants – waved gently in the currents. Shimmering shoals of early fish darted through sunlit water.

When these organisms died, their shells and skeletons settled on the sea floor, slowly compressing into thick layers of limestone. This would be the raw material of caves – the foundation of places like Stump Cross Caverns, laid down grain by grain in a long-lost ocean.

Second stop: a world of forests, taller than castles

Away from the seas, the land was cloaked in enormous swamp forests.

These were not like British forests as we know them today. Instead of familiar oak and beech trees, giant clubmosses, horsetails and tree ferns towered overhead – many reaching heights of more than 30 metres. The air was heavy with humidity, the ground soft and muddy, buzzing with insects the size of birds.

Reptiles were only just beginning to appear. Amphibians ruled the waterways. Insects grew to astonishing sizes thanks to higher oxygen levels – dragonflies with wingspans wider than your forearm fluttered lazily through the air.

When these forests died and collapsed, they sank into oxygen-poor swamps. Over millions of years, they formed the coal seams that would later power the Industrial Revolution. Even today, when you see coal or limestone, you are looking at sunlight stored from a prehistoric world.

Third stop: stone in the making

Now, let's slow down the clock a little – because geology works best when you don't rush it.

As layers of limestone built up beneath the tropical seas, tiny fractures formed in the rock. Rainwater, slightly acidic from absorbed carbon dioxide, seeped into these cracks. Over millions of years, it began to dissolve the limestone, widening fissures grain by grain.

This process didn't create caves overnight. It took patience on a planetary scale.

Long after the seas retreated and the land rose, the water continued its quiet work underground. Passages widened. Chambers formed. Over millennia, water droplets carved curtains, columns and ripples of stone.

The caves we explore today are more than just beautiful underground spaces. They're three-dimensional records of the ancient history of our world, shaped by ancient oceans, vanished climates, and the slow, steady persistence of water.

Final stop: Europe breaks apart

Nothing stays still for long on Earth. No, not even continents!

As the Carboniferous Period drew to a close, tectonic forces continued to reshape the land. Mountains were forced up where continents collided. The seas drained away and returned again. Europe drifted north, left the equator behind and cooled gradually into the more temperate region we recognise today.

The tropical paradise may have faded away, but its legacy remains locked in stone. The limestone held onto the memories of its origins. The caves kept their secrets.

Millions of years later, humans would arrive – cautious, curious, and carrying fire. They were drawn underground by the need for shelter and the irresistible allure of mysterious, glittering minerals. It would be a very long time before humankind understood the full story of what they were exploring, but they felt its weight all the same.

Walking through ancient oceans at Stump Cross Caverns

When you walk through Stump Cross Caverns, you're not just beneath the Yorkshire Dales – you're actually moving through the remains of a prehistoric sea floor.

The smooth curves of limestone walls, the fossil-rich rock, the vast sense of age pressing in from all sides… Each chamber is a pause in the tour, each rock formation a sentence in a story written without words.

Our Victorian explorers sensed it , and our modern visitors still do. There's something humbling about standing in a space shaped by forces beyond human imagination, knowing the rock around you predates dinosaurs, mammals and even mountains.

It's easy to feel small when confronted with humongous numbers like 300 million. But we think you can find comfort in this, too.

These landscapes we call home have endured ice ages, floods, extinctions and continental drift. They remind us that change is constant, and that the world has always been more extraordinary than we can truly comprehend.

The journey continues underground

A tour of Europe 300 million years ago doesn't end in a museum or a textbook. It continues beneath your feet.

At Stump Cross Caverns, you can walk through the echoes of tropical seas. You can trace the slow artistry of water and stone. And you can stand inside a story that began long before humans ever existed.

It's not just a journey into the past. It's a reminder that the wondrous history of our planet is still being written all around us. Just one chapter of it is quietly waiting underground for you to discover it, right here at Stump Cross Caverns.

Ready to begin your underground cave adventure? You'll find Stump Cross Caverns near Pateley Bridge in the Yorkshire Dales. For the best prices, book your tickets online .

The Yorkshire 2026 bucket list: unique activities to try this year

Mon, 19 Jan 2026 07:38:18 GMT

Discover unforgettable Yorkshire activities for your 2026 bucket list – from underground adventures to wild landscapes and ancient wonders.

Something about the turn of the new year invites a different kind of dreaming.

Not resolutions, exactly – does anyone keep those? – but intentions. Making plans to see more, do more, feel more and step a little further outside the comfort of the everyday.

If you're looking for a place where those intentions can turn into unforgettable experiences, Yorkshire is a perfect place to start.

From sweeping moorland and limestone valleys to ancient towns and hidden underground worlds, ours is a region packed with moments that feel quietly extraordinary.

So, why not make 2026 the year you dig a little deeper into everything this remarkable county has to offer?

We've put together a Yorkshire bucket list for the year ahead. Don't worry, it's not a challenging to-do list. Instead, it's a thoughtful collection of unique, memorable experiences that go beyond the usual tickboxes and into something, we hope, you'll find a little more magical.

Walk somewhere that makes you feel very small

Here in Yorkshire, we have a well-deserved reputation for breathtaking walking routes . In 2026, aim for a walk that changes how you feel, not just how far you go.

Seek out places where the land stretches wide and the sky feels enormous. Look for limestone pavements where plants grow from cracks in ancient rocks. Those eerie moorland paths where silence hums in your ears. Or through valleys carved by glaciers, rivers and time itself.

The Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors offer countless opportunities for this kind of mindful walking. The sort where the reward is more than the panoramic views, but also the sense of perspective it brings. These are walks that remind you the world is older, larger and more patient than any daily worries and cares.

Take your time. Bring a flask. Let the landscape do the talking.

Experience history where it actually happened

Yorkshire history isn't confined to museums and galleries, but is woven into streets, stones and hillsides. In 2026, make it a goal to really experience history, not just observe it in exhibitions.

Explore ruined abbeys where roofless arches frame the sky. Wander Iron Age earthworks that still ripple across hilltops. Visit Roman roads that once carried soldiers, traders and travellers across the county.

Standing where history unfolded has a different weight than simply reading about it. You begin to notice the slope of the land, the shelter of valleys, the strategic viewpoints. Suddenly, the past feels close enough to touch.

Slow down, look closer and seek out the wild

One of the greatest gifts of God's Own Country is its variety. And some of its most special moments happen at the edges and in the details.

Clifftops where land drops sharply into the North Sea. Windswept moors, where the weather rolls in fast and theatrical. Remote valleys, where mobile signal disappears and time slows right down.

But not every bucket list moment needs to be dramatic. Some of the most meaningful experiences come from slowing down enough to notice the little things – the way frost settles and sparkles on dry stone walls. The soothing sound of water dripping in a glittering cave. The texture of limestone worn smooth and curved by centuries of weather and footsteps.

Yorkshire rewards your attention. In a world that often feels rushed, choosing to linger – in a cave, on a path or in a quiet valley – can feel radical and restorative.

Make 2026 the year you make space for these places. Wrap up warm and let yourself feel part of something bigger.

Go underground and explore a hidden world

You can walk the hills of Yorkshire your whole life and still never realise what lies beneath your feet. One of the most unforgettable experiences you can have in 2026 is stepping underground and discovering the hidden geology of the region.

Caves are time capsules. They preserve stories written in stone, water and darkness over millions of years. Exploring them offers a rare chance to experience a kind of time travel. To stand inside landscapes that were shaped over millions of years, long before humans arrived.

At Stump Cross Caverns , that experience becomes accessible, atmospheric and deeply memorable. Descending into the caverns feels like crossing a threshold into another world. Here, shimmering mineral formations, fossil-rich rock and glowing passages reveal Yorkshire as it once was, submerged beneath tropical seas hundreds of millions of years ago.

This year, if you're looking for a Yorkshire bucket list experience that combines adventure, education and pure wonder, take it underground!

Discover geology without needing a degree

You don't need to be a scientist to be fascinated by rocks. Yorkshire's geology tells a story of tropical seas, shifting continents, ice ages and ancient life. Fossils embedded in stone, crystals forming slowly in darkness, layers of rock stacked like pages in a book.

Places like Stump Cross Caverns make that story tangible, with glittering crystals and rocks shaped by water over unimaginable spans of time.

Make memories that don't feel generic

In 2026, we'll be aiming for experiences we'll still be talking about years from now.

Standing underground, surrounded by ancient stone. Watching the sunlight shifting across the Dales through dappled clouds. Feeling history, geology and landscape overlapping in unexpected ways.

These are the memories that stick – not because they are loud, but because they feel real.

2026 – the year you dig deeper?

Here in Yorkshire, we don't need to shout to impress. The magic here is layered, ancient and often hidden, waiting for curious adventurers to explore with curiosity and care.

That could mean descending into a cavern. Tracing the footsteps of ancient peoples. Or simply walking until the world feels wider. In any case, 2026 is the perfect year to discover just how extraordinary this county can be.

And if your adventures take you underground? We'll be waiting for you at Stump Cross Caverns!

Are you looking for amazing Yorkshire Dales attractions to experience this year? Visit Stump Cross Caverns and discover an ancient world hidden deep underground. It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

Stump Cross Caverns discount: 50% off cave tickets (Jan 2026)

Fri, 16 Jan 2026 17:22:06 GMT

Explore the underground chambers and passageways at Stump Cross Caverns for less this January.

Are you looking for an unforgettable family day out in Yorkshire ? This January (2026), you can explore the subterranean wonderland at Stump Cross Caverns at half price.

Each year, thousands of people come from all around the world to visit us in the Yorkshire Dales. That includes cavers, cave scientists, school trips and families like yours.

From January 3rd until the end of the month, you can save a whopping 50% on cave entry tickets and workshops. This includes self-guided tours of our underground chambers and passageways, as well as our Fossil Dig and Crystal Wonders workshops.

There's limited availability, so book now to avoid disappointment. We look forward to meeting you in the caves!

Are you ready for an amazing day out in the Yorkshire Dales? Simply book online to secure 50% off cave entry and workshops – discounts are applied automatically at checkout.

Please note that this promotion only applies to online bookings.

5 rewarding long-distance walks in the Yorkshire Dales

Mon, 12 Jan 2026 19:39:30 GMT

Make a day of well-loved routes and big views, with five rewarding long-distance walks across the Yorkshire Dales landscape.

We love the satisfaction of a long walk. The kind of wandering where you settle into a rhythm, your thoughts stretch out as far as the horizon and the landscape slowly unfolds around you.

Of course, we're a little biased – but the Yorkshire Dales really is made for this kind of walking. We're simply spoilt for choice when it comes to routes where effort is rewarded. Think peaceful surroundings, big skies and – best of all – the feeling that you've really earned it.

Ancient paths linking picturesque villages together, valleys that open and close like pages in a book, and scenery that rewards patience over pace… Here are five long-distance walks that showcase the Dales at its best.

1. The Nidderdale Way

At the top of our list is one of Yorkshire's best-loved trails, the Nidderdale Way. This 53-mile circular route winds its way through one of the most varied and quietly beautiful corners of the Dales.

Don't panic – we're not suggesting you tackle it all in one go! Walkers traditionally explore it in generous day-long sections over four stages, linking reservoirs, moorland, woodland and stone villages. The walking feels spacious and unrushed, with long stretches where the only sounds are wind, birdsong and your boots on the gravel.

Accessible and low-level, this is a real slow burner of a route that reveals itself gradually as you go. Expect reflections rippling across water, curlews lifting from the heather and old packhorse bridges appearing just when you need a pause.

If you're looking for variety, solitude and a deep sense of place, add the Nidderdale Way to your "must-walk" list. This is the Dales at its most quietly confident.

2. Malhamdale Circular: Cove, Tarn and Gordale

This is one of the most iconic long walks in the Yorkshire Dales – and a must for geology enthusiasts. The loop brings together three geological heavyweights over 7.6 miles: Malham Cove, Malham Tarn and Gordale Scar.

Don't be fooled by its relatively short distance. The route demands time and energy, climbing steadily on limestone paths before opening out into wide, exposed walking with views that seem to stretch forever. The terrain keeps you engaged, but it's the drama of the landscape that really carries you along.

Water plays a starring role here, disappearing underground, re-emerging in force and shaping the land in ways that feel almost theatrical.

This is a route full of treasures – geological wonders, big views, and the satisfaction of walking through one of Britain's most extraordinary natural amphitheatres.

3. The Three Pe aks

Up for a challenge? Covering 24 miles and about 1,600 metres of ascent, the Yorkshire Three Peaks promises a sense of achievement unlike any other long-distance walk in the Yorkshire Dales.

Taking in Pen-y-ghent, Whernside and Ingleborough in a single circular route, this is a walk that tests your stamina and determination (and legs!) However, it rewards every ounce of effort with unforgettable views.

The classic route begins and ends at Horton-in-Ribblesdale, climbing steadily onto Pen-y-ghent first. Here, the limestone steps and sudden drops give a taste of what's to come.

From there, the path sweeps across open moorland to Whernside, the highest of the three peaks, before descending past the iconic Ribblehead Viaduct. The final climb up Ingleborough is a true test near the end of the day. However, reaching the broad summit plateau feels like nothing short of pure triumph.

This is a long and demanding walk that requires good preparation, sensible pacing and respect for the weather. But it's also one of the most satisfying days you can have on foot in the Dales.

4. Ribblehead to Dent via Whernside

This is a walk that blends engineering, natural beauty and physical challenge into one unforgettable day.

Starting beneath the iconic Ribblehead Viaduct, the route ascends Whernside – the highest of the Three Peaks – before descending into the gentler, greener folds around Dentdale. The contrast between exposed summit walking and sheltered valley paths keeps the journey dynamic and engaging.

If you're looking for a climb that isn't quite the endurance test of the Three Peaks, this is a great alternative. At about 10 miles, and with a 536-metre ascent, the route feels progressive and purposeful. It also promises the reward of arriving in one of the Dales' most characterful villages at the end.

5. Grassington to Buckden via Kettlewell

T his walk links up some of the most beloved villages in the region, following a route that balances distance with accessibility.

At about 12 miles, the walking is steady rather than strenuous, making it ideal for those seeking a long day out without committing to high summits. Meadows, riverside paths and gentle climbs provide constant interest. Meanwhile, the villages themselves offer welcoming stopping points for rest and refreshment.

It's a walk that feels sociable too, with a shared love of the landscape connecting walkers along the way.

Ending your walk somewhere special

After a good long walk, it's not just your legs that need rest. It's your senses, t
oo.

That's where Stump Cross Caverns can offer something a little different. Tucked beneath the Yorkshire Dales, our caves provide a gentle contrast to a day spent under open skies. Well-lit, welcoming and family-friendly, they invite you to slow down and experience the landscape from a completely new angle.

Descending underground after a big walk feels surprisingly grounding. The cool air, glittering formations and quiet wonder offer a calm counterpoint to all those miles covered above ground.

Back on the surface, our cosy Time Cafe is the perfect place to refuel. Hot drinks, homemade treats and wide views across the Dales make it the perfect spot to sit back, warm up and relive the day's highlights.

Walk far, walk well

Long-distance walking in the Yorkshire Dales isn't about rushing from A to B, but about giving yourself time to feel connected to our landscape. A landscape shaped by millions of years and countless footsteps that preceded yours.

Whether you're chasing summits or wandering ancient paths, the reward is what links them all together – a sense of closeness with the land, and with yourself.

And if your journey happens to end beneath the hills here at Stump Cross Caverns, we'll be here for you with a nice, warming brew. Lovely…

Heading to the Dales for a good, long-distance trudge? Explore more of our favourite walks in the Yorkshire Dales . Or why not check out the Stump Cross cafe menu and start planning for a tasty post-walk treat?

2025's most amazing historical and geological discoveries

Fri, 09 Jan 2026 16:23:48 GMT

From ancient royal tombs to dinosaur highways… Let's look back at the discoveries of 2025 that reshaped our understanding of Earth's past.

Natural history is a never-ending voyage of discovery.

Every year, scientists, archaeologists and historians peel back the layers of time and reveal new chapters of the fascinating story of our world. And not just stories from our relatively short human history, but also what happened here in the millions of years before Homo Sapiens appeared.

In 2025, discoveries from across the globe uncovered previously hidden burial chambers of kings, ancient dinosaur footprints, Iron Age culture and deep prehistoric insights. All, in their own way, have shaken up our understanding of our extinct ancestors.

We've curated a list of five of the most awe-inspiring historical and geological discoveries of the past year – findings that illuminate long-buried and forgotten worlds…

1. A royal Mayan tomb at Caracol

On Central America's northeast coast, in the ancient city of Caracol, Belize, archaeologists made one of the most exciting historical discoveries of the year.

It gets more exciting. The discovery was made in what could be the burial chamber of a founding Maya king.

At around 1,700 years old, the tomb dates to roughly AD 330 and contains many mysterious artefacts – including a mosaic jade death mask and skeletal remains.

Researchers believe these remains could belong to Te K'ab Chaak, the first known ruler and founding king of Caracol. His dynasty shaped the rise of the city as a powerful Mayan centre.

Finds such as obsidian blades and ceremonial objects offer new insight into the roles of Maya rulers and the broader political landscapes of ancient Mesoamerica.

This discovery is about much more than just exciting treasures. It's also about power, politics and the early structure of one of the most remarkable civilisations of the ancient world.

2. A dinosaur highway in the heart of England

One of 2025's most spectacular palaeontological discoveries was made right here in the UK. Last summer, researchers uncovered a massive set of dinosaur footprints at Dewars Farm Quarry in Oxfordshire.

These trackways, dubbed part of a "dinosaur highway", date back 166 million years to the Middle Jurassic era. They include tracks from giant herbivorous dinosaurs, such as the Cetiosaurus , as well as predators like the Megalosaurus .

The preservation of these prints helps scientists learn not just which species walked these lands, but also how they moved and interacted with their environment. The footprints provide a fascinating snapshot of ancient ecosystems at work, and of a moment of prehistoric life frozen in time.

3. A royal tomb of the Tutankhamun dynasty

Let's face facts – archaeology in Egypt is never going to be disappointing, is it? And 2025 was certainly no exception.

Last February, a joint Egyptian-British team announced that the last undiscovered royal tomb of the 18th Egyptian dynasty – that of Pharaoh Thutmose II – had been found.

Thutmose II was the husband and half-brother of the famous queen Hatshepsut. He was also an ancestor of Tutankhamun, whose own tomb was discovered more than a century ago. The new burial chamber, however, was discovered in a somewhat unexpected location several kilometres away from the Valley of the Kings.

The tomb was found to be empty – not because it had been robbed, but because it had been moved just a few years after it was built. It did, however, contain broken fragments of jars bearing inscriptions of the names of Thutmose II and Hatshepsut, confirming its royal status.

This discovery was not only an extraordinary moment for the field of Egyptology, but also enriched our perspective on the shared story of humankind.

4. Neanderthal fire, art and culture

While not a single-site discovery, 2025 was a remarkable year for revelations about our closest extinct relatives, Homo neanderthalensis .

A series of studies shed light on their behaviour, intelligence and use of technology. That includes some compelling evidence that Neanderthals in England may have been the first to deliberately create and control fire more than 400,000 years ago.

Additional finds and analyses include ochre-decorated tools, which suggest symbolic behaviour (using objects to represent something else), as well as a 43,000-year-old fingerprint in Spain. This simple fingerprint holds a secret: it might represent intentional mark-making, challenging our earlier assumptions about Neanderthals' cognitive and cultural capacities.

Discoveries like this blur the lines between human and Neanderthal behaviour, marking 2025 as a landmark year for the reputation of our prehistoric cousins. It turns out that they may be more than a little bit misunderstood!

5. Burnswark Hillfort – an Iron Age settlement reimagined

In southern Scotland, excavations at Burnswark Hillfort by the University of Glasgow archaeology team revealed that the site was much more than a Roman battlefield.

The team found evidence of a densely inhabited and thriving Iron Age settlement, complete with complex ramparts and trackways. Many of these were rebuilt following the Roman military victory in 140 AD.

These findings suggest that Iron Age communities in northern Britain may have developed urban-like structures long before traditionally recognised towns. This challenges common assumptions about social organisation in pre-Roman Europe.

Why 2025 was a big year for Earth and human history

From the discovery of lost royal tombs to dinosaur footprints that rewrite palaeontology textbooks, 2025 proved to be a stellar year for natural history. Through these groundbreaking discoveries, experts have revealed new layers of knowledge that push the frontiers of archaeology and geology.

But findings like these hold lessons beyond the scientific. They also remind us that the Earth still holds many layers of history waiting to be uncovered. That prehistoric creatures walked paths we can now trace, millions of years later. And that ancient humans and their relatives were far more complex than we once believed them to be.

As we go about our daily lives – tiny moments in the long history of our world – the past continues to tell us new stories. We find these stories in places as varied as the jungles of Belize, the deserts of Egypt and the quarries of England. And we should all be listening.

So, whether you're fascinated by human history or the deep time of Earth's geological record, 2025 has delivered some incredible new clues. The question now is, what new chapters of the story will emerge in 2026?

Stump Cross Caverns is an ancient cave system buried deep beneath the Yorkshire Dales. Do you love learning about the prehistoric world as much as we do? You'll also love our family fossil dig activity sessions, where you can dig for real fossils that you can take home and keep. Secure your spot today by booking tickets online .

How did Stone Age people make fire?

Mon, 05 Jan 2026 09:19:19 GMT

From storytelling to survival… Join us as we explore how Stone Age people mastered fire and changed human history forever.

Fire feels so ordinary today, it's easy to forget just how miraculous it used to be.

A click of a lighter, the turn of a dial, the glow of a match – in modern times, warmth and light are available on demand. But for our Stone Age ancestors, fire was never a guarantee. It had to be found, made, protected – and sometimes mourned when it was lost.

Long before the days of stoves, electric fires and central heating, fire sat at the very heart of prehistoric life. It was survival, safety and comfort all rolled into one flickering flame.

So, how did Stone Age people make fire? And why was it so important that early humans would go to extraordinary lengths to keep it burning?

To find out, we need to take a quick step back in time. A few tens of thousands of years should do it…

Capturing fire: a little help from nature

The very earliest humans didn't start by making fire at all. Instead, they learned how to capture it in nature and preserve it.

Wildfires sparked by lightning strikes were a common source. When a tree ignited or grasslands burned, early humans would carefully catch and carry the embers. Using sticks, bark or animal dung, they'd nurture the flame and try to keep it alive for as long as possible.

In many early communities, allowing the fire to go out would have been disastrous. Tending it became a shared responsibility, passed from one generation to the next.

This was about more than practicality – it was reverence for the power of the flame. Fire was powerful, unpredictable and alive. It warmed the body. It warned away predators. And it transformed raw food into something not just tastier and more nourishing, but safer, too. Losing it could mean real danger.

Making fire: sparks, friction, and patience

Eventually, humans cracked one of the most important skills in our entire history – how to create fire from nothing.

One of the earliest and most reliable methods involved stone on stone. By striking flint against iron-rich rocks such as pyrite or marcasite, Stone Age people could create sparks. These sparks were caught on tinder such as dry grass, which could be gently blown into a glowing ember before being fed with twigs and kindling.

This process took time, skill and a steady hand. It wasn't dramatic, and it certainly wasn't easy. Fire-making required practice, calm and a deep understanding of natural materials.

Another common method was fire by friction. This involved rubbing or drilling one piece of dry wood against another until heat built up enough to produce an ember. Techniques included the hand drill, bow drill and fire plough, all of which demanded strength, rhythm and perseverance.

Imagine the frustration of this task on a cold day, the bitter wind hampering your efforts and the damp numbing your hands. When that first thread of smoke appeared, it must have felt like magic.

Why fire mattered so much

Fire didn't just make life more comfortable for early humans – it fundamentally changed what it meant to be human.

Cooking food made it easier to digest and killed off harmful bacteria, unlocking more nutrients and energy. This extra energy is believed to have played a role in the development of larger brains.

Fire also extended the day, allowing people to gather after dark to talk, repair tools and tell stories. Many archaeologists believe these fireside moments helped shape language, culture and community.

Fire offered protection, too. Predators were less likely to approach a camp lit by flames, and smoke helped keep insects at bay. In colder climates, fire meant a better chance of survival through winter.

It even reshaped landscapes. Controlled burns were used to clear vegetation, encourage new plant growth and improve hunting grounds. This early form of environmental management shows just how sophisticated Stone Age knowledge really was.

Fire, belief and ritual

Because fire was so vital, it naturally took on symbolic meaning.

Many prehistoric sites show evidence of carefully maintained hearths, sometimes placed deliberately within caves or shelters. Fire likely became associated with life, renewal and transformation – ideas that still echo through faiths and spiritual beliefs to this day.

Caves, in particular, probably held a special place in the Stone Age imagination. They offered shelter, mystery and a connection to the deep earth. Firelight dancing across cave walls would have brought carvings, shadows and paintings to life, turning stone spaces into places of meaning and ceremony.

Standing underground with a flame, surrounded by darkness, it's easy to understand why fire felt sacred.

What fire-making tells us about Stone Age people

We know that Stone Age humans weren't just primitive people fumbling in the dark. They were skilled observers of nature, engineers of their environment, and careful teachers.

Fire-making techniques were passed down, refined and adapted over thousands of years. Knowledge mattered, and sharing it could mean the difference between life and death.

Fire required co-operation, planning, and trust. Someone had to gather fuel. Someone had to tend the embers. Someone had to know what to do when the flame faltered. In many ways, fire helped forge the very first communities.

Fire, caves and deep reflections at Stump Cross Caverns

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, it's impossible not to feel connected to that ancient relationship between fire, stone and humanity.

Caves like ours have sheltered people for millennia, from prehistoric explorers to our much more recent Victorian visitors. In the Stone Age, firelight would have revealed glittering minerals, rippling shadows and hidden depths, turning underground spaces into places of wonder and storytelling.

Today, modern lighting allows us to explore safely, but the sense of awe remains the same. The caverns still whisper of deep time, survival and human curiosity – and it's easy to imagine a small flame once glowing where we now stand.

So, next time you light a candle, spare a thought for those early humans who first coaxed flames from wood and stone. They lit the path that led us here.

At Stump Cross Caverns, we love learning about the Stone Age and sharing our knowledge with new explorers. Want to join the fun? Try our Key Stage 2 activities to learn about Stone Age animals or what life in the Stone Age was like .

The history of cave art

Mon, 29 Dec 2025 08:36:43 GMT

People have been making art for millennia. Explore the history of cave art from Europe, Asia and Africa.

Our prehistoric ancestors sometimes get a bad rep. Popular culture would have you believe they were a bunch of knuckle-dragging thugs, happy only when slaying a woolly mammoth or throwing rocks at each other.

Historians, however, have a better idea. Yes, our ancestors hunted with rudimentary tools. But archaeological evidence shows they were just as artistic as we are. The only real difference is the tools they used.

Musical instruments made from bone have been found across the world – and on the walls of caves, fascinating drawings have been uncovered.

These examples of ancient art span thousands of years and every continent but Antarctica. As you'd expect from such a spread, they're pretty diverse. Nevertheless, even a small amount of time spent looking at cave art reveals common trends.

Many of these cave paintings depict animals – bison, horses, pigs and more – often in hunting scenes. Others show stencilled hands or geometric shapes.

Most of them have the same colour palette, too: red, black and white. This is because these colours were easily made using iron oxides, chalk and clay.

Yes, there are multi-coloured examples of cave art. But most consist of this core palette of earthy tones.

Want to find out more? Here's a whistle-stop tour of cave art – from around 100,000 years ago to 10,000 BCE.

Ancient art

The world's oldest known abstract drawing is in Blombos Cave, South Africa. It's a 73,000-year-old cross-hatched pattern, applied to a rock flake with a red ochre crayon.

The discovery of this drawing was a big deal – not just for art historians but also for cognitive scientists. It shows that what's known as "complex behaviour" goes back further than previously thought, as evidenced by the presence of beads in the cave as well as this abstract design.

Other notable examples of non-figurative cave drawings were found in the Iberian Peninsula. These date from around 64,000 years ago and include red dots and lines.

And what's especially notable about these examples is that they predate Homo sapiens . It seems that Neanderthals were just as keen on leaving their mark as we are.

The Upper Palaeolithic explosion

These pre- Homo sapiens examples are fascinating but scarce. Cave art, as popularly understood, proliferated between around 45,000 years ago and 14,000 BCE.

Traditionally, the history of cave art has been thoroughly Eurocentric. But in recent years, science has given more weight to cave art from outside Europe.

Take the cave painting in the Leang Tedongnge cave on the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. This isn't just the earliest evidence of human settlement in Indonesia. It's also the oldest known figurative art to date.

The drawing shows a wild pig painted in red ochre pigment. It's believed to have been drawn 45,500 years ago. Scientists believe the pig is part of a narrative scene – proof that our ancestors told stories.

"The people who made it," said Maxime Aubert, co-author of the scientific report, "were fully modern. They were just like us. They had all of the capacity and the tools to do any painting that they liked."

Twenty-first-century humans may have more ways of expressing themselves, but Aubert is right – drawings like these show how much we have in common with our prehistoric ancestors.

A treasure trove of well-preserved animal paintings, dating from around 30,000 BCE, was found in Chauvet Cave, France.

These drawings are a veritable menagerie, including cave lions, leopards, bears, cave hyenas and rhinos. These black drawings were rendered in charcoal made from Scots pine oil.

Similar drawings were found in Lascaux, France and Altamira, Spain. These date from between around 16,000 and 14,000 BCE.

The tale of Lascaux is a cautionary one. Discovered by accident ( much like Stump Cross Caverns ), they were open to the public and quickly became a popular attraction. But the paintings began to deteriorate on contact with outside air, and the caves had to be shut.

The moral of the story is the importance of custodianship in the preservation of caves . A balance must be struck between giving the public what they want and protecting these ancient assets. It's a responsibility we take very seriously here at Stump Cross Caverns.

Later developments

Around 11,000 BCE, people in Les Combarelles, France, engraved more than 600 animals and symbols on the walls of a cave formed by the slow flowing of an underground river.

The cave drawings at Les Combarelles feature many horses. Some are depicted standing alone, some are depicted in herds and still others are depicted with other animals. These include cave bears, cave lions and mammoths.

But Les Combarelles is perhaps most famous for its drawings of reindeer. These are highly naturalistic portrayals. Some of the reindeer are shown drinking from the river. Art had come a long way since the abstract patterns in Blombos Cave and the Iberian Peninsula.

Then, around 10,000 BCE, the earliest examples of African rock art began to appear, especially in the Sahara Mountains.

These feature naturalistic drawings of buffalo, elephants, giraffes and other big beasts, alongside human figures. Part of the realism comes from the fact that the animals tower over the humans.

Conclusion

Cave art offers us a fascinating glimpse into our shared past, tens of thousands of years ago. But the search for cave art is far from over. Archaeologists are still exploring sites and employing state-of-the-art dating methods to deepen our knowledge of the Stone Age.

Recent discoveries have included the oldest known example of figurative art in Sulawesi, Indonesia – and, closer to here and now, 12,000-year-old engravings in Creswell Crags on the border between Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire.

What will be discovered next? Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're passionate about prehistory – so whatever's discovered, we'll be sure to let you know.

Stump Cross Caverns is an ancient cave system buried deep beneath the Yorkshire Dales. Are you looking for an unforgettable family day out in Yorkshire ? It's easy to book your tickets online .

The most amazing geodes ever found

Sat, 27 Dec 2025 00:14:56 GMT

Geodes are natural treasure chests filled with crystals. Discover 4 of the most amazing examples ever found.

From the outside, a geode isn't much to look at. It most closely resembles what it is – a rock. A plain rock at that – not an object you'd pick up unless you suspected something special might lie inside.

Geodes, you see, contain stunning crystal formations within their unassuming shells. Like the limestone caves here at Stump Cross Caverns, these crystals formed over thousands of years, if not millions. And like the caves, they're remnants of prehistory that can be explored right here, right now.

Beautiful geodes can be bought for a few quid – and here at Stump Cross, we crack them open for you , too. However, researchers and geode hunters have discovered much larger examples than these.

Here, then, are four of the best – from Uruguay to China, from the USA to Spain. We hope you enjoy this whistle-stop tour of these sparkly natural treasures.

1. Crystal Cave (Ohio, USA)

We begin with a record-breaker – a geode so big it's been recognised as the largest in the world by Guinness World Records .

The Crystal Cave at Put-In-Bay, Ohio, is a single geode made from celestite. The cavity is 35 feet across and 10 feet high – big enough to hold a party of six. The crystals themselves are up to 18 inches across and weigh up to 136 kilograms.

Crystal Cave has an odd origin story. Like Stump Cross Caverns some 20-odd years before, it was discovered by accident. But whereas Stump was discovered by lead miners, Crystal Cave was found by the owners of a winery.

They were digging a well some 40 feet beneath the winery when they chanced upon an extraordinary sight. Before the owner turned the cave into a tourist attraction, however, the celestite was mined and used in the manufacture of fireworks.

2. Pulpí Geode (Spain)

Ohio's Crystal Cave may have made its way into Guinness World Records. But for sheer awe-inspiring beauty, it has a competitor in Spain's Pulpí Geode.

Located in an abandoned silver mine in Spain's Almería Province, the Pulpí Geode is eight metres wide, two metres high and two metres deep. Yes, you read that right – this is a geode you can step inside and look around.

The cave is filled with giant gypsum crystals up to two metres long. Scientists believe they were formed when the hot fluids from volcanic activity began to cool.

The rocks were formed when dinosaurs roamed the Earth some 250 million years ago. Scientists are unsure exactly when the crystals were formed, but believe it to have been less than two million years ago.

"It's indescribable," says geologist Mila Carretero, "because it gives a sense of how small we are. Look at what nature has given us."

That's a sentiment echoed by the thousands of tourists who have taken the guided tour.

3. Uruguayan amethyst geodes

Geodes contain many different crystals. But perhaps the most famous is amethyst with its deep violet hue.

Amethyst has been mined in the Los Catalanes District of northern Uruguay for more than 150 years. Miners have uncovered remarkable geodes – so remarkable they've been classed as "one of the top 100 geological heritage sites in the world".

The most obviously remarkable thing about these deposits is their size. Some are more than five feet high – that's about the same height as the average Uruguayan woman.

But their origins are remarkable, too. These deposits date from around 134 million years ago, when the supercontinent known as Gondwana began to break into pieces. Researchers found that the geodes formed at unexpectedly low temperatures – somewhere between 15°C and 60°C (59°F and 140°F).

4. The Shandong Tianyu Museum Geode (Linyi City, China)

Some geodes are well-travelled. The world's largest amethyst geode was discovered in Uruguay and is now on show in the Shandong Tianyu Museum of Natural History in China.

It attracts visitors for a reason. This stunning, record-breaking specimen weighs more than 13 tonnes and is roughly three metres long, 1.8 metres wide and 2.2 metres high.

The geode has a dark, crystal-flecked interior and is big enough for a person to sit in . This record-breaker is just one of the many amazing minerals and fossils on show in the Shandong Tianyu Museum, which welcomes around 1.6 million visitors a year.

How are geodes formed?

Geodes have been around longer than humans. They form over thousands to millions of years when a hollow cavity in a rock is filled with mineral-rich groundwater. The cavity may have been made by a gas bubble in volcanic rock or organic matter decaying in sedimentary rock.

The groundwater deposits minerals in the gap and evaporates. This causes minerals like silica and calcite to be deposited inside. Over thousands of years, these turn into crystals.

Geodes are found all over the world, with especially rich deposits in Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico and the USA. Despite their ancient provenance, geodes are still being found and sold to this day. Why not pick one up here at Stump Cross Caverns in the Yorkshire Dales?

Geode James's Geode Shack

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we love all things geological. That's why we've opened Geode James's Geode Shack – a place where crystal-lovers of all ages can pick a geode and have it cracked open in front of their very eyes.

Every day, the geode shack is a place where rocks reveal their crystal treasures – and luckily for you, you get to take the crystals home.

It's incredible to think that the geode you take home with you is millions of years old, and that you'll be the first person in history to see what's inside. It's this sense of wonder and excitement that thrills our visitors again and again.

So, if you want an unforgettable experience right here in the Yorkshire Dales, reserve a spot for geode cracking at Geode James's Geode Shack today. It's quick and easy to book online .

7 prehistoric creatures that are still alive today

Mon, 22 Dec 2025 09:02:52 GMT

Explore the weird and wonderful world of living fossils – animals alive today that have survived since prehistoric times.

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution revolutionised our understanding of how animals evolve. His argument that species with more favourable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce changed the way many people look at the world.

Think "Darwin" and one of the following phrases might come to mind: natural selection. On the Origin of Species . Survival of the fittest.

But one of Darwin's most poetic phrases comes from his seminal text of 1859: "living fossil". He coined it in a paragraph about the platypus and South American lungfish – species that go by the scientific names of Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren , respectively:

"…it is in fresh water that we find seven genera [types] of Ganoid fishes, remnants of a once preponderant order: and in fresh water we find some of the most anomalous forms now known in the world, as the Ornithorhynchus and Lepidosiren , which, like fossils, connect to a certain extent orders now widely separate in the natural scale.

"These anomalous forms", he continues, "may almost be called living fossils; they have endured to the present day, from having inhabited a confined area, and from having thus been exposed to less severe competition."

Living fossils, then, are species alive today that resemble those in the fossil record – and that have dodged the mass extinction event that killed off the dinosaurs.

Their DNA has changed – but otherwise, these creatures could have stepped right out of prehistory. Like ancient natural features, they're examples of how the ancient world persists into the 21st century. Here are seven of the most amazing.

1. Cedar wood wasps

Known to scientists as Syntexis libocedrii , the cedar wood wasp is a rare wasp native to the Pacific coastal states of the USA.

The adult cedar wood wasp is usually a few millimetres smaller than most wasps you see in the UK. They're best known for laying eggs in recently burnt wood, favouring incense-cedar, red cedar and juniper trees.

They're so keen to lay their eggs in these environments that the wood is often still smouldering. The baby wasps (larvae) grow inside the wood.

Still buzzing today, cedar wood wasps first appeared in the Mesozoic era. That's between about 252 and 66 million years ago. Wow!

2. Coelacanth

Long thought extinct, this rare deep-sea fish was rediscovered in the 1930s off the coast of South Africa.

The coelacanth is remarkably similar to fossils from the dinosaur era. And although scientists believe they may have evolved more than we initially thought, they're still an amazing leftover from a time long, long, long, long past.

It's an odd fish, with fins that trot and a hinged skull that opens wide to swallow large prey. Perhaps most importantly for the scientific community, the coelacanth provides evidence of how fish evolved into land animals.

3. Crocodilians

If you've been to the zoo, you've probably seen a crocodilian. This species includes crocodiles and alligators, alongside lesser-known creatures like caimans and gharials.

The basic anatomy of crocodilians is astonishingly similar to that of their 200-million-year-old ancestors. These are true survivors, having outlived the mass extinction event that killed off the dinos.

Calling them "living fossils" isn't to say that they're entirely unchanged, however. Crocodilians have developed strong immune systems, and different species have evolved long legs, dolphin-like fins and more.

Even so, it's incredible to think that the alligator at the zoo looks much the same as a creature from the days when dinosaurs roamed the Earth.

4. Horseshoe crabs

What's older than a dinosaur? The answer: the horseshoe crab, a creepy-looking creature with a horseshoe shape, a spiky tail and bright blue blood.

Found along the coasts of North America and Southeast Asia, horseshoe crabs have been around for some 450 million years – and they've barely changed in all that time. Despite their name, they have more in common genetically with spiders and scorpions than crabs.

Today, horseshoe crabs are under threat from habitat loss and overharvesting. There are, however, many conservation efforts underway to protect them.

5. Lungfish

Lungfish are one of a kind. As well as gills, they have primitive lungs, which let them breathe air, along with lobed, bony fins.

What's the secret to the lungfish's longevity? Perhaps it's down to their ability to survive droughts by burrowing into mud and hibernating – something other fish can't do.

Like the coelacanth, lungfish are an evolutionary link between fish and early land animals (tetrapods). And like the coelacanth, they've barely changed in hundreds of millions of years.

6. Platypus

The platypus is a unique creature – a semi-aquatic, egg-laying mammal from Australia. Its duck-like bill, webbed feet, dense fur and beaver-like tail make it a sight to behold.

Charles Darwin found the platypus so dumbfoundingly bizarre that it seemed as though "two distinct Creators must have been at work". To this day, the platypus feels like an evolutionary misfit.

The platypus has its roots deep in the Cretaceous period (145.5 million to 66 million years ago). Despite its uniqueness – or perhaps because of it – the platypus has prospered pretty much unchanged.

7. Tuatara

Finally, we come to the tuatara . This unique reptile is the last of its kind – the final survivor of the Rhynchocephalia order of lizard-like, beak-headed reptiles.

The tuatara undeniably looks like a lizard. But it has distinctive features that mark it out as something special. It boasts a light-sensing third eye, teeth that grow directly from the jawbone and a slow metabolism that enables it to live for over a century.

Most amazingly of all, the tuatara has hardly changed in some 190 million years. It's another amazing example of prehistoric creatures persisting into the 21st century.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we love all kinds of fossils – living or buried. If you share our passion, why not try digging your own fossils at one of our educational family fossil digs? You'll find us near Pateley Bridge in the Yorkshire Dales. It's easy to book tickets online .

5 magical winter walks in the Yorkshire Dales

Mon, 15 Dec 2025 08:01:51 GMT

Embrace the frosty sparkle of the Yorkshire Dales at its most enchanting with these 5 beautiful winter walks.

Winter is a special time here in the Yorkshire Dales.

Across the region, the crowds begin to dwindle, the horizons open up and the landscape takes on that sleepy sparkle. Think frosted meadows, smoky riverside mists and dappled sunlight drifting across the limestone. Lovely.

And if you like a good trudge, you're in for a wintry treat. There's nothing quite like a brisk walk to shake the cobwebs away and discover the Dales at their frost-bitten best.

To get you inspired, here are five magical winter walks chosen for their beauty, accessibility and a touch of seasonal magic and myth. And – bonus – all are within easy reach of Stump Cross Caverns.

So, get your thermals, flask and walking boots ready. We're going on an adventure!

1. Linton Falls and Linton Church Circular

Distance: 2 miles
Difficulty: easy
Parking: National Park Visitor Centre – Grassington

Are you and the family looking for a short, gentle walk with maximum winter drama? Linton Falls is the perfect route.

The River Wharfe surges through a narrow channel here, and in winter the falls roar with real force – especially after heavy rain. It's truly mesmerising to watch the white waters churn against the dark stone while cold air tingles on your face.

From Grassington, follow the clearly marked footpath down to the falls and cross the wooden footbridge. The riverside path leads you to the pretty village of Linton, where the 12th-century St Michael and All Angels Church sits surrounded by ancient yew trees. When the frost is perched over the churchyard grass, this place feels like something straight out of a Christmas card.

You'll return through fields and quiet lanes, enjoying the far-reaching winter views across the Upper Wharfe valley. This route may be short and sweet, but no less soul-soothing for it.

2. Trollers Gill and Parcevall Hall Loop

Distance: 4 to 5 miles
Difficulty: moderate
Parking: Parcevall Hall Gardens

This slightly more challenging route blends North Yorkshire's stark winter beauty with a pinch of spooky folklore.

Trollers Gill, a narrow limestone ravine, is tucked away above Skyreholme, and the wintertime only makes it feel even more wonderfully atmospheric. Bare branches overhang the stony gorge, icy puddles fuse between the rocks and the towering cliffs frame the sky like something out of a fantasy novel.

Local legend claims the Gill is home to the Barguest , Yorkshire's infamous demonic black dog. Some say that one look into his eyes will turn you to stone and trap you in the Gill forever.

Don't worry. We promise that, on a clear winter's day, you're far more likely to meet quietly grazing sheep than any hellhounds.

The climb through the gorge warms the legs nicely, and the surrounding farmland offers sweeping winter panoramas. Just be mindful to take extra care in wet conditions.

3. The Valley of Desolation to Simon's Seat

Distance: 6 miles
Difficulty: moderate to challenging
Parking: Bolton Abbey Riverside Car Park

Don't be fooled by its foreboding name – the Valley of Desolation is one of the most beautiful corners of the Dales, especially in winter. Here, the bare birch trees glow silver in the low sunlight, and the waterfalls that tumble through the valley glitter on frosty mornings.

The climb to Simon's Seat is steady but rewarding, and on a crisp, clear day, the views from the summit are nothing short of breathtaking. Think endless moorland, snow-dusted peaks and a skyline that seems to stretch forever.

It's a truly spectacular payoff for a route that demands good footwear, warm layers and a bit of determination. If you're looking to snap out of hibernation, this is the place to make it happen.

4. Embsay Crag Winter Climb

Distance: 3 miles
Difficulty: moderate
Parking: Embsay Reservoir car park

Our favourite winter walks are short, spiky and wonderfully refreshing. Embsay Crag manages to be all three.

The path rises quickly from the reservoir to the rocky outcrop, but we promise the 750-foot ascent feels relatively short. It's absolutely manageable with steady pacing.

From the top, you get your reward in the form of sweeping views across Skipton, the moors and the reservoirs glinting below. On a cold, sunny day, the landscape looks almost otherworldly, with pale blue light stretching across the water and frost catching on the surrounding heather.

This is an ideal option if you're short on daylight or just fancy a brisk, rewarding outing before a scenic drive to a cosier spot. (Like the Time Cafe at Stump Cross Caverns. Hint, hint.)

5. Hebden to Burnsall Riverside Loop

Distance: 3 miles
Difficulty: easy to moderate
Parking: Burnsall or Hebden car park

This gentle riverside wander is a winter favourite.

Starting from either village, follow the clear pathway along the River Wharfe as it winds through fields, past stone walls and under ancient bridges. On cold mornings, mist often rises from the water, curling through the air like smoke – a beautiful sight.

Burnsall's historic bridge is particularly striking in the colder months, and the quiet fields around Hebden feel wonderfully peaceful. It's an easy-to-follow route that's ideal for a relaxed, family-friendly stroll. There are plenty of scenic spots for festive photography, too.

Make it a magical winter day out at Stump Cross Caverns

After a chilly adventure in the Yorkshire Dales, there's nothing better than knowing there's somewhere nearby offering a warm welcome. And you won't find a warmer welcome than the welcome at Stump Cross Caverns.

In our cosy Time Cafe , you'll find hearty homemade dishes, indulgent hot chocolates and the kind of atmosphere that makes you want to linger all afternoon.

Or why not set off on another adventure – this time underground? Descend the 65 steps into the limestone world of the caverns and you'll feel like you've stepped back in time by a million years or so.

Fancy it? You'll get the best price when you book your tickets online .

Not done exploring yet? Discover more of our favourite walking routes in the Yorkshire Dales .

Yorkshire cave mysteries: the lost caverns of Greenhow Hill

Fri, 12 Dec 2025 09:02:21 GMT

Caves have been around for millennia. Yet humans still haven't uncovered them all. Could there be more near Stump Cross Caverns here in Yorkshire?

Think "Yorkshire" and your mind might not immediately race towards underground caves. Yet God's Own Country is home to over 2,500 of the things.

This includes the 54-mile-long cave system known as the Three Counties (the longest in Britain), the 100-metre-deep ravine at Gaping Gill and a handful of show caves.

You might have thought that the world's caves had all been discovered by now. After all, we're living at a time when you can virtually visit a back alley in China on Google Earth. Surely we've mapped and surveyed all the caves there are to map and survey?

In fact, there are still plenty more to unearth. At the time of writing, in fact, we're digging out masses of mud and rocks to open a new chamber to the public right here at Stump Cross Caverns.

Over the years, there have been rumours and rumblings about other lost caves in the area – just up the road, in fact, in the neighbourhood of Greenhow Hill.

Greenhow Hill

Greenhow Hill is a village in North Yorkshire about five kilometres northeast of Pateley Bridge.

It's a place steeped in history. The name itself comes in part from the Old Norse word for "hill" or "mound" – a nod to the Viking presence in the area many moons ago.

In the 19th century, Greenhow Hill was a major player in the lead industry. It was, in fact, two local lead miners who accidentally discovered Stump Cross Caverns – but that's a story for another day.

You probably won't find Greenhow Hill in any history books. Its biggest claim to fame is probably the fact that Rudyard Kipling's father was minister at the local Methodist chapel.

To the caving community in Yorkshire, however, Greenhow Hill is a big deal – and it's all because of its lead mines and caves.

The caves of Greenhow Hill

Today, people come from miles around to see the limestone caves here at Stump Cross Caverns. But to the lead miners who once worked here, most caves in the Yorkshire Dales were little more than a dumping ground for mining waste.

As you might guess, these miners didn't exactly keep meticulous records, making the search for new caves harder than it needs to be.

Over the years, reports have emerged of several caves that have yet to be found, cleared and opened to the public. These reports are patchy enough, in fact, that we're not 100% sure the caves in question exist.

First, there's the legendary cavern that may contain a lake. We say "legendary" advisedly – only one man claims to have visited this cave, and he may have had an ulterior motive.

That man was Christopher Long – a key figure in the history of Stump Cross Caverns. He participated in the expeditions of 1922 and 1923 – both pivotal moments in our history.

Long was passionate about caves, but he was also something of a breadhead. He saw the commercial potential of the caves and wanted to get his slice of the cheese.

The story goes that Long discovered a cave with an underground lake . He told the then-owner about his discovery and tried to strike a deal. When his offer was rejected, Long claims to have sealed the entrance to the cave to spite the owner.

Since then, many people have tried to find the lake. At the time of writing, however, it remains a fable.

Mongo Gill Hole

In 1825, geologist John Phillips wrote an account of a cave in the area:

"One of the most interesting caves I ever saw was opened in the course of lead-mining at Greenhow Hill.

"In 1825, when I reached it by a miner's climbing shaft, it had much the appearance of a Franconian bear cave – dust on the floor, stalactites of great size and brilliant beauty everywhere [hanging] from the roof. It was, however, soon robbed of its sparry ornaments by tasteless visitors and greedy miners, and must now be mentioned as one of the lost wonders of Yorkshire."

The cave in question was reopened in 1959 by members of the local Craven Pothole Club . It can be accessed through Shockle Shaft, about 300 metres east of Stump Cross. However, most of the formations have been removed.

The Old Vein

In the 1850s, a local miner called Joss Pounder was allegedly paid five pounds to explore a cave. This cave was known as "the Old Vein", and it stood about one kilometre south of Dry Gill.

He claims to have found a "large" cave "with a great amount of water in it". Cave historians, however, dispute the veracity of this claim. Back then, five pounds was a lot of money – about nine weeks' worth of pay.

Perhaps the figure is wrong. Either way, the Old Vein remains a tantalising mystery in the annals of Greenhow's caves.

Joss Pounder's cavern

Joss Pounder's name resurfaces in connection to another lost cavern in the area – possibly located near the Old Vein. He described seeing "very old footprints and words written in the clay, thought to be in Latin".

He goes on: "The footprints had no heel prints and it was thought they may have been left by the monks in the fifteenth century."

The location of this mysterious cave is lost to time. Was Pounder a fibber? Or should we renew our efforts to find these lost holes?

Expeditions

Since the days of Joss Pounder and Christopher Long, several attempts have been made to uncover these lost caverns.

In 1942, members of the British Speleological Association started to dig. They didn't find any caves – but they did come across the mysterious sound of dripping water.

Some time later, a caver called Jack Myers suspected that a rising at Nape Well Cave in Trollers Gill could lead to lost caves connected to the old mine workings. The low entrance was dug out in 1967, and since then, many attempts have been made to dig out a flooded cave known as a "sump".

These caves are lost – but are they lost for good? We'll be sure to update you about any future expeditions.

In the meantime, why not visit one of the best-preserved and most beautiful caves in Yorkshire ? Hidden deep beneath the Dales, Stump Cross Caverns is a feast of strange rock formations and winding, atmospheric passageways. It's quick and easy to book tickets online .

What is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)?

Mon, 08 Dec 2025 09:02:33 GMT

Sites of Special Scientific Interest are natural areas with special legal protection. Learn more about them – and how our caves became an SSSI.

Some things are just too special to let anything bad happen to them. Luckily, the UK has several schemes that aim to protect our most treasured national assets.

You've probably heard of listed buildings. We give buildings listed status when they're especially beautiful or historically significant. When a building is listed, it can't be changed or knocked down without permission.

You might also have heard of scheduled monuments. These are protected archaeological sites – think ruined monasteries, prehistoric burial mounds and stone circles like Stonehenge.

That's buildings and monuments covered. But what about natural sites like meadows, moorlands, cliffs and caves?

Good news: those can be safeguarded, too. Some natural areas are considered special enough to be deemed 'Sites of

Special Scientific Interest'. And if you've ever visited Stump Cross Caverns, you've set foot in one.

What is a Site of Special Scientific Interest?

A Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) is a piece of land that deserves special protection for its scientific value.

That might make you think of chemistry labs and scientists in white coats. But that's not what SSSIs are all about. They're often beautiful places where nature blooms and rare wildlife flourishes. They might be home to ancient woodlands, endangered plants or – in the case of Stump Cross Caverns – interesting geological characteristics. All these features are worth protecting.

There are more than 6,500 SSSIs across England, Scotland and Wales. They include grasslands, marshes, heathlands, cliffs, beaches, forests, lakes and cave networks. In Scotland, SSSIs account for around 13% of the country's total land area.

How are SSSIs protected?

SSSI status is only given to our very best wildlife areas and geological sites. When a natural site gains SSSI status, it enjoys a very high level of legal protection. Only international designations like Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) and Special Protection Areas (SAPs) provide better legal safeguards.

SSSIs come with special rules for landowners and public bodies. These include:

Looking after the land: landowners must manage the land in a way that preserves its special features. If a public body uses the land, it must restore the land to its natural state afterwards.
Getting permission for certain things: every SSSI has a list of 'operations requiring consent'. This details activities that might damage the area's special features. If you want to carry out one of these activities, you must seek permission from the organisation in charge of the SSSI. In England, this is Natural England. In Scotland, it's NatureScot.
Flagging changes of ownership: if a landowner sells or leases land on an SSSI, they must tell the organisation in charge within 28 days.

These rules exist to protect the area and conserve its special features. If somebody breaks the rules, they face paying an unlimited fine. They might also be made to pay to repair damage to the site.

Examples of SSSIs in the UK

There are thousands of SSSIs in the UK – and they come in all shapes and sizes. The smallest is a bat roost in Pembrokeshire, Wales, which measures just 430 square feet. Among the largest is the North York Moors, which stretches some 44,000 hectares (170 square miles).

Here are a few notable examples:

Windsor Forest and Great Park: this royal estate has earned SSSI status thanks to its huge collection of ancient oak and beech trees.
Salisbury Plain: as well as being home to Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain is the largest area of chalk grassland in northwestern Europe.
Gilbert's Pit: cities can have SSSIs, too! Gilbert's Pit is a fossil-rich ex-quarry tucked among the hustle and bustle of southeast London.
Stump Cross Caverns: that's right – our very own Stump Cross Caverns is a designated SSSI. Let's learn why.

What our SSSI status means at Stump Cross Caverns

Stump Cross Caverns is an ancient cave system tucked deep below the windswept hills of the Yorkshire Dales.

Descend the 65 steps into the caves and you'll see it straight away: this is a very special place. With its winding passageways, glistening grottos and impressive limestone rock formations, Stump Cross Caverns is quite unlike anywhere else on Earth.

Natural England thinks so, too. That's why it designated Stump Cross Caverns as an SSSI way back in April 1989.

You've got those impressive rock formations to thank for that. As Natural England notes , Stump Cross was "identified as of national importance in the Geological Conservation Review".

"Three different levels of cave passageways contain thick glacial sediments and calcite stalagmite formations", the document goes on. "Investigation of these important deposits should enhance understanding of the recent geological history of this area."

Of course, that means Stump Cross has its own list of 'operations requiring consent', too. If we ever want to remove boulders, fill in potholes or lay cables, we must ask for permission. This involves sending a detailed proposal for each job to Natural England.

Honestly, that's music to our ears. We take our roles as custodians of Stump Cross Caverns very seriously indeed. Our job is to preserve this natural wonder for future generations – and we'll do whatever it takes to make sure that happens.

The future of Stump Cross

As part of our conservation efforts, we want to make sure visitors like you can enjoy as much of our cave system as possible.

See, Stump Cross Caverns extends for a whopping four miles – but only around 25% of those twisting underground passageways are currently open to the public.

But that all changes soon, because we're working hard to uncover an area of Stump Cross that's remained hidden since the 1800s.

Measuring 120 metres long and decorated with beautiful crystal "pompons", C Chamber is a feast for the eyes. When work is finally complete, it will be the first new area of Stump Cross Caverns opened to the public since the year 2000.

We can't wait – and we bet you can't, either. But in the meantime, there's plenty to enjoy here at the caverns – from our mile-long underground show cave to our packed programme of family activities.

Want to see a real natural wonder with your own eyes? It's quick and easy to book tickets online .

The tale of the Christmas Spider and the cave

Fri, 05 Dec 2025 17:55:22 GMT

A miracle in a cave and the origin of tinsel… Discover the magical folk tale of the Christmas Spider.

At this time of year, the most familiar Christmas stories arrive wrapped in ribbons of nostalgia, as warm and well-known as the big day itself.

Yet in quieter corners, folk tales are passed down through generations. These tales were spun from gold and silver threads of candlelight and frost long before tinsel ever sparkled on our Christmas trees.

The tale of the Christmas Spider is one such tale. It might be a little darker and a little stranger than the stories you're used to. But it's woven with hope, tenderness and the warmth of tiny miracles.

Throughout Eastern Europe, particularly in Ukraine and Poland, the legend of the Christmas Spider has been spoken of for centuries. Like all folk tales, the story has many variations. But one of the oldest and most haunting versions begins not in a stable… but in a cave.

The cave, the baby Jesus and the smallest of miracles

In this deeply moving variation of the legend, the story of the Christmas Spider is woven directly into the Nativity itself.

After the birth of Jesus, the tyrannical King Herod hears a prophecy that a new king is coming. So, he promptly orders the execution of all the infant boys across the land.

Mary and Joseph flee in fear, carrying the newborn Jesus into the wilderness to escape Herod's men. As night falls and the sound of pursuing soldiers grows closer, they stumble upon a shallow cave and hide inside.

Their hearts race. They know a shallow cave doesn't make a great hiding spot. But their plight is noticed by a small spider who calls the cave home. She quickly begins to spin.

Whisper quiet, she weaves a silken web across the mouth of the cave. The threads of silk catch the moonlight and obscure the frightened family from view.

When the soldiers approach the cave, they notice the pristine, undisturbed spiderweb shimmering in the moonlight. 'Surely', they think to themselves, 'no one could have passed through in some time.'

Satisfied, they turn away and leave, continuing their search elsewhere. Inside the cave, meanwhile, the Holy Family is safe. And it's all thanks to a humble spider.

In this telling, the spider becomes an unlikely guardian – small, fragile and easily overlooked, yet instrumental in protecting Baby Jesus. This story reminds us that miracles are not always grand, dramatic displays. Sometimes, they creep across stone on eight delicate legs.

From caves to cottages – the Christmas Spider spreads

Over time, the story shifts and softens as it travels across Europe. In Ukraine, one of the most beloved versions tells of a poor woman whose husband is away at war. She's so poor, in fact, she can't provide her children with decorations for their humble Christmas tree.

A spider, grateful for the safe and dry home provided by the family, decides to repay the favour. While everyone sleeps, she sets to work spinning webs around the tree.

On Christmas morning, the rising sun transforms the webs into strands of shimmering silver that make the whole room sparkle.

In some tellings, the transformation is a blessing from Christ – in others, a gift from Santa Claus, moved by the household's humility and kindness. Whichever way you look at it, the spiderweb becomes what some might call the first tinsel. The mother and her children have their very own Christmas miracle.

And the retellings don't stop there. Other variations on the Christmas Spider legend include:

In Poland, the spider is said to have assisted Mary as she wove blankets for the Christ Child, her silk strengthening Mary's threads.
In Germany, finding a spider in your Christmas tree is believed to bring good fortune. But killing one during the festive season will bring you bad luck for the year ahead.
There are even versions of the Cinderella fairytale featuring kind-hearted spiders. According to these tellings, her ballgown – rather than being conjured up by a fairy godmother – is spun from the spiders' silk.

Across all these tales, one thing remains consistent: the spider is never something to fear. She is a symbol of patience, gratitude and hidden protection.

The Christmas spider today

In Ukraine, the legend lives on through the tradition of pavuchky . These intricate decorations of spiders and webs are traditionally made from straw and thread. They're hung from ceilings and on Christmas trees to catch the light.

It might seem strange to some audiences that such a creature ended up at the heart of a Christmas tradition. But in folklore, spiders have long symbolised fate, creation and the unseen forces that quietly shape our lives. After all, they work at night and in the dark, building with precision, creating beauty from nothing but air and thread.

Christmas itself is a season of magic in the most unlikely settings – of angels appearing to meek shepherds and bright stars glimmering over a humble stable. Viewed through that lens, suddenly a little silver spider feels like the perfect Christmas creature.

And then of course there's her web – glittering and ephemeral, much like Christmas itself.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, that imagery feels very close to home. Our caves have sheltered miners, explorers, Victorian visitors and modern adventurers alike. Over the years, they have witnessed curiosity, reverence and wonder. In the past, they have flickered with candlelight and today they come to life with modern lighting. And every Christmas, they become a place of festive magic beneath the frozen ground.

A Christmas story that belongs underground

There is something beautifully fitting about the story of the Christmas Spider in the cave. Just like in the legend, it's often the hidden details and tiny secrets that leave the biggest mark at Stump Cross Caverns. The finest threads of crystal formations. The shimmer of water on limestone. The hidden worlds within geodes.

This Christmas, as you wrap tinsel around your tree or spot a spiderweb glinting in the frost, think of the small guardian of that ancient cave. And remember: miracles don't always look the way we expect.

And if you find yourself exploring Stump Cross Caverns this winter, keep an eye out. You never know who you might spot quietly working miracles in the shadows…

Want to weave your own magic this festive season? Join us at Stump Cross Caverns in Yorkshire for our popular family Christmas experience . There'll be caves to explore, activities to enjoy and the chance to meet Mr Claus himself. But hurry – tickets are selling fast. It's quick and easy to book yours online .

Where to meet Santa in Yorkshire this Christmas (2025)

Mon, 01 Dec 2025 08:31:54 GMT

Meet Santa in the most magical grottos, discover the best festive days out and make some Christmas memories across Yorkshire.

For many families who celebrate, Christmas only begins to feel truly magical once someone has whispered their wish list to the big man in red. And we're inclined to agree!

Whether it's your little one's first-ever grotto or a beloved annual tradition, we don't mind saying that Yorkshire does festive magic exceptionally well. And this year, Santa certainly has a busy touring schedule ahead of the big day. He's making lots of visits across the region, from bustling parks to more peaceful settings – all to help make the season sparkle.

With so many opportunities to meet Father Christmas in person, we thought we'd make things a little easier by listing a few of his favourite stops.

Before we go anywhere else, let's begin with the most atmospheric, unforgettable Santa experience in the Dales.

Meet Santa right here at Stump Cross Caverns

An enchanting grotto with a twist – ancient caves, glowing lights and cosy festive magic. The ultimate Santa experience in Yorkshire.

Location: Near Pateley Bridge, between Grassington and Greenhow

If you want a Santa visit that feels genuinely unique, nothing beats our Christmas experience at Stump Cross Caverns .

After a special meeting with Santa and his helpful elf, children can explore a beautifully decorated world beneath the ground. Here, twinkling lights reflect off ancient limestone formations, and thousands of years of history hum quietly in the background. Cosy and atmospheric, it's the kind of place where core memories are formed.

Best of all, it means no long queues in a busy shopping centre. Instead, you can expect a warm welcome from Father Christmas and a chance to explore Yorkshire's very own underground wonderland.

Back on the surface, our charming Time Cafe is the perfect winter treat stop, too. The family can enjoy some of the best views of the Dales as you thaw out with a hot chocolate or a hearty lunch.

Meanwhile, our gift shop is stocked with brilliant stocking fillers for budding geologists and curious little explorers. It's a treasure trove of fossils, geodes and crystals that you won't find anywhere else.

Looking for a Santa visit your kids will remember forever? Our Christmas experience is just the festive thing – but tickets are selling fast. Book your tickets online today to avoid disappointment.

Santa's Grotto at Stockeld Park

A fully-stocked festive day out with ice skating, a magical forest and an immersive grotto.

Location: Near Wetherby

Stockeld Park does Christmas like something out of the movies – big, brilliant and full of colour.

In its immersive Grotto dome, you'll find yourself transported to a North Pole village. Here, you'll find plenty of interactive play and whimsical games to explore while you wait to meet Santa.

You'll also encounter a few of Santa's busy elves adding a touch of mischief and magic, before stepping into the enchanted elevator. Next, you'll be transported to a cosy log cabin and warmly welcomed by Mrs Claus, before heading in to meet Father Christmas himself.

It's a longer day out, so wrap up warm in your best woollies and some comfortable shoes. You might want to bring a power pack for your phone, too – the photo opportunities are impossible to resist!

Murton Park Santa Experience

A creative adventure with plenty of doing, making, and exploring.

Location: York

Murton Park, home of the Yorkshire Museum of Farming, hosts a charming Santa experience centred on creative activities and immersive storytelling.

As the scent of gingerbread fills the air with festive cheer, families join a journey led by Santa's happy helpers. Along the way, they'll decorate festive creations, learn to giftwrap with Mother Christmas and receive a lovely keepsake gift from the man in red.

Of course, you'll also have the chance to explore the museum afterwards. It's ideal for stretching the day out a little longer – especially if you have kids who love tractors, animals or farmyard adventures.

Santa's North Pole at Lotherton Hall

An accessible Christmas adventure. Lotherton Hall offers Santa experiences for very young children and children with additional needs.

Location: Leeds

The Christmas Experience at Lotherton Hall is one of the most dependable festive traditions in Yorkshire.

Santa loves to stop here because Lotheron thoughtfully caters to different kinds of families. It's an especially good choice for families who love the magic, but not the sensory overload.

With a range of experiences to choose from, kids of all ages and needs will get some one-on-one time with Santa. They'll also receive a special gift, and might even get to spend some time with Mrs Claus.

Christmas at Castle Howard

A truly theatrical festive experience.

Location: North of York

Every Christmas, the house at Castle Howard transforms into an immersive theatrical spectacle. This year's theme, "Christmas at Castle Howard with the Wonderful Wizard of Oz", promises more magic and sparkle than a pair of ruby slippers.

Not only will Santa be in attendance, but Mrs Claus will be paying a special visit, too. And for visitors who require wheelchair access, Santa's Grotto in the Boathouse will include a spectacular festive show from the wonderful Story Craft Theatre.

So… where should you meet Santa this year?

If you want something classically festive – the twinkling lights, cosy cabins and snowy wonderlands – you really can't go wrong in Yorkshire.

But what if you're after something you'll talk about for years to come – and that the grown-ups will find just as magical as the kids? Even if we do say so ourselves, the Christmas Experience at Stump Cross Caverns stands in a league of its own.

Add in the Time Cafe , the festive decorations, the warm welcome and our wondrous underground setting, and you've got a recipe for truly special Christmas memories.

Wherever you decide to go, may your December be full of magic – and may Santa bring you everything on your list. (Just make sure you're good!)

Tickets for our Christmas experience are selling fast. Want to secure some Christmas magic for yourself? It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

The first Stump Cross Caverns reviews: what Victorian visitors said

Fri, 28 Nov 2025 16:35:53 GMT

Discover the first reviews of Stump Cross Caverns back in the Victorian era, featuring glowing endorsements and some dramatic adventures.

Long before the days of five-star ratings and Google recommendations, there were the ever-wise and wonderfully wordy Victorians.

What they lacked in emojis, TikTok edits and aerial drone shots, they made up for with their delightful written accounts of subterranean adventures at Stump Cross Caverns.

The first 60 years of Stump Cross are full of lively descriptions, startled reactions and downright dramatic retellings from miners, tourists, explorers and journalists. You might think of these as the very first "reviews" of our own underground wonder.

Ready to look back? Better get a thesaurus ready…

Most amusing… and yet wise

Our story begins back in 1860. Two Greenhow miners, William and Mark Newbould, accidentally broke into a hidden world of stalactites while following a vein of fluorspar underground. Just like that, Stump Cross Caverns was revealed to the world.

By the following year, the news had spread further, leading to the first published write-up appearing in the Craven Weekly Pioneer in August 1861. The journalist provides what we would definitely call an endorsement:

"Mr Newbould supplies his visitors with suitable habiliments for their subterraneous explorations. The donning of the miner's smock and trousers is a most amusing episode. And yet it is not more laughable than wise…"

He is dazzled by the formations and the sense that the magic runs deeper still:

"Below these caverns… there is a lower set which have also their peculiar attractions, and our guide seems to entertain the notion that the number and extent of the stalactite chambers… will yet be found very great."

An impressive observation indeed by the Victorian guide, as it turned out to be completely true! Later explorers confirmed that the system extended far beyond the early show route.

Just a year later, the Craven Pioneer weighed in once again with another affectionate description:

"The splendid 'Stump Cross Caverns'… are full of snowy stalactites, in every variety of formation and position."

A dramatic guided tour

One of the richest early reviews is an anonymous Victorian travelogue. It reads like a diary entry – part field report, part comedy sketch. The writer begins with a warning not to overeat before entering the cave:

"It is quite advisable that too hearty a meal should not be eaten, as it would be found a great inconvenience… in consequence of the stooping position to be maintained for an hour or two in the labyrinth."

Solid advice. Then comes what is surely one of the most evocative costume-change descriptions in our archive of reviews:

"The abrupt entrée of an arch young urchin bearing a lode of coarse hempen habiliments... depositing them on the floor… If there are any ladies in the party they will be conducted to an upper room… dispensing for the time being with the darling crinoline."

Picture the scene: Victorians stripping off their finery, tying handkerchiefs "in the Tyrolese mode" around their heads… Did they laugh at each other's outfits, or were they far too polite?

Once underground, the tone shifts from comic to reverent:

"The grandeur of these wonderful curiosities begins to increase, and the mind becomes so excited by the gorgeous scene that all previous inconveniences are at once forgotten… Almost every conceivable variety of fantastic form and shape is now seen standing forth… like quaintly formed pillars of polished white marble."

Later, breathless and dishevelled, our reviewer emerges with his party, "to luxuriate awhile on the soft green-sward, and muse upon the hidden beauties they have just left behind."

That's what we call a five-star review.

Adorned with stalactites

Local historian William Grainge offers another glowing account:

"The roof and sides are adorned with stalactites in every variety of size and form… though in some places more abundant and beautiful than in others."

He also warns that, in the days before safety was top priority, getting lost was entirely possible.

"No stranger should enter it without a guide for should he happen to lose the proper direction… he might wander for hours without being able to find his way out."

This theme becomes even more dramatic a little later on. Keep reading…

Surpass all in beauty

As the decades passed, review after review sang the same tune:

"The most perfect portion… is the 'parlour', the floor, sides and roof of which are incrusted with various forms of deposit and adorned with stalactite and stalagmite… Everywhere are some of the purest white and of all sizes and forms."
"We have heard it stated by gentlemen who have visited the most famous caves… that these caverns surpass all in beauty."
"In their stalactical adornments they equal, if not surpass, any of the finest spar caves in England."

It makes for fascinating reading. Victorians walked in, gasped at this natural wonder… and immediately compared it with others and established a rank! It goes to show that our culture of reviewing and rating is far from a modern invention.

The man who got lost

No round-up of early Stump Cross reviews would be complete without J. Botterill's legendary account of getting dramatically disoriented in the cave in 1901.

His guide was unable to accompany the group, so he handed them the keys with one helpful instruction:

"Mind you don't get lost."

Poor Botterill and his party, rather predictably, got lost.

"On all sides were branch passages… We soon began to get confused."

His somewhat more sensible companions turned back, but Botterill was obviously undeterred. He pressed on:

"Stumbling, stooping, climbing and crawling… Each chamber seemed to contain new wonders."

So far, so good. But then panic began to set in.

"My candle was burning low… Behind me was a cul-de-sac, before me three unknown passages…

"On, on, on along these seemingly endless passages and passing more beautiful curtains and more wonderful chambers as I advanced. A cold perspiration began to break out on me when I considered how many passages I should have to explore before I could hope to exhaust them all and find a way."

Eventually, just as his candle went out, he ascended the staircase and raced back to the inn expecting a rescue party, only to find…

"…my three companions calmly sitting down to a tea."

A very Victorian punchline.

A final word from the past

Not all reviews were so positive. In 1919, Bruff lamented the damage caused by Victorian visitors, describing the caverns as:

"A begrimed wreck, despoiled by senseless and destructive barbarians, whose idea of pleasure seems to be to destroy what they themselves have enjoyed, so that others shall not enjoy the same pleasures."

Thankfully, conservation ethics have changed for the better since then. Today, Stump Cross is protected, cared for, and cherished in ways early guides could only dream of.

Visit Stump Cross Caverns – and add your own review!

Reading these early reviews is like stepping back into the candlelit excitement of the Victorian age. But nothing compares to seeing the caverns for yourself. (And you'll be pleased to know you don't need to scramble about by candlelight anymore…)

Today, the passages are lit, the paths are stable and the protective gear is much more flattering.

But we've kept the sense of wonder. Those same beautiful rock formations. The same vast chambers. And the same feeling of awe, echoing down half a million years of geological history.

After your visit, why not pull up a chair in our cosy Time Cafe and continue a tradition started in 1861? Yes, just like those early Victorian visitors, you could leave us a review . (First to include the word "habiliments" wins…)

The quotes in this article are taken from issue 145 of the Craven Pothole Club Record , published in January 2022. Visit the Craven Pothole Club website to learn more about this longstanding local caving association.

What did Stone Age people drink?

Fri, 28 Nov 2025 09:09:58 GMT

Go back in time and discover what Stone Age people drank, from river water to wild brews and herbal teas.

The sun glows deep orange as it sets over a wild Yorkshire valley. Smoke curls lazily from a hot, crackling fire. A small group of hunter-gatherers sit together, wrapped in furs, the catch of the day sizzling on the flames.

One of them passes around a hollowed-out horn, filled with something refreshing and earthy. No, it isn't Yorkshire Tea. It's not beer or wine, either. However, it is one of the first drinks ever enjoyed by humankind.

So, what did Stone Age people drink long ago? How did they quench their thirst in the days before teabags, freshly ground coffee, hot chocolate and fizzy pop were even a dream?

Simple: they drank water – the original drink of life.

Plain old water

Yes, the simplest answer is that Stone Age people drank water. But the water we're talking about is far from the clean and reliable stuff we pour from our taps or buy in bottles today.

Back then, early humankind drew it straight from rivers, streams and natural springs. Crucially, though, they would have been wise enough to know which sources were safest.

After all, when you spend your whole life outdoors, you're bound to learn which pools are fresh and tasty and which are best avoided. Our ancestors would have known to avoid water sources after heavy rain, for instance, or animal crossings.

Archaeological evidence even suggests Stone Age humans used animal hides or wooden vessels to collect and store water. It's easy to imagine them crouched beside a bubbling stream, filling their skins for a long journey ahead.

Wild infusions and natural flavourings

While we've yet to find evidence of teabags or joke mugs in the Mesolithic era, early people likely drank something similar to modern herbal teas.

Yes – humans have always loved flavour wherever they could find it. To liven up their drinks, they likely experimented with leaves, herbs and flowers, dropping them into hot water from the fire.

Imagine steeping wild mint or crushed berries in a stone pot of warm water. The result would be refreshing and fragrant. It might even have a few useful healing or restorative properties.

Plants such as dandelion and nettle have long been used in natural remedies, and they grow in abundance. So, it's not a stretch to imagine Stone Age folk brewing earthy little infusions and tonics to soothe aches and pains or energise weary hunters.

Sweet discoveries and fermented surprises

This is where it gets really interesting. Around 9,000 years ago – near the end of the Stone Age – humans discovered fermentation.

Archaeologists have found traces of fermented beverages made from honey, fruit and wild grains in ancient pottery. These early beers and wines were similar to mead – an alcoholic drink made with fermented honey.

They weren't refined like the alcoholic drinks we enjoy today – more like accidental science experiments that happened when sugars mixed with natural airborne yeasts. But once people noticed the results, well… They must have been delighted, because we haven't stopped fermenting since!

Honey was a particularly precious and delicious resource, collected from wild bee hives with the help of a little smoke and some serious bravery. Mixed with berries or tree sap, it could have slowly bubbled and fizzed away into something golden, heady and just a little bit intoxicating.

Did our ancestors brew a celebratory, honey-flavoured drink for special moments and bonding? You could call it the original craft beer…

Water from the earth itself

In limestone-rich areas like the Yorkshire Dales, fresh spring water often filters naturally through rock, meaning it would have been some of the cleanest around.

Even now, you can find underground rivers and pools in places like Stump Cross Caverns, where crystal-clear water trickles through ancient rock.

It's incredible to think that the same geological forces shaping those caves were also shaping the drinks of our ancestors. The people who once roamed this land likely drank from the very same sources – water that had flowed through the Dales long before the first human footprints appeared.

Drinking tools of the trade

What early people lacked in glasses and mugs, they made up for in creativity. They innovated with whatever nature provided: animal horns, shells, hollowed-out bones or carved wooden bowls. Archaeologists have even found evidence of early pottery vessels from the Neolithic period, often decorated with simple patterns.

You can imagine them gathered in a circle, each with their own well-worn drinking horn. Passing the firelight and the drink around, they might have shared the stories of the day as they enjoyed some well-deserved refreshment.

A toast to ancient ingenuity

From cool river water to wild honey brews, what Stone Age people drank tells us a lot about how resourceful they were. Every sip connected them to the land and their home – its plants, its minerals, its creatures and its seasons.

Next time you're in the area and take a cool sip of something refreshing, pause for a moment and look back. Somewhere in Yorkshire, thousands of years ago, someone a bit like you did the very same thing, raising their makeshift cup to the firelight and the stars above.

Step back in time at Stump Cross Caverns

Has this glimpse into the past sparked your imagination and left you wanting more? There really is no better place to connect with the ancient world than Stump Cross Caverns.

Beneath the rolling Yorkshire Dales, you can explore real limestone caves formed over half a million years ago. You can even meet our own resident Cavewoman , who loves bringing prehistory to life for curious minds.

From hands-on fossil digs to exploring the glittering passageways beneath the ground, it's a chance for kids and adults alike to step back in time. (And unlike our prehistoric forebears, you won't have to sleep in a cave or drink nettle tea.)

Whether you're visiting for a Yorkshire family day out or a special event , Stump Cross Caverns is the perfect place to raise a toast to the past. Ready for an adventure? You'll find the best deals when you book your tickets online .

Unique Yorkshire Christmas traditions

Fri, 21 Nov 2025 08:46:12 GMT

Learn about Yorkshire's most memorable Christmas traditions, ranging from sword dances to sea dips.

When the festive season rolls around in Yorkshire, it comes with more than just bustling markets, twinkling lights and freshly baked mince pies.

Around here, Christmas is sprinkled with echoes of ancient rituals, curious folklore and proud customs that have stood the test of time. Yes – from the moors to the coast, Yorkshire celebrates the long winter with style, humour and a healthy dose of folk tradition.

Time to cosy up by that log fire and grab a mug of something warm and sweet. We've compiled a list of some of the traditions that make Christmas truly unique here in Yorkshire.

And when you're ready to top off the season with something especially memorable, why not step into Stump Cross Caverns' Christmas cave experience ? It's a festive event unlike any other this season.

The Poor Old Hoss of Richmond

In the market town of Richmond, North Yorkshire, one of the most eccentric Christmastime customs takes the stage: the Poor Old Hoss.

Each Christmas Eve, a participant dons a hobby horse and parades through the town singing songs of luck, folk tales and festive cheer. The Hoss is traditionally made with a real horse skull on a pole and covered with black fabric. Yikes!

That might sound scary, but the Hoss is a friendly old beast. Those lucky enough to see him, or have him visit their home, are said to be blessed with a prosperous new year.

This unusual tradition, rooted in pagan rhythms and cattle-herding heritage, has survived centuries, bringing identity, humour and community spirit to the holiday season. It's a reminder that Christmas in Yorkshire is as much about history and belonging as it is about tinsel and baubles.

Christmas cake with cheese

What's going on your Christmas cake this year? Brandy custard? Chantilly cream? Or how about a nice bit of Wensleydale cheese?

In many parts of England, enjoying a slice of fruity, boozy Christmas cake is a given. But here in Yorkshire, we give it a proper northern twist.

For generations, families have paired their fruit-laden Christmas cake with crumbly Wensleydale cheese, serving it up on Christmas morning for breakfast.

This unusual combination may raise a few eyebrows elsewhere, but we love it. And we say, "Don't knock it till you've tried it!"

Wensleydale and cranberry is a very popular combination today. Why not take it up to the next level and pair delicious Wensleydale cheese with your Christmas cake this year?

Long sword dancing at Christmas

Long sword dancing is another Yorkshire gem.

This spirited folk dance, often performed during the festive season, features rigid swords locked and linked in human weaving patterns. It's a display of strength, unity and tradition.

Dating all the way back to the Viking invasion of Britain, the dance is steeped in local land memories and community pride. The traditional rite was performed to bring in a prosperous harvest the following year. Now that's what we call festive!

The Whitby Boxing Day Dip

This one's not for the faint-hearted…

On the Yorkshire coast, winter celebrations take a bracing turn. In Whitby and other seaside towns, locals clamber into the North Sea on Boxing Day (or very early January) for a cold-water dip. Dressed in fancy costumes and surrounded by cheering crowds, they brave the freezing waves for a few teeth-shattering minutes.

It's as much a community ritual as a dash of madness – and a great way to raise money for charity. The wind-whipped sea, the crisp dawn air and everyone cheering each other on… This is a wild but warming expression of Yorkshire solidarity.

The Devil's Knell of Dewsbury

Perhaps the most spine-tingling Yorkshire Christmas tradition of all is the Devil's Knell.

This centuries-old custom takes place every Christmas Eve at All Saints Church in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire. As midnight approaches, the great tenor bell known as "Black Tom" is struck once for every year since the birth of Jesus Christ.

According to local legend, the first toll was rung on Christmas Eve in the 15th century to drive the Devil out of town. Each peal symbolises another year that good has triumphed over evil. When the final note fades, the church bursts into candlelight and celebration, ushering in Christmas Day with both solemnity and joy.

For centuries, locals have gathered to listen, some braving the cold just to hear that ancient rhythm roll over the rooftops. It's one of those rare moments where faith, folklore and Yorkshire grit meet in perfect harmony.

Parkin: traditional gingerbread treacle cake

And then there's parkin, the spiced gingerbread cake of Northern England, baked and rested for weeks until Christmastime.

While its roots stretch far beyond Yorkshire, our variant is rich in oats and treacle – and a staple of the festive baking season.

Baking parkin and sharing it with neighbours are subtle ways Yorkshire folk keep our heritage alive, one sweet slice at a time. Some even enjoy a slice for breakfast on Christmas morning. Yum!

Experience Christmas underground at Stump Cross Caverns

From hobby horses and sea dips to long sword dances and cake-and-cheese rituals, Yorkshire's Christmas traditions might be a little quirkier than you're used to. But make no mistake: they're also deeply cherished. They're rooted in land and community, in weather and wit, in connection and continuity.

This winter, remember there's more to Yorkshire's festive magic than the markets (although those are fantastic too). It's in the oddities. The customs. The feeling that every twist of tradition adds up to something extraordinary – and that the best stories are often the ones you didn't expect.

So, once you've toured the towns and marvelled at these curious traditions, why not crown the season with an unforgettable experience at Stump Cross Caverns?

Join our Christmas at the Caverns 2025 event to escape the ordinary and take a journey underground, deep into the hills of the Yorkshire Dales. It's a journey that takes you through ancient limestone chambers dressed in seasonal lights, live storytelling and geology magic.

You'll feel as if you've stepped into a magical wintry world where nature, history and festive sparkle meet. Add this to your seasonal calendar and you'll have a Yorkshire Christmas story worth telling.

Ready for a Christmas experience like no other? Book tickets for Christmas at the Caverns 2025 today.

The best team-building activities in Yorkshire

Mon, 17 Nov 2025 09:08:38 GMT

Discover the best team-building activities across Yorkshire – from treetop adventures to underground discoveries.

Let's face it. When employees hear 'team-building', it doesn't often get them excited. No one looks forward to the awkward icebreakers or forced trust falls they've come to expect from a typical away day.

But don't give up – there are better options out there.

The best team-building experiences are the ones that spark good conversation, get people laughing and throw in a bit of adventure to boot. Luckily, Yorkshire has no shortage of unique ways to bond with your colleagues – from creative workshops and high-energy challenges to unforgettable underground discoveries.

So, if you're planning a day out for your office, a department away day or a group retreat for your small business, look no further. We've put together a selection of some of the best team-building activities Yorkshire can offer.

Believe us. These will get everyone talking – and smiling!

Stump Cross Caverns: underground adventures and team challenges

For a team-building day that's equal parts fun, fascinating and completely different, why not head underground at Stump Cross Caverns ?

This ancient limestone cave system is one of Yorkshire's most impressive natural wonders. It's also the perfect setting for a memorable group experience. Your team can explore the caverns on guided tours, enjoy fun outdoor activities and even crack open geodes together – a unique twist on the classic team challenge.

Time to regroup? Our on-site private cinema offers a comfortable space for presentations, workshops or company briefings. And because no team day is complete without good food, make sure to drop by our Time Cafe . Here, we serve award-winning coffee and hearty, locally sourced meals – all backdropped with stunning views of the Dales.

Whether you're rewarding staff, kickstarting a project or just looking to forge bonds outside the office, we promise an experience as inspiring as it is unforgettable.

Find us near Pateley Bridge in the heart of the Yorkshire Dales.

Go Ape Dalby: high ropes and adrenaline rushes

If your team thrives on adrenaline and adventure, Go Ape in Dalby Forest ticks all the boxes.
From Tarzan swings to zip lines that send you soaring over the forest canopy, every challenge here is designed to test courage and teamwork.

Working together to overcome physical obstacles helps boost confidence, communication, and trust. And best of all, you'll have fun while you're at it.

With beautiful woodland trails and on-site facilities for picnics or post-adventure debriefs, it's ideal for a high-energy team day in the fresh Yorkshire air.

The Great Escape Game: taking workplace dynamics to the next level

Ready to test your group's logic and problem-solving skills? With locations in Leeds and Sheffield, The Great Escape Game offers immersive escape room experiences designed to get your team thinking creatively under pressure. Great, we think, for enhancing those crucial workplace skills like communication and critical thinking.

Each themed room presents a different challenge, from solving mysteries to defusing virtual bombs. The success of your team depends entirely on successful collaboration.

You can even book a corporate package with multiple rooms for larger groups, plus refreshments and team-building extras. It's a thrilling way to mirror workplace dynamics in an exciting new setting while keeping everyone laughing and engaged.

Yorkshire Dales Bushcraft: survival skills workshops

Head outdoors and swap your laptops for campfires with a bushcraft experience in the Yorkshire Dales. These sessions, run by expert instructors, teach essential outdoor survival skills like fire lighting, shelter building and wild cooking.

More than just a wilderness adventure, bushcraft workshops encourage teams to work together to solve problems in unfamiliar surroundings. It's ideal for building resilience and trust while getting immersed in the natural world.

This relaxed, screen-free setting also gives everyone a much-needed mental reset. It's an especially good option for teams who want to reconnect with nature and feel grounded while building stronger communication skills.

Yorkshire Sculpture Park: creative team days

Fancy something more reflective? The Yorkshire Sculpture Park, near Wakefield, is ideal for teams that enjoy art, culture, and open space. You can simply explore the park's incredible open-air sculptures together, or book creative workshops designed specifically for groups.

From sketching and sculpture sessions to mindfulness walks and creative problem-solving activities, these experiences offer a different kind of team bonding. This isn't about competition. Instead, it's about encouraging imagination and diverse collaboration.

The park also has fantastic catering options and meeting spaces, so it's easy to combine creativity with comfort.

The Cookery School at The Grand: culinary team-building

Cooking together is a tried-and-true way of bringing people closer. And The Grand's cookery school in York takes that idea to the next level.

Teams can take part in hands-on activities led by expert chefs, from mastering classic dishes to tackling mystery box challenges that encourage collaboration.

Once the cooking's done, everyone sits down to enjoy the results together – a rewarding end to a deliciously productive day.

It's the ideal option for corporate groups who want something both practical and social, with plenty of laughter (and good food!) along the way.

Flamingo Land corporate days: a playful day out

Want to reward your team for a job well done? Head to Flamingo Land Resort for a team-building day that's all about a good time. The popular theme park offers tailored corporate packages with rides, zoo experiences and meeting facilities.

The team can let loose on rollercoasters, enjoy live entertainment or book private sessions with zookeepers and animal encounters. It's a brilliant way to honour your team's hard work and encourage relaxed, informal connections away from the office.

Find your perfect team adventure

From treetop challenges to underground explorations, Yorkshire offers amazing experiences to suit every kind of team – whether creative, adventurous or somewhere in between.

Are you looking for something that combines discovery, laughter and a genuine sense of togetherness? Stump Cross Caverns is the ideal place to start. With our incredible natural setting and flexible facilities, we offer a team-building experience that will keep everyone talking long after the day's done.

Ready to treat your team to something different? Explore corporate venue hire at Stump Cross Caverns and see where the journey takes you.

Our favourite Yorkshire reservoir walks

Fri, 14 Nov 2025 08:12:53 GMT

Discover 5 of our favourite Yorkshire reservoir walks, rambles and hikes – all within easy reach of Stump Cross Caverns.

Open skies, winding paths and the still, peaceful waters that shimmer with reflections of passing clouds… There's no denying that Yorkshire's reservoir walks capture a certain contemplative beauty of the region that can't be found elsewhere.

Sure, these manmade lakes had practical beginnings. But today, they offer some of the most peaceful and rewarding rambles to be found in God's Own County.

Fancy a gentle stroll with your four-legged friend? How about a full-day hike across rugged moorland? Look no further – we've compiled a list of reservoir walks to suit every pace.

So, lace up your boots, pack a flask and join us as we take in the magic of Yorkshire's wild water landscapes. (Then take a well-earned break with us at Stump Cross Caverns – we'll be on hand to provide a hearty lunch and a warm welcome!)

1. Grimwith Reservoir

Distance: 4.5 miles

Difficulty: easy to moderate – mostly well-surfaced with a few unsurfaced or muddy sections
Route type: circular

Parking: main car park at Grimwith Reservoir

Accessibility: high – no steps or stiles on main route

If you only have time for one reservoir walk, make it this one. It's an especially good choice for dog walkers, photographers and anyone who loves that wild, windswept Yorkshire feel.

Just a short distance from Stump Cross Caverns, Grimwith Reservoir sits high in the Nidderdale National Landscape – a harmonious meeting of water, sky and moorland.

The circular route around the reservoir is well-marked and easy to follow. It offers sweeping views across the Dales and glimpses of traditional dry-stone barns that dot the landscape.

On calm days, the water becomes a perfect mirror for the clouds above. On those more blustery ones, the wind whips across the surface in dramatic waves. Either way, it's breathtaking.

Completed the circuit? Pop by Stump Cross Caverns and visit the Time Cafe for a steaming mug of hot chocolate and a slice of homemade cake. You've earned it.

2. Thruscross Reservoir

Distance: 4.5 miles

Difficulty: moderate – some rough pastures, moorland and steps

Route type: circular

Parking: car park at Reservoir Road, HG3 4BB

Accessibility: low – moorland; some steep or uneven ground

Tucked into the Washburn Valley, Thruscross offers a circular route full of intrigue. Beneath its calm waters lie the ghostly remains of the village of West End, flooded in the 1960s to create the reservoir. When the water levels drop, you might spot remnants of its old stone walls peeking through, offering a haunting glimpse into the past.

The walk itself winds through forest and open moor and along the water's edge. It's peaceful and rarely crowded, making it ideal for those seeking solitude. Keen birdwatchers will be in their element here, too, with curlews, oystercatchers and the occasional red kite soaring overhead.

Bring a packed lunch, find a quiet bench overlooking the valley and soak in the stillness. This one is pure Yorkshire magic.

3. Swinsty and Fewston reservoirs

Distance: 3 miles for Swinsty loop; 4 to 5 miles for combo

Difficulty: easy – wide, well-surfaced paths and minimal incline

Route type: circular

Parking: Swinsty Moor car park, LS21 2NP or Stack Point, HG3 1SU

Accessibility: high – no steps or stiles on main Swinsty path; accessible toilets and parking

For a gentler day out, the Swinsty and Fewston reservoirs offer two serene circular walks connected by a short link path. That means it's easy to make your amble a little longer without much incline.

The paths are wide and well-maintained – ideal for families or casual walkers.

Expect plenty of woodland shade, open stretches along the dam walls and panoramic views across the Washburn Valley. Keep an eye out for waterfowl, herons and, in autumn, a spectacular show of golden leaves reflected in the water.

Fewston is also accessible for pushchairs and wheelchairs in sections, making it one of the most inclusive reservoir walks in Yorkshire.

You can also finish the day with a drive through the Dales to Stump Cross Caverns. Here, you can warm up with soup and a sandwich before exploring our glittering underground caves.

4. Eccup Reservoir

Distance: 5.2 miles

Difficulty: easy

Route type: circular

Parking: Alwoodley Lane, Leeds (check local signage)

Accessibility: moderate to high – good paths; some incline

A little closer to the city but no less beautiful, Eccup Reservoir offers one of the most accessible and wildlife-rich walks in West Yorkshire. The route skirts the edge of the water and weaves through Goodrick Plantation, offering both shade and open skies.

This is also one of the best places in the region to spot red kites, which circle gracefully above the treeline. The paths are mostly level and well-signposted, making it a perfect choice for families or casual weekend walkers.

Combine it with a visit to nearby Golden Acre Park. Or make it a full-day road trip with a detour into the Dales, perhaps finishing at Stump Cross Caverns for a late lunch.

5. Scar House and Angram reservoirs

Distance: 10 miles

Difficulty: challenging – moorland; longer distance; rugged terrain

Route type: linear or extended circular, depending on route

Parking: Scar House Reservoir Car Park, Middlesmoor

Accessibility: low – recommended for experienced walkers with appropriate gear

For seasoned walkers and lovers of seriously big views, this is one of the most impressive reservoir routes in the region.

Starting at Scar House, the trail crosses open moorland and leads to the more remote Angram Reservoir, surrounded by the brooding slopes of Great Whernside.

The path is rocky and exposed in parts, but every step is rewarded with expansive views of the wild beauty of Nidderdale. It's especially breathtaking when the heather is in bloom.

You'll feel a real sense of adventure here. Far from the crowds, you'll have only the sounds of the wind and the lap of water against the shore for company.

Be sure to pack plenty of provisions, warm layers, and a map. This one's a proper day out!

Enjoy a well-earned pause at Stump Cross Caverns

After a day spent exploring Yorkshire's reservoirs, there's no better place to unwind than Stump Cross Caverns.

Just minutes from Grimwith, we provide an all-weather haven. Here, you can swap the muddy boots for a comfy seat in our cosy Time Cafe and refuel with hearty homemade food.

And of course, we've got something truly unique to offer – a winding underground cave network full of secret passageways and stunning stalactites.

Whether your Yorkshire reservoir walk takes you across moor, woodland or water, make sure to add Stump Cross Caverns to your route. Sometimes the best discoveries are the ones just beneath your feet!

How to tell if a rock is a geode

Mon, 10 Nov 2025 07:39:28 GMT

Discover how to spot a geode, what makes them sparkle inside and how to experience geode cracking at Stump Cross Caverns.

At first glance, a geode doesn't look like anything special. You'd be forgiven for thinking it was just the kind of dull, ordinary rock you might kick along a footpath or scoop out of a stream.

But when you crack it open, a secret is revealed: a sparkling world of crystals, each one grown bit by bit over millions of years.

At Stump Cross Caverns, we love this moment of surprise. When you discover what has been concealed within an ordinary-looking rock for all this time, it's pure magic.

That's what inspired us to open Geode James's Geode Shack . Here, visitors can choose a real uncracked geode and watch it split open before their eyes.

But perhaps you're a budding geologist, or just fancy yourself a bit of a geode detective. If so, stay tuned. This guide will teach you how to spot geodes in the wild and figure out if that humble rock might be hiding a glittering secret.

What exactly is a geode?

In simple terms, a geode is a hollow rock lined with crystal formations. These crystals form inside cavities in the rock.

This can happen when gas bubbles get trapped inside lava, for instance, or when pockets of mudstone or limestone slowly dissolve away underground.

Over thousands or even millions of years, water seeps into these pockets, carrying minerals such as quartz, calcite or amethyst. These minerals gradually build up layer by layer over time, forming delicate crystals that fill the empty space.

On the outside, a geode looks quite ordinary: rough, round and unremarkable. But inside, it's a magnificent work of art. Every geode is unique, with its own combination of colours, patterns and crystal shapes.

Geodes are also easily confused with other solid rock formations, such as nodules or concretions, which are completely solid inside. What sets geodes apart is that they're hollow. Their outer shell protects the cavity within, creating the perfect space for crystals to grow undisturbed.

How to tell if a rock might be a geode

So, you're out walking in the countryside or exploring a rocky riverbed – and you've found something. Exciting!

But is it just a plain old rock, or could it be a geode? Here are a few simple clues to help you play geological detective.

1. Shape

Geodes are usually round or oval-shaped. They don't tend to have any sharp edges or flat faces.

Found a roughly spherical rock that looks a bit like a small potato or a lumpy egg? It could be worth a closer look…

2. Weight

Because geodes are hollow, they are often much lighter than they appear.

So, if you pick up a rock that seems surprisingly light for its size, that's a good sign. A solid rock of the same type would feel heavier in your hand.

3. Texture

The outside of a geode tends to be bumpy or rough. Sometimes, they're coated in a thin layer of limestone or clay. It rarely shines or sparkles – the magic is hidden inside.

If the surface looks dull and uneven, it could be a keeper.

4. The sound test

This is where it gets fun.

Give your rock a very gentle tap with another stone or your knuckle. If it makes a slightly hollow sound instead of a solid 'thunk', there might be a cavity inside. Just be extra careful not to damage it.

Where to look

Geodes usually form within sedimentary rocks like limestone and dolomite, or in areas with ancient volcanic activity.

In the UK, they can sometimes be found in parts of Scotland, Wales and the north of England – particularly in old quarry sites and riverbeds. It's unlikely you'll ever find a geode by the roadside, but keep your eyes peeled in rocky and eroded areas.

If you're not keen on digging around in the mud, there's a simpler (and cleaner) way to discover geodes. Visit Geode James's Geode Shack at Stump Cross Caverns, and let the experts do the hard work for you. Easy!

Cracking open a geode the right way

If you're lucky enough to have found what you think might be a geode, you might be tempted to grab a hammer and see what's inside.

But wait! Geodes are fragile, and carelessness can crush the crystals that have been waiting thousands of years to be revealed.

Here's how to open one safely:

Use a geode cracker: this is the tool we use at Stump Cross Caverns. It's a special device that gently tightens around the rock and applies even pressure. Give it a good squeeze and the geode splits neatly in two, revealing a perfect crystal interior.
Try a geode saw: for collectors who want a smooth, polished cut, a rock saw with a diamond blade is ideal.
Always wear safety gear: if you're experimenting at home, wear goggles and gloves to protect from flying shards. Never simply hit a rock with a hammer! It's unpredictable and can be dangerous.

And remember: not every geode is full of sparkling quartz. Some contain more subtle mineral layers or delicate crystal dust. It's all part of the magic of geodes: you never quite know what you'll get until you open it.

Fun geode facts for budding geologists

The word "geode" comes from the Greek geoides , meaning "earth-like".
Geodes can take millions of years to form as minerals slowly deposit inside.
The largest geode in the world, the Pulpi Geode in Spain, is big enough to stand inside. Its crystals reach more than two metres long.
Geodes are often sliced and polished to make stunning jewellery and ornaments.
No two geodes are the same. Each tells a slightly different story about how the Earth formed and changed over time.

Where to experience the magic

DIY geode hunting has a few drawbacks: it's rainy, it's muddy and it comes with the risk of disappointment.

Want to skip all that? Come and discover the real deal at Stump Cross Caverns in the Yorkshire Dales.

At Geode James's Geode Shack , you can choose your own unopened geode, watch it being split open safely and then take home your sparkling discovery. It's a unique experience that brings out everyone's inner explorer, from curious kids to geology-loving grown-ups.

And while you're here, why not make a day of it with us? Enjoy lunch in our dog-friendly cafe , explore the mysterious caverns below or join one of our educational fossil digs to uncover more ancient secrets.

Next time you're in Yorkshire, come and see what's hiding inside the rocks. You might just find that the most ordinary-looking stone holds something extraordinary. We can't wait to show you!

Reserve your own unopened geode today, then visit Stump Cross Caverns and watch it get cracked before your eyes. It's quick and easy to book online .

Caves in myths and legend

Fri, 07 Nov 2025 19:49:49 GMT

Caves figure heavily in myths and legends from across the centuries and across the world. Discover 6 enthralling examples today.

Dip into the myths and legends of any culture and one thing soon becomes clear. No matter where in the world they lived, our ancestors had their imaginations sparked by the natural world again and again.

Sometimes, the natural world features as a backdrop for tales of men, giants, fairies and other creatures. At other times, the natural world seems to play as big a role as any creature – if not more.

Caves, for instance, often crop up in myths and legends as a source of mystery. They might be home to supernatural beings or a portal into another reality.

Visiting a show cave like Stump Cross Caverns, it's not difficult to see why. Caves are many things – but you'd be hard pushed to describe them without reaching for the word "mysterious". Is it any wonder that our ancestors would peer into the prehistoric dark and come up with fantastical stories?

Here, then, are six myths and legends from around the world featuring caves. First up: a gorgeously intricate sea cave off the coast of Scotland.

1. Fingal's Cave, Scotland

Fingal's Cave is a spooky sea cave made out of hexagonal basalt columns. These columns formed millions of years ago when a huge lava flow cooled and solidified.

Located on the uninhabited island of Staffa in Scotland's Inner Hebrides, Fingal's Cave has inspired many poets, painters – and myth-makers.

One persistent myth regards Fionn Mac Cumhail, the much-mentioned giant in Scottish and Irish mythology.

Legend has it that Fionn Mac Cumhail guarded the coastline of County Antrim, Ireland. One day, he received a threat from the Scottish giant Benandonner.

Fionn acted decisively and ruthlessly. He threw huge basalt rocks into the sea and marched across them to settle matters with his Scottish antagonist. Yikes!

2. Dunmore Cave, Ireland

Dunmore Cave is an Irish cousin of Stump Cross Caverns – a limestone show cave located around seven miles from Kilkenny City. Inside, there are around 300 metres of chambers and winding passageways.

Dunmore is famous as the site of a Viking massacre in 928. But it's also the setting of some long-lasting myths and legends .

It's said to have been a place of refuge for Dame Alice Kyteler. Alice was a medieval woman, born around 1260, who was accused of witchcraft and sentenced to death.

Unlike many other women in her predicament, Alice managed to escape. Legend has it that she hid in Dunmore Cave before fleeing to either England or Flanders.

Dunmore Cave is also famous as the location of a dancing floor for fairies known as the Fairy Floor. Another myth sees an Irish warrior named Aithbel kill a feline monster called "the Lord of the Mice".

3. Caves of Kesh, Ireland

The Caves of Kesh go by several names. Sometimes called the "Keash Caves" or the "Caves of Keshcorran", they consist of 16 limestone caves near the village of Keash in County Sligo.

These caves are significant in Irish folklore for several reasons. They're said to be the place where Lughnasadh, the Gaelic harvest festival, was celebrated. They crop up, too, in many folk tales as an entrance to the underworld.

Perhaps most vividly, the caves are said to be the birthplace of Cormac mac Airt, one of the High Kings of Ireland. In a tale echoing the Roman legend of Romulus and Remus, Cormac mac Airt was reputedly raised by wolves.

4. The allegory of the cave, Ancient Greece

What is reality? It's a question posed by the Greek philosopher Plato in his seminal work The Republic . Plato answers this question in the form of an allegory (a story with a hidden meaning).

In the allegory of the cave, humanity is compared to prisoners confined to a cave. All they see are the shadows and sounds cast on the wall by "sign bearers". They think these signs are real – but in fact, reality is going on outside the cave.

A philosopher, Plato says, is like a prisoner who has left the cave and realised that the shadows aren't reality. Most of us, however, are happy to stay in our cave-prison, mistaking signs for reality.

5. The legend of the muki

In the mines of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia is said to live a small, goblin-like creature known as a muki .

Sometimes the muki help miners find the materials they're looking for. Sometimes, they even go so far as to soften the veins in the walls of rock to make the miner's job easier.

But at other times, muki are devious and dangerous. If you hear them whistle, watch out – they may be looking for a child to kidnap.

There are different types of muki . However, most are said to look like small, goblin-like miners with hypnotic eyes and an aggressive attitude.

6. Amanoyasugawara, Japan

Amanoyasugawara is a large cave about 10 minutes from Amanoiwato Shrine in the town of Takachiho, Japan.

The shrine is dedicated to the Shinto sun-goddess Amaterasu. According to a famous myth, the cave is where she hid after a fight with her brother.

This simple action had devastating results. Hidden inside the cave, Amaterasu plunged the world into total darkness.

Disasters befell the world. The gods gathered by the riverbank to try to find a solution to this cosmic conundrum.

After much deliberation, she was finally coaxed out of the cave by Ame-no-Uzume, the goddess of dawn, revelry and the arts.

Amanoyasugawara is a popular destination for pilgrims seeking good fortune. If you visit today, you'll see lots of small piles of stones. These are left by visitors who go on to make a wish.

Stump Cross Caverns is a network of limestone caves in the Yorkshire Dales . Looking for a family day out you won't forget? Take a tour underground and discover the ancient mysteries hidden below. You'll find the best deals when you book your tickets online .

Your guide to Yorkshire Christmas markets in 2025

Mon, 03 Nov 2025 08:32:16 GMT

Discover the best Yorkshire Christmas markets for the 2025 festive season – from cosy village bazaars to urban fetes.

When the first frosts begin nipping on fingertips and the scent of candied nuts drifts through the air, there's no mistaking it: Christmas has arrived in Yorkshire.

Our Christmas markets might be the best way to soak up that festive feeling. They capture everything wonderful about the season: good food, handmade gifts, friendly faces and that nostalgic Christmas aroma of mulled wine, spices and pine.

Whether you're celebrating as a family, on a festive getaway with friends or planning a special day out for two, you'll find a market worth visiting. Let's explore.

York St Nicholas Fair

Where: Parliament Street and St Sampson's Square, York

When: Thursday 13 November to Sunday 21 December 2025

York Christmas Market, also known fondly as the "St Nicholas Fair", is a Christmas postcard brought to life.

For six sparkling weeks, the historic city centre is transformed into a winter wonderland of wooden chalets and fairy lights. The market even hosts a delightful vintage carousel.

There's so much to do. You can wander beneath the shadow of York Minster as carols float through the air. You can browse artisan stalls selling everything from handmade jewellery and candles to delicious local produce like cheese, pies and preserves. And you can keep your hands warm, of course, with a steaming cup of mulled wine.

With more than 80% of its traders coming from Yorkshire, the market is a celebration of local craftsmanship and Christmas tradition rolled into one.

Don't miss: the Shambles Market, which is packed with locally made gifts and goods that make for perfect stocking fillers with a personal touch. It's just a stone's throw away from the main marketplace.

Leeds Christmas Markets

Where: Millennium Square and Victoria Gardens, Leeds city centre

When: Friday 21 November to Sunday 21 December 2025

The much-loved Leeds Christmas Markets are bigger and brighter than ever this year.

Expect a lively blend of traditional German-style stalls, twinkling lights and music echoing around Millennium Square. The air will be filled with the aroma of bratwurst and sweet crêpes, while the Ski Bar serves up beer and glühwein to toast the season.

Families can head to the nearby ice rink for a skate beneath the stars, while shoppers will love exploring the city's arcades, festooned with decorations.

You can't go wrong with Leeds Christmas Markets. They combine a European-style festive buzz with true Yorkshire warmth.

Top tip: if you're driving, use the Woodhouse Lane or Trinity Leeds car parks for the easiest access to the festivities.

Harrogate Christmas Fayre

Where: Cambridge Street & Market Place, Harrogate town centre

When: Friday 5 to Sunday 14 December 2025

Elegant, classy, and full of festive sparkle, Harrogate's Christmas Fayre is one of Yorkshire's most sophisticated celebrations.

This year, you can fill your stocking with 10 days of festive shopping and cheer. More than 50 traders will grace the town centre with artisan crafts, luxury foods and locally made treats.

You'll love wandering the streets as the scent of spiced nuts and fresh waffles drifts through the air. And all the while, the sound of live choirs will bring a touch of magic to the evening. Perfection.

Bonus: why not round off your Harrogate visit with a trip to its beautiful 19th-century Turkish Baths for a spot of luxury relaxation? Failing that, you could always enjoy a festive cocktail in one of the town's elegant bars.

Skipton Christmas Market

Where: Skipton High Street

When: Sunday 7 and Sunday 4 December 2025

Few places capture the spirit of a traditional market town quite like Skipton.

For two consecutive Sundays in December, its high street becomes a festive fairground filled with more than 100 stalls from artisan makers and craftspeople. Expect gifts, decorations and lots of delicious local produce. The air hums with laughter and music, and there's even a chance to meet Father Christmas in his grotto.

Try something different: when you've done your shopping, make it a Christmas to remember with Skipton Boat Trips. Choose from a three-course Christmas dinner cruise or a magical journey with the little ones – with Father Christmas himself as a passenger!

Scarborough Sparkle

Where: Scarborough Open Air Theatre

When: Friday 28 to Sunday 30 November 2025

Why not spend a magical weekend on Scarborough's North Bay as Scarborough Sparkle brings its unique brand of festive cheer to the coast?

With more than 50 stalls offering crafts, gifts, and hot food, this free Christmas event transforms the Open Air Theatre into a winter wonderland. It's the perfect way to get into the holiday spirit.

In the glowing Tipi bar, you can toast marshmallows by a log fire while hugging a glass of mulled wine and enjoying the sounds of seasonal music. Couples, families and groups of friends, meanwhile, will love the traditional Ferris wheel. And there are plenty of other rides and games to keep the kids entertained.

Fancy an exciting coastal Christmas experience? Come along and see the sparkle for yourself.

Grassington Christmas Markets

Where: Grassington, Upper Wharfedale, North Yorkshire

When: Saturday 29 November and Saturday 6 December 2025

The historic Grassington town centre is a wonderful place to be at Christmas.

On market days, along the cobbled paths of its charming village square, you'll find traditional food, handmade gifts and the comforting scent of mulled wine. All the while, the Bradford Brass Band adds to the magic in the air.

Joining the festivities this year is Grassington Town Hall, home to the Christmas Gift & Craft Fayre. It's an experience bursting with heart, history and joy. And best of all, it's just a short, scenic drive from Stump Cross Caverns, making it an ideal double act for a winter's day out.

Perfect for: families, photographers and lovers of all things nostalgic.

A Christmas to remember at the caverns

From the glow of York's historic streets to the laughter echoing through Skipton's market square, Yorkshire's Christmas markets are full of warmth, character and festive cheer.

When you've had your fill of festive retail therapy, make your way to Stump Cross Caverns for something truly different this holiday season. Our Christmas experience takes the spirit of the season underground.

The fun begins with a sing-along with Santa and his elves in our cosy cinema room. This is followed by a self-guided tour through our magically transformed cave chambers.

Prefer to stay above ground? Make a pit stop with us for a hearty homemade meal in the cosy, dog-friendly Time Cafe . With panoramic views and steaming mugs of hot chocolate, it's the ideal place to end your festive scenic road trip.

Want to spend Christmas in an underground cave ? It's fun, educational and 100% unforgettable. Book your Christmas experience online today.

Our Christmas crystal: what is selenite?

Fri, 31 Oct 2025 23:31:42 GMT

This Christmas, Santa will hand out selenite to lucky kids at Stump Cross Caverns. Learn about this moon-like crystal with a fascinating history.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we have many passions. There's caves, of course. But there's also the Stone Age, the cosmos, gemstones – and crystals.

At a time when crystals are often made artificially, it's incredible to think they occur naturally. Somehow, the evaporation of mineral-rich water can lead to a sparkling mini-miracle.

As part of this year's Christmas events at Stump Cross Caverns , kids will get a lovely selenite specimen from Santa himself.

But what is selenite, exactly? It might not be one of the better-known gemstones, but it's a gem of a gem. Let's learn more about it.

What is selenite?

In the world of gemstones, names can tell you a lot.

Selenite is named after Selene, the Greek goddess of the Moon. It's a fitting name. There's something undeniably moon-like about this transparent, colourless crystal with its white streak and pearly lustre.

Unlike the Moon, however, selenite is soft. It's so soft that it measures just two out of 10 on the Mohs Hardness Scale. That means it's soft enough to scratch with a fingernail.

This beautiful crystal has humble origins. It starts life as calcium-rich saltwater in sedimentary areas such as dried-up lakes and clay beds.

When this water evaporates, layers of gypsum are left behind. Gypsum has many applications. But if you leave it for long enough, it can crystallise and turn into selenite.

Not all selenite specimens are transparent. Where there is opacity or colour, however, it's the product of another mineral, not the selenite itself.

Selenite is sometimes mixed up with satin spar. This is another form of gypsum. Though they look similar, the textures are subtly different.

Selenite is mostly found in jewellery and ornaments. But did you know that some of the world's biggest crystals are selenite? In Mexico's Cave of the Crystals, one selenite sample is 11 metres in length and weighs some 55 tonnes. Wow!

What is selenite used for?

Today, selenite is mostly sold as an ornament or as a material for jewellery. Historically, however, it's had different uses.

The Romans, for instance, used it for window panes. These can be seen to this day at the Santa Sabina church in Rome.

The Romans also used it to make specularia (one specularium , two or more specularia ). This was an early form of greenhouse, invented to help the Emperor Tiberius grow cucumbers and other vegetables out of season.

Why selenite at Christmas?

Who doesn't love a good Christmas film? One of our favourites from recent years is 2020's The Christmas Chronicles 2 , starring Kurt Russell and Goldie Hawn.

The film sees Russell, as Santa Claus, use a powerful crystal called "the Star of Bethlehem" to protect his village from an evil elf.

What does the Star of Bethlehem look like? Well, it's milky white and moon-like. Yes – it looks a whole lot like our friend selenite.

That's why Santa has stuffed his sack with selenite this Christmas. It's our way of paying tribute to a fantastic family Christmas film, as well as selenite itself – beautiful and underrated as it is.

This Christmas, Santa's paying a visit to our caves in North Yorkshire . Why not join us as we get into the festive mood? Kids get to meet Santa, make their own reindeer grub and take home a beautiful piece of selenite they can treasure forever. It's easy to book your tickets online .

How to grow geodes in eggshells

Fri, 31 Oct 2025 07:12:41 GMT

Did you know you can grow crystals in an eggshell? Learn how to make your own egg geode in 3 easy steps.

Imagine a rock. Any rock. Not much to look at, is it?

Now imagine cracking it open and finding a treasure trove of crystals.

This isn't a fairy story. It's a real-life rock you can find in nature. And those crystals are old – thousands of years old, in fact.

This type of rock is called a geode – and it's proof that you should never judge a book by its cover. A geode may look as plain as a potato, but it's actually a natural treasure chest!

Geodes are formed when water seeps into rocks and hardens into crystals. But did you know that you can also grow your own geode in an eggshell? Here's how.

1. Gather your materials

First, you'll be working with hot water, which can cause burns, and epsom salt, which can be dangerous if swallowed. Make sure there's an adult around to supervise things before you start.

To grow your own geode, you need four things:

A raw egg
Epsom salt
Water
Glue

If you want your geode to be colourful (the shell, the crystals or both), you could also use some food colouring. You should also put down some newspaper or a plastic sheet to avoid staining the table.

2. Get your eggs ready

First, make a large hole in the eggshell and pour away the yolk and white. Try to keep the shell as intact as possible. You want to be able to pour liquid inside, but still have a nice enclosure for your crystals.

Before you add anything to the shell, you need to wash and dry it.

If you want a colourful geode, you can now dye your shell with food colouring. You could do this to the inside, outside or both.

Once that's done, place your eggshell in an egg carton or bowl. Coat the inside of the shell with glue and sprinkle the glue with Epsom salt.

Now it's time to boil the kettle. Carefully pour the hot water into a heatproof jug and stir in more Epsom salt. Keep adding the salt until it stops dissolving. If you want your crystals to pop with colour, you can add food colouring to the mixture.

This is your geode juice. Let it cool and then pour it into a container with the egg.

3. Watch and wait

It can take up to a few days for your crystals to grow. It takes time for the water to evaporate and the Epsom salt crystals to appear.

Watching and waiting is all part of the fun. What do you notice as the salt turns into crystals before your eyes?

As the crystallisation takes place, keep an eye out for any pockets of water. If you see one, break it with a pin.

And there you have it: your very own geode in an eggshell!

Geode cracking at Stump Cross Caverns

Would you like to see a real-life geode cracked open in front of your eyes? A geode you can take home and keep? Then Geode James's Geode Shack is the place to be.

When we crack your geode, you'll be the first person ever to see the magic inside. Isn't that amazing?

It's easy to book a spot. Head to our online ticket portal and book for geode cracking at Stump Cross Caverns today.

How to draw stalactites and stalagmites

Mon, 27 Oct 2025 08:03:29 GMT

In the mood to get creative? Learn how to draw stalactites and stalagmites with our step-by-step guide.

If you've visited a cave in the UK or elsewhere, chances are you've seen stalactites and stalagmites.

These are the beautiful rock formations that grow down from the cave ceiling and up from the cave floor. They look a bit like icicles. Each one is the result of thousands of years of water dripping through the Earth's surface into the cave below.

Stalactites hang from the ceiling while stalagmites grow upwards from the ground. One way of learning the difference is to remember the "c" for ceiling in stalactite and the "g" for ground in stalagmite.

If you're looking for a creative project, why not try drawing a stalactite or stalagmite? Here's how.

Choose your materials

The first thing to do is choose your materials. You could use coloured pencils, graphite pencils, charcoal, ballpoint pens, felt-tip pens or pastels.

You can draw your stalactites and stalagmites on anything from a normal piece of paper to a specialist sketchbook.

You can, of course, copy your speleothems from another picture. 'Speleothem' is the scientific word for rock formations like stalactites and stalagmites. Good sources include Google Image Search, Pinterest and books on geological formations.

But in case you want the satisfaction of drawing them from scratch, here's a simple step-by-step guide. Happy drawing!

Drawing a stalactite

1. Start with a curved line…

To draw a stalactite, you first need to draw a curved line that shows where the stalactite will hang from the cave ceiling.

2. Draw the pointed shape

Next, add an uneven line to form the pointed, icicle-like shape of the stalactite. You can add curves to build out the shape and add shade to give it a rocky, drippy appearance.

3. Add the details

You may want to vary the thickness of your lines to give the stalactite a natural texture. Stalactites are beautiful, but they're far from perfectly formed.

4. Add shading (optional)

If you're a more advanced drawer, you may want to show light on the surface of the stalactite. To do this, you first need to decide where the unseen light source is. You then need to show the play of light through shading. Don't worry if this seems too hard – it's an optional step.

Drawing a stalagmite

Drawing a stalagmite is very similar to drawing a stalactite. The main difference is that you start from the ground rather than the ceiling and work up rather than down.

The other difference is that stalactites are usually pointed, while stalagmites tend to be rounder and flatter at the top.

What is the difference between a stalactite and a stalagmite?

The big difference is simple: stalactites hang down from the cave ceiling, while stalagmites grow up from the cave floor. Also, stalagmites usually have a flat top while stalactites are pointy.

How do stalactites and stalagmites form?

Stalactites and stalagmites form when rainwater seeps through cracks in the Earth's surface. Over time, the water releases carbon dioxide and deposits calcite on the cave walls, floor and ceiling. These deposits eventually turn into the kinds of rock formations you can see at Stump Cross Caverns.

Had fun drawing stalactites and stalagmites? You'll find loads more fun and educational activities here on our website. Or why not book tickets for Stump Cross Caverns and see some beautiful stalactites and stalagmites in real life?

How did Stone Age people hunt?

Fri, 24 Oct 2025 19:46:15 GMT

We all know the image of the Stone Age hunter. But how did they hunt – and what tools did they use? Let's find out.

It's an image we're all familiar with: the caveman, club in hand, off to hunt for his dinner.

And unlike some misconceptions about the Stone Age, this one's pretty much on the money. Stone Age people did hunt for food and used animal skins for clothing and shelter.

You might not know, however, that women were just as likely to go hunting as men. At a time when survival was a priority, this isn't surprising. It isn't, however, what we've been taught by cartoons or even history lessons.

The Stone Age lasted a long time – over two million years, in fact. Lots can change over two million years. But while the lifestyle of early mankind developed in many ways, hunting was a constant.

Back then, if you didn't get your own dinner, no one was going to get it for you. There were no supermarkets or takeaways – just you, your hunting tools and your wits about you.

So, Stone Age men and women hunted with spears, axes, and bows and arrows made from stone, wood, bones and antlers. Later, they made their spears more lethal with tiny barbs called "microliths". They also began to fish with nets. Throughout the Stone Age, they would gather edible plants, roots and nuts.

Stone Age people were far from the lunkheads they're sometimes presented as. They were resourceful and tenacious, surviving in a hostile environment. Hunting played a huge and critical role in this drive for survival.

What tools did Stone Age people use to hunt?

Stone Age people didn't have the materials they needed to craft intricate metal tools. Their weapons were strictly analogue: spears, bows and arrows, axes, hammers and harpoons.

Their spears were sharpened sticks with a flint blade attached. Some had rows of teeth-like barbs for a deadlier blow.

Bows and arrows allowed them to hunt from a distance. This made it possible for them to hunt larger animals like deer and woolly mammoths. It also helped them get their hands on birds and smaller mammals.

Stone Age bows and arrows are a great example of early mankind's ingenuity. In the National Museum of Denmark, for instance, there are arrows with club-shaped heads. This design meant they could kill a bird without damaging its valuable skin.

Once the animals had been hunted, Stone Age people cut them up with flint blades. They would use the meat for food and the hides for clothes and shelter. At that time, a knife and fork would probably have been a couple of sharpened stones.

Stone Age people also used harpoons with barbed stone points to catch fish. They would use nets, too, made from plant fibres or tree bark.

We know from cave paintings that Stone Age people were creative, artistic souls. This can also be seen in examples of decorative hunting weapons, such as the bone and antler specimens found in North Yorkshire .

What animals did Stone Age people hunt?

Stone Age people hunted many different animals, including rabbits, birds and deer. They even managed to bring down woolly mammoths. These now-extinct beasts were the size of a modern-day African elephant.

They would use spears or bows and arrows to kill their prey and then butcher them with stone tools. Nothing went to waste. Meat, skin, teeth, bones and antlers were all used to survive, whether as food, clothing or shelter.

They also fished with nets and harpoons and gathered nuts, fruits and roots. Their diet was different from ours, but it seems they also wanted some veg with their meat.

What were microliths?

In the middle years of the Stone Age (9200 to 4000 BC), Stone Age hunters started making microliths. These were smooth, tooth-like barbs attached in rows to a spear's shaft.

The purpose of microliths was to inflict a deeper and deadlier wound. They were used for hunting smaller game once the Ice Age was over and large animals like the woolly mammoth had died out.

It shows how early men and women were always developing new tools to improve their hunting game. You can see some examples in Amgueddfa Cymru (National Museum Wales).

Did Stone Age women hunt?

Ask the person on the street to draw a Stone Age hunter and they'll probably draw a man. Recent evidence shows, however, that women were crucial to hunting at this time in history.

A 2020 study , for instance, revealed that the bones of prehistoric women were found next to weapons.

On its own, this doesn't prove that women hunted. But further research has shown that women hunted as often as men. They even hunted when pregnant, breastfeeding or carrying children.

In the words of Sarah Lacy from the University of Delaware, "From what evidence we do have, there appears to be almost no sex differences in roles."

It stands to reason. Life was harsh, and families and communities needed meat and animal skin to survive. This meant every able-bodied member of the group had to get involved with the hunting.

So, next time you picture a Stone Age hunter, just think – it could have been a Fred or a Wilma!

More FAQs about the Stone Age

Did you know that Stump Cross has its own resident Cavewoman ? You can meet her and all her Stone Age helpers right here in the Yorkshire Dales. There's loads of family fun to enjoy – you can dig for fossils , try panning for gems or take a tour of our ancient underground caves . Whatever the weather, it's always an adventure!

How is a sea cave formed?

Mon, 20 Oct 2025 23:21:49 GMT

Ready to learn all about the wonderful world of sea caves? We're here to be your marine guides…

Geology (the science of the Earth) has its superstars. Icebergs and mountains, coral reefs and canyons – all could take home the award for gob-smacking beauty.

But how about sea caves? These geological features are less well known. In our opinion, however, they're no less beautiful and no less fascinating in their origins.

From the basalt columns of Fingal's Cave in Scotland to the luminous waters of Blue Grotto in Capri, the world's sea caves have the power to enchant – and to educate.

They come in all shapes and sizes. Some are just small openings in coastal rock. Others are long, interconnected networks of chambers and passageways – the marine equivalent of subterranean caves like the ones here at Stump Cross Caverns.

Despite the huge variety in size and shape, all sea caves are tallest and widest at the entrance. And all are formed in roughly the same way.

How do sea caves form?

Sea caves are sometimes known as "littoral caves". The word "littoral" refers to land lying near the shore. Sea caves are the product of the constant lapping, crashing and breaking of the waves.

Over time, waves cause erosion. Sea caves are just one kind of littoral feature created in this way. Others include sea arches, stacks and stumps.

The waves wear away at weaknesses in the rock. These could be cracks, faults, fractures or areas where the rock is on the softer side. At the same time, the wave hurls sand and pebbles at the fracture. These abrade (scrape or wear away) the rock.

All of this is leading in one direction: the weakness turns into an opening and the opening gets larger over time. Eventually, you're left with a sea cave.

Marine life can contribute to the erosional process, too. Sea urchins, for instance, drill into rock with their teeth. Over time – and we mean a really long time – this can weaken coastal bedrock and contribute to the creation of sea caves.

What are relict caves?

A relic or relict is something left behind from a past time, and a relict cave is a sea cave that's now above sea level.

Some of the biggest relict caves in the world are on the coast of Norway. Originally found on the shore, they've slowly been lifted more than 100 feet above sea level. The largest of these is 340 metres long and took over a million years to form.

Relict caves are an amazing reminder of how much Earth has changed – and will continue to change as sea levels rise.

What marine life lives in sea caves?

Like underground caves, sea caves can provide an important habitat to all sorts of creatures.

Sea lions and birds use sea caves to hide from predators. Crabs, lobsters, mussels and eels find shelter in the gloom while birds build nests.

Invertebrates like sponges, barnacles and sea anemones thrive in these environments. Sea caves are also home to marine flora, with types of algae growing near some cave mouths.

How have humans used sea caves?

Over the years, evidence of human activity has been found in some sea caves. This ranges from kayaks and rafts to drawings and carvings in the rock.

Like underground caves, sea caves have provided temporary shelter and hiding places for humans. They've also provided spots where smugglers could stash their stolen goods. What's more, there's historical evidence that some were used for ceremonies and sea burials.

Today, some of the biggest and most impressive sea caves in the world are open to tourists. These include Benagil Cave in Portugal, the Blue Grotto in Italy, Fingal's Cave in Scotland and Matainaka Cave in New Zealand. Some tourist sea caves provide spots for snorkelling and kayaking.

Scientists also visit sea caves as they seek to learn more about their formations and ecosystems.

What types of stone are sea caves made from?

Many of the world's sea caves are made from limestone, sandstone, basalt and granite. All these can withstand the erosion of the waves long enough to form caves.

What is the largest sea cave in the world?

It's easy to work out which mountain is highest. But the largest sea cave? It seems to depend on who you ask.

Contenders include Riko Riko cave in New Zealand and an unnamed sea cave in the Faroe Islands .

Guinness World Records, however, gives the gong to the Sea Lion Caves on the Pacific coast of Oregon, USA. These may not be a household name – but they're a real wonder of the world.

The Sea Lion Caves are a connected system of sea caves, including a 400-metre-long wave-cut passage and a chamber that's 95 metres long, 50 metres wide and 15 metres high.

The cavern walls are a technicolour treat thanks to the green, pink, purple and red stains left by minerals, lichens and algae.

The caves are also a must-visit for birdwatchers. The avian life in Sea Lion Caves includes guillemots, cormorants, gulls, puffins and even the occasional hawk.

To top it all off, there's an observation deck where visitors can watch whales at play.

How are land caves formed?

No sea cave would exist without seawater. Similarly, no land cave would exist without acidic rainwater.

Rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide from the air. This creates a weak acidic water that seeps into the ground and begins to wear away at weak points in the limestone. As with sea caves, the formation of land caves is a long, slow process. Stump Cross Caverns, for instance, took over half a million years to form .

Other types of caves include lava caves and glacier caves – but we'll save those for another occasion…

Want to try your hand at caving in North Yorkshire ? Stump Cross Caverns is a magnificent underground world filled with ancient rock formations and twisting passageways. It's a real adventure – but safe and fun for all the family. Ready to go underground? You'll find the best deals at our online ticket portal .

Haunted caves in Yorkshire? On the trail of the Stump Cross ghosts

Fri, 17 Oct 2025 07:08:08 GMT

Spooky season is here – but how about ghosts in Stump Cross Caverns? Explore some local legends with us today.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're custodians of the caves all year round. And as the seasons go by, we notice a paradox at play.

On the one hand, the caves never change. From January to December, they're filled with the same gorgeous rock formations – and the caves are at the same stable temperature, too.

On the other hand, there's an intangible atmosphere in the caves that seems to reflect the changing of the seasons above ground.

In summer, the caves are a pleasing place to cool off. At Christmas, the stalactites and stalagmites look like naturally occurring festive decorations. And at Halloween, there's the faintest shiver in the air – at least for those who believe in the supernatural.

Of course, if we believed the caves were bursting with ghouls, we wouldn't let visitors in – at least not without some thorough ghost-busting first.

But we'd be lying if we didn't tell you that several tales of the supernatural cling to Stump Cross Caverns and other parts of the Yorkshire Dales.

So, what are we waiting for? Let's take a Halloween trip to the caves – if you dare…

The ghost of Christopher Long

Christopher Francis Drake Long (1902-1924) is a crucial figure in the history of Stump Cross Caverns.

As part of the Troglodytes – now the Cambridge University Caving Club – he took part in a 168-hour-long dig that uncovered several speleothem-filled caves.

More mysteriously, Long claimed to have discovered a deep underground lake at Stump Cross Caverns. Long wanted money – and he used the lake's location as a bargaining tool with the then-owner. When the owner refused to play ball, Long blocked the entrance.

People have been looking for Long's lost lake ever since. In 1959, a team of four made an especially spooky attempt.

The story is told in The Daily Herald (26 October 1959). Elizabeth Ashman, John Ross, Mavis Davidson and Roger D'Albertanson went down to Clay Level on a mission. Their plan: to hold a seance and ask Christopher Long's ghost for the location of the lake.

They created a kind of Ouija board from a map of the caves and a penny. They all put a finger on the penny and attempted to summon the ghost.

Sadly, the newspaper reports, they failed. But the thought of the four of them huddled in the caves with a Ouija board can still send a shiver down the spine.

Other people claim to have seen Christopher Long's ghost – but not Geoff Workman, another Stump Cross legend who broke the world record for time spent underground in 1963. He says he "never saw nor heard anything of him" in his 105 days in the caves .

The ghost of lead miners

The area surrounding Stump Cross Caverns used to be lead-mining country, and the history of the caves is inseparable from the history of this industry. After all, it was two lead miners who stumbled on the caves in 1860.

Even today, the lead-mining past lingers in pieces of rusting machinery dotted around the Dales.

Over the years, there have been a number of ghostly sightings in the old lead-mining country. They all share one spooky local detail: the clatter of clogs.

Back then, miners in the North of England often wore wooden-soled clogs. These would protect their feet against sharp stones and other debris.

So, it makes sense that the ghost of a lead miner would be recognised by its wooden shoes clattering on the roads near Stump Cross and the village of Greenhow.

One story describes a member of the Cave Survey Group camping near Stump Cross Caverns – on a moonlit night, naturally. Around midnight, he heard a pair of clogs passing him along the road and walking to the village of Greenhow.

George Gill, the former owner of Stump Cross Caverns, also had a tale or two to tell.

One night, for instance, he was at home on Duck Street in Greenhow when he heard those phantom clogs:

"They sounded on the gravel of the road, then on the cobblestones by its side, and finally on the gritstone slab at the door. There was no one to be seen, either by himself or his wife."

Then there's the spooky story told by Fred Walker, a man descended from the lead miners of Greenhow.

One night, he heard the sound of clogs in the village. They were walking on a patch of grass that had once been the site of a bloody fight between a lead miner and a caravan dweller known as "Gipsy Jack".

They were fighting over a horse deal so fiercely that the nearby inn was spattered with blood. Could it have been Joss's feet that Fred heard many years later?

Other ghostly tales from the Yorkshire Dales

It's not just the area around Stump Cross Caverns that's home to apparitions. The Yorkshire Dales, in general, are a hotbed of Halloween stories.

We looked at some of the most chilling in our blog post, " Spooky stories from the Yorkshire Dales ". These include Tom Taylor the Highwayman and a recurring ghostly light at Coverdale.

But perhaps the tale closest to our hearts is the Barguest of Troller's Gill . This is a monstrous black dog said to live in the gorge of Troller's Gill – a beast that may have inspired Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to write The Hound of the Baskervilles.

Today, Troller's Gill is a peaceful place to visit. But in a certain light, there's still something a little otherworldly about it.

Interested in paying it a visit? Then why not take this five-mile circular walk from Stump Cross Caverns to Troller's Gill ? We wish you a peaceful ramble free from black dogs, trolls or other Yorkshire ghouls…

Want more creepy fun? This October half term, we're holding a Halloween spooktacular here at Stump Cross Caverns. There'll be riddles to solve and secrets to discover underground – plus a host of family activities and a fun Halloween costume competition. Learn more and book your tickets today.

Did this Yorkshire tradition invent Halloween trick-or-treating?

Thu, 16 Oct 2025 08:15:14 GMT

Every Halloween, the streets of Yorkshire are filled with trick-or-treaters. But can this activity be traced back to the local tradition of Miggy Night?

Trick-or-treating is an integral part of Halloween celebrations across the world – as integral to Halloween as roast turkey is to Christmas or bunny rabbits to Easter. But where, you might wonder, does it come from?

Halloween itself is at least as old as the pagans. But today's celebrations largely derive from 19th- and 20th-century North America. These, in turn, came from the customs taken to the States by Scottish and Irish immigrants.

But could trick-or-treating also derive from the ancient British tradition of Mischief Night, known in the north of England as "Miggy Night"? There are definite similarities. However, as is so often the case with holidays and customs, there's no straight line to be drawn from A to B.

In this post, we dive into the similarities and connections between Miggy Night and Halloween. But first, what is Miggy Night, exactly?

What is Miggy Night?

Miggy Night is celebrated across the north of England on 4 November – the night before Bonfire Night.

It goes by many names. These include Chievous Night, Tick-Tack Night, Corn Night, Trick Night and Micky Night. It's a night of the year when kids become rascals, indulging in all sorts of pranks and put-ons.

"On this evening beware," one BBC article puts it, "because kids across the county will run riot, dustbins will be tipped over, pets might be at risk and gates will be removed."

If this all sounds like antisocial behaviour, well, it can be. But the revels of Miggy Night range from these disruptive activities to "the relatively harmless knocking on doors and then running away".

In Yorkshire, house gates are removed. In Lancashire, houses and cars are egged, plants are pulled up and garden gnomes are kidnapped.

You'll probably have noticed that Miggy Night is more trick than treat. And while it shares some features with trick-or-treating, it has more in common with similar traditions from across the world.

Similar traditions

Miggy Night has a distinctly northern flavour. But similar events take place in the UK, Canada and the USA – and have been going on for centuries.

One article puts it like this: " Carnival days of tomfoolery, humour and chaos have long traditions across Europe from the medieval period onwards. However, many suggest that this unique and long-standing evening of rule-breaking first became popular in the 18th century, when schoolchildren were allowed to run amok the evening after May Day celebrations."

The first mentions of Mischief Night happening on 4 November come from the early Victorian era. However, Mischief Night in all but name had been taking place at least since the 16th century – only on May Day Eve, rather than the night before Bonfire Night.

Miggy Night, then, is a member of a huge family of celebrations that encourage mischief, misrule and mayhem. But can it be said to have invented trick-or-treating?

Did Miggy Night invent trick-or-treating?

Trick-or-treating is now a widespread Halloween custom practised in the UK, Ireland, the USA, Canada and Mexico.

Sometimes, kids are just in it for a treat. At other times, there's a forfeit if grown-ups don't stump up a bag of sweets.

The tradition itself, however, dates back to 16th-century Scotland and Ireland. Back then, it was called "guising". People would go from door to door in a "guise" (costume), putting on performances in exchange for food and treats.

Guising spread to the USA by the end of the 19th century when Scottish and Irish immigrants headed there in search of a better life.

We don't know exactly when it turned into trick-or-treating. But the earliest recorded usage was in Ontario, Canada, in 1917.

In the UK and Ireland, trick-or-treating took place alongside Miggy Night, "souling" and guising for centuries. The phrase "trick-or-treat", however, didn't become prevalent until the 1980s.

This was largely thanks to the popularity in the UK of Stephen Spielberg's film E.T. . In Ireland, however, kids would continue to say "help the Halloween party" rather than "trick-or-treat" until the 2000s.

It would be inaccurate, then, to say that Miggy Night invented Halloween trick-or-treating. However, the two traditions are closely related. Miggy Night and trick-or-treating are part of the same family of end-of-year traditions and customs.

Halloween at Stump Cross

This Halloween, things are getting spooky at Stump Cross Caverns .

Of course, there's always a faint hint of the supernatural in our limestone caves and passageways. Perhaps it's the ghostly glimmer of the stalactites and stalagmites or the chill in the underground air.

But this year, we're giving the ghosts and ghoulies free rein. We're running a range of family Halloween activities between Friday 24 October and Sunday 2 November.

First, there's the Halloween Trail. Kids get to explore the chambers and passages of our subterranean labyrinth – finding clues and solving riddles to break the witches' curse. If they complete the trail and lift the curse, they get a prize to take home and keep.

On top of this, visitors can explore the caves in a new light – literally. Our UV tours involve exploring the caverns with an ultraviolet torch. Under these lights, the craggy walls of the caves start to glimmer and shimmer in the dark. Spooky or what?

We'll also be running workshops in our cosy cinema space daily between 12 PM and 1 PM, and then again between 2 PM and 3 PM. These include interactive fossil digs , plus fun, educational workshops about crystals and the cosmos.

Finally, we'll be holding a Halloween costume competition. Simply tag us on Instagram, Facebook or TikTok to enter and be in with a chance of winning a suitably spooky prize.

So if you're looking for some Halloween fun in the Yorkshire Dales, Stump Cross Caverns is the place to be. We look forward to giving you a fright…

Want to explore a spooky cave this October? Book for Halloween at Stump Cross Caverns today.

Rocks from space: the amazing world of meteorites

Mon, 13 Oct 2025 08:20:17 GMT

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we love learning about the cosmos. So, put your space suit on. It's time to discover the amazing world of meteorites.

In February 2021, the Wilcock family heard an unexplained thud outside their home in Winchcombe, Gloucestershire.

The cause of the sound turned out to be a meteorite. Once part of a larger asteroid , the Winchcombe meteorite spent 300,000 years travelling through space before crash-landing on Earth.

Most of the time, space can seem vast and far away. But a meteorite is a piece of space you can, in theory, reach out and touch.

A meteorite is a true survivor. It technically only becomes a meteorite when it enters the Earth's atmosphere. Before that, it's a meteor, also known as a "shooting star". And before that, it's part of an asteroid.

The journey from asteroid to meteorite can take millions or even billions of years. And while most plop harmlessly into the sea, some have left craters in the Earth's surface.

Take the Vredefort Dome in South Africa. This UNESCO World Heritage Site in South Africa is the site of the biggest impact crater on Earth. It's two billion years old, and the meteorite that caused it is believed to have been over 13 miles wide. That's the length of a half-marathon. Crikey!

Even smaller meteorites are heavy for their size. They're irregular in shape, pitted and cratered and coated with a thin, dark crust. Many are magnetic, thanks to their iron-nickel alloys. Others are made of silicate materials, and others still from a combination of stone and iron.

But how do these relics from outer space differ from asteroids and comets? Aren't they all just extraterrestrial rocks?

What are the differences between meteorites, asteroids and comets?

An asteroid is an irregularly shaped object orbiting the Sun that's made from rock and metals. A meteorite is a rock that's broken away from an asteroid, passed through the Earth's atmosphere and landed on Earth.

A comet, meanwhile, is a huge, icy body comprised of dust, rock and frozen gases. Like asteroids, they orbit the Sun. When close enough to the Sun, they develop long, streaming tails.

Meteorites mostly come from the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Some come from comets and, more rarely, from the Moon and Mars.

The magic of meteor showers

Meteor showers are one of the wonders of the natural world. For millennia, humans have gazed agog as shooting stars streaked across the night sky.

They occur when Earth passes through a dust trail left by a comet or asteroid. This encounter causes meteors to burn up and appear as shooting stars. At their best, they're a cosmic firework display – no entrance fee required.

Several meteor showers can be seen in the UK:

The Quadrantids in early January
The Lyrids in late April
The Perseids in mid-August
The Geminids in mid-December

For a full calendar of meteor showers, check out the Royal Museums Greenwich website .

To get the most out of a meteor shower, you'll need a dark location, a lot of patience and some warm clothes!

Here in the Yorkshire Dales, the skies are astonishingly dark – so dark, in fact, they're classed as an International Dark Sky Reserve. This makes them a great spot for looking at the stars and meteor showers.

What can we learn from meteorites?

Meteorites are undeniably cool. But they also help scientists learn more about the history of the solar system. That's because they contain materials that helped form planets billions of years ago. Each one is like a time capsule fallen from the sky.

As NASA tells us, "By studying meteorites, we can learn more about our solar system's history. This includes learning the age and composition of different planetary building blocks, the temperatures achieved at the surfaces and interiors of asteroids, and the degree to which materials were shocked by impacts in the past."

Not bad for a falling chunk of rock!

Your questions about meteorites answered

Ready for a cosmic adventure?

Here at Stump Cross Caverns in the Yorkshire Dales, we're passionate about outer space. This passion is reflected in our Dark Skies stargazing events and our family-friendly Cosmic Adventures workshops .

This October and November, join us for a cosmic adventure as we share facts about the universe and make planets and constellations. At £5.50 a person, it's a great day out for all the family – especially when combined with a trip to the caves!

It's quick and easy to book your tickets online . But hurry – it's already proving popular and spaces are limited. (Space, on the other hand… Well, that's a topic for another blog post.)

Do bears live in caves?

Fri, 10 Oct 2025 14:28:48 GMT

The image of a bear in a cave is a popular one. But is it true to life? Join us on a bear hunt as we find out.

Ask a cartoonist to draw a bear in its home and they're likely to come up with the image of a bear snuggled up in a cave. But how true to life is it?

It's certainly true that some bears use caves as dens for hibernation. But this is just one item on a list of locations that includes bear-made dug-outs and naturally occurring holes in the roots of trees.

In other words, a bear may live in a cave, but there's no such thing as a cave bear – at least, not any more.

There used to be a species of bear that mostly lived in caves. These finally became extinct some 27,000 years ago.

Why do bears use caves?

In winter, bears shelter from the weather and hibernate. Their metabolism and heart rate slow down so they can conserve energy at a time when food is scarce.

They need an environment with a consistent temperature. Dryness is important, and bears are known to up sticks if their den gets soggy. Sometimes their den is big enough to hold one bear, and sometimes up to an entire family.

In Alaska, one expert reports , "You can run into a bear den just about anywhere." That includes in caves.

Bears may use caves as dens, but they don't live there permanently. For a long time, however, Earth was home to cave bears.

What are cave bears?

Cave bears are an extinct species of bear that spent most of their lives in caves. They lived from around 5.3 million to 27,000 years ago.

In Europe, the remains of more than 100,000 cave bears have been found. Their resting places include England, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, Russia and Spain.

Scientists believe cave bears weren't so different from the brown bears of today. The main differences were their size – up to a tonne in the case of the cave bear – and the cave bear's higher, steeper forehead.

Why did cave bears go extinct?

We don't know for sure why cave bears went extinct. Some point to evidence that they were hunted by Stone Age people. Others counter that hunting wasn't widespread enough to make them extinct.

The most plausible explanation is that cave bears died while hibernating through harsh glacial winters. Scientists also point to changes in the skull of one cave bear species.

Whatever its cause, the extinction of cave bears was a long-drawn-out process that ended somewhere between 28,000 and 27,000 years ago.

What animals live in caves?

The short answer is: a lot of different animals! These include fish, birds and insects. Want to explore the topic further? Check out our blog post: Weird and Wonderful Cave-Dwelling Creatures .

Don't worry – you won't find any bears in our Yorkshire caves . You will, however, find ancient underground caverns and a whole host of family activities. Ready for an amazing day out? It's easy to book tickets for Stump Cross Caverns online .

Blast off to fun with space education adventures in Yorkshire

Mon, 06 Oct 2025 07:42:59 GMT

Looking for a fun and educational day out for the family? Learn all about the Cosmic Adventures workshops here at Stump Cross Caverns.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're not content to rest on our limestone laurels – as beautiful and beloved as our caves are.

As well as welcoming visitors to the caves, we host a wide range of events and workshops. And this October and November, we're bringing back our Cosmic Adventures workshops.

These fun and informative sessions are all about the mysteries of the universe. They reflect our passion for learning through play.

Led by our educators, these sessions are perfect for kids and families alike. Here's what you can expect.

What can I expect at the Cosmic Adventures workshops?

Our Cosmic Adventures workshops are all about space. Participants learn how to identify the major constellations along with fascinating facts about the universe.

They then get to try their hand at some fun, hands-on activities, creating model planets and constellations to take home and keep.

The workshops are designed to keep kids entertained and informed. But they're fun for all the family, too. We guarantee an absorbing, fun and mind-expanding time.

Or why not try a spot of stargazing?

In November, we're running two of our beloved Dark Skies sessions . Led by a guest astronomer, these sessions see you gaze through telescopes at the famously clear Yorkshire night skies.

Whether you're new to stargazing or an old hand, they're a great way to pass a winter evening. Just make sure you wrap up warm!

The sessions take place on the evenings of Friday 7 November and Friday 21 November.

Each session also includes a glow-in-the-dark tour of the caves under UV light. Learn more about our UV cave tour .

Bring the cosmos to your classroom

In October and November, we're holding Cosmic Adventures sessions right here at Stump Cross. But we also take our workshops on the road and can visit your school .

Choose from Cosmic Adventures, Stone Age Workshops and Fossil Digs. These are built for Key Stage 2 and put the focus on learning through play.

Interested? Get in touch with us today with your workshop preference and preferred dates. A member of our team will get back to you as soon as possible.

Your questions answered

Ready to explore the wonders of space? Book for Cosmic Adventures at Stump Cross Caverns today.

Yorkshire Christmas events 2025: 10 fun-packed festive occasions

Fri, 03 Oct 2025 06:58:19 GMT

Wondering how to spend Yuletide in Yorkshire? We've got you covered. Explore 8 festive options today.

With Christmas fast approaching, you may be looking for events and occasions to fill the festive calendar. Here in Yorkshire, you're spoilt for choice.

Grottos! Illuminations! Immersive theatre! Craft fairs! And that's just the tip of the turkey. There's something for everyone, whether you're entertaining the kids, spending quality time with a partner or having some much-needed you-time.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we love to welcome guests at Christmas. There's something festive about our caves, even in the heights of summer. And at Christmas, the limestone caverns feel like a network of magical grottoes.

So, all aboard the Polar Express! Let's see what God's own country has to offer this Christmas season.

1. Christmas at Stump Cross Caverns

Stump Cross Caverns is a show cave on the road between Pateley Bridge and Grassington. Since 1860, visitors have marvelled at our stalagmites, stalactites and other rock formations.

It's a beloved destination for everyone from cave scientists to cavers, from curious adults to captivated kids.

That's why we do so much throughout the year to engage families – and especially the little ones. Christmas is no exception. That's when we hold our annual interactive Christmas experience .

Kids get to meet Santa and his elf. This is a Santa's grotto with a difference, as the kids make reindeer food to take home with them.

After sharing their wishes with Santa and whipping up a ready meal for Rudolph, the whole family can explore the caves in a self-guided tour. You'll be amazed at the weird and wonderful shapes the rocks have grown into over thousands of years.

Then there's the same package but with a classic Christmas film thrown in . This takes place in our private cinema – a cosy hideaway from the wintry Dales scenery.

The event runs on weekends from Saturday 29 November until Sunday 21 December, then every day from Monday 22 November until Christmas Eve.

Looking for a Christmas adventure you won't forget in a hurry? Book for Christmas at Stump Cross Caverns today.

2. Late-night festive opening at Haworth Parsonage

Haworth is a village in West Yorkshire with a legendary literary connection. It's home to Haworth Parsonage, the building where the Brontë sisters grew up. It was here that the future authors of Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey spent their childhood.

Today, the parsonage is a Brontë museum – and this December, for one night only, it's having a late-night festive opening .

Visitors can explore the parsonage by candlelight and even do some last-minute shopping in the gift shop. General admission applies, but Haworth locals get in free of charge.

As well as this night in the museum, Haworth is hosting a rich spread of Christmas events this year. There'll be illuminations, carols, a torchlight procession and more.

3. Yorkshire's Winter Wonderland, York

Is there anything more nostalgic than a Christmas trip to the ice rink? Yorkshire's Winter Wonderland gives you this classic experience with an ice rink described as "fabulously festive and magical" by The Sunday Times.

Running from Friday 14 November to Sunday 4 January, the ice rink comprises 975 square metres of ice with a 30-foot-high Christmas tree slap bang in the middle.

Once you've had your fill of skating, you can explore the rides at the funfair or enjoy some refreshments at the alpine-themed Chalet cafe.

4. Christmas Craft Fair at York Racecourse

Yes, Christmas is about family. But let's face it: it's also about shopping.

The Christmas Craft Fair, held each year at York Racecourse, is a huge event boasting more than 250 stands.

Expect artisanal gifts, local food, fashion, homeware and Christmas decorations. If you've got Christmas shopping to do, this is one of the best places to do it.

5. Christmas at Stockeld Park

Stockeld Park is a Grade I-listed, 2,000-acre country house and estate.

Its ancient woodland, toadstool seats and yew-tree maze are well worth a visit, whatever the time of year. But this Christmas, they'll be lit up by a spectacular light show.

As if that wasn't enough, visitors can also take a turn on the ice rink or boo and hiss at the pantomime.

These Christmas events run from Saturday 22 November until Christmas Eve.

6. RHS Glow 2025 at RHS Harlow Carr

Not far from Harrogate, RHS Harlow Carr is a beautiful public garden with over 60 acres of wildflowers and trees.

This Christmas, Harlow Carr will be transformed by an illuminated light trail. Everything from the trees to Thaliana Bridge and Queen Mother's Lake will be bathed in majestic yet mysterious colours. On top of that, there'll be festive food for sale to warm you up. Yum!

7. A Christmas Carol at Keighley and Worth Valley Railway

Christmas has inspired some incredible stories. Perhaps one of the most memorable is Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol .

This Victorian favourite tells the tale of a greedy moneylender who learns the true meaning of Christmas after a night of ghostly visitations.

This year, Keighley and Worth Valley Railway are putting on a production of A Christmas Carol with a difference. Starting from Haworth railway station, this is an interactive and immersive theatrical experience built around period steam trains.

Want to see what it's all about? Check out the trailer from 2024:

8. Kelham Island Museum Victorian Christmas Market, Sheffield

Kelham Island is Sheffield's cool quarter – and on the weekend of 6 and 7 December, it's home to 80 market stalls and a host of fairground rides. Plus, there'll be brass bands, hog roasts and plenty more.

It's all the fun of the fair in classic Victorian style. What's not to like?

Don't forget that Christmas is coming to Stump Cross Caverns from Saturday 29 November to Christmas Eve. It's a Yuletide extravaganza and exciting cave adventure in one. Fancy some festive fun? It's easy to book your tickets online .

The best science activities for preschoolers

Fri, 26 Sep 2025 13:27:11 GMT

Join us as we explore 7 fantastic science activities for preschoolers that are fun, hands-on and informative.

Ask any science teacher or scientist: it's never too early to start learning about science.

The curriculum proper begins when kids start school. But before then, there are ample opportunities to learn about chemical reactions, the natural world and the science behind colour and sound.

Here at Stump Cross, we love to educate. It's why we've put free educational materials online and why we bring science and history workshops to schools across Yorkshire.

It's also why we've put together this run-down of seven fantastic science activities that preschoolers will love – and adults might too! We hope it helps you instil a love of science in your little ones.

1. Magic milk

Not every adult can explain the concept of surface tension. But chances are they've seen it happen – and some of them will have first seen it in the classic "magic milk" experiment.

Like all the best science activities for preschoolers, it puts the senses first. This is a colour explosion no preschooler can resist.

To run the experiment, you first need to add a thin layer of milk to a plate (or a wide, shallow dish). You then add drops of food colouring – the more colours, the better.

The drops can go anywhere. If a child is especially curious, you could invite them to explore the differences between drops on different parts of the plate.

Once you've added colourful drops to the milk, you squirt some washing-up liquid in the middle (just a drop will do).

The ensuing reaction is a technicolour treat. The colours in the milk immediately rush to the edges of the plate. There, they swirl continuously.

2. Baking soda volcano

This is a classic science experiment that lets kids create an erupting volcano. It can be a great way to make them aware of how chemicals react and introduce activities like cutting and measuring.

To create a baking soda volcano, you first need a volcano. There are various ways to do this. We especially like the method on the Natural History Museum website .

Once you've built your volcano, you fill it with a mixture of vinegar, food colouring and washing-up liquid. Kids love to see their homemade volcano erupt with fizzy coloured lava. Whoosh!

3. Sink or float

Why do some objects sink and others float? It's all because of water density – a concept you can introduce to preschoolers through the "sink or float" experiment.

This simple activity involves filling a container (such as a washing-up bowl) with water. You then collect various items from the house and outside. These could include leaves, twigs, pebbles, pieces of fruit, spoons, coins, foil, sponges and even small toys.

Kids predict whether each object will sink or float before finding out for themselves. Exciting!

4. Nature walks

Science is all around us. Taking kids for a nature walk can be a great way to open their eyes and minds to the sights, sounds and smells of our world.

You could organise a simple scavenger hunt. You can ask kids to draw natural phenomena. Or you could have a less structured walk in nature, drawing attention to things like leaves, water and animals.

Like all good preschool activities, this won't only improve a child's understanding of science. It will also build their vocabulary and give them a dose of fresh air.

5. Water xylophone

This fun, hands-on activity can get kids thinking about how sound travels – and perhaps instil a love of music, too.

First, you need to gather some empty jars. Ask the kids to tap them and describe the sounds they make. What do they think will happen when you add water to the jars?

Next, fill the jars with different amounts of water. You could do this by instinct or use a measuring jug for a more controlled experiment. You can now add different shades of food colouring for each note.

Kids can now play their water xylophone. The lesson behind the fun is that the jars with more water create a lower pitch than jars with less water.

6. Cloud in a jar

How do clouds form? You might think the concept is too hard for a preschooler to grasp. But the "cloud in a jar" experiment can get them thinking with a fun and pleasingly messy activity.

First off, you need to mix a few drops of food colouring with some water. Next, fill a glass jar with water until it's nearly at the top.

Now it's time to make a cloud on top of the water with shaving cream. Take a pipette and suck up some of the coloured water. Then blow it onto the shaving cream cloud.

Watch with delight as drops of coloured rain travel through the cloud into the water underneath. It's a colourful and tactile demonstration of how clouds work.

7. Gem panning

Fossils and gems can teach us a huge amount about the history of planet Earth. But they're also great fun for kids of all ages.

That's why we host gem panning sessions here at Stump Cross Caverns in Yorkshire. Kids get to be a miner for the day, panning for real gemstones that they take home as souvenirs.

It works like this. Each child is given a bag of mining rough. This is a bag of sand concealing real sparkling gems.

You pour your mining rough into a tray and take it to the gem sluice. This is a series of water-filled wooden troughs. Watch your children's eyes sparkle as the gems appear!

Like all our workshops here at Stump Cross, it's fun, hands-on and informative. So, if you're looking for a science activity for preschoolers that will stick in their minds, book your gem sluice session today .

7 beautiful places to walk near Harrogate

Mon, 22 Sep 2025 06:43:32 GMT

A jewel in the crown of the Yorkshire Dales, Harrogate is a prime location for hikes of all kinds. Explore 7 of the best today.

Where is the world's most romantic destination? Paris? Rome? Venice? It may surprise you to learn that in 2013 the accolade went to Harrogate – a 17th-century spa town in North Yorkshire with a population of 75,000.

There are Turkish baths. There are independent shops and restaurants. There's afternoon tea at Betty's Tea Rooms. But for our money, all this pales in comparison to the gorgeous scenery nearby.

Harrogate, you see, is situated on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales – a sprawling National Park with unforgettably bleak and beautiful scenery.

This is Wuthering Heights country – all moorland, dry stone walls, rolling hills and the remains of the lead mining industry. The home of Wensleydale. Waterfalls. Caves and castles.

Whatever your experience level, the Yorkshire Dales have something to offer. And Harrogate, with its ample transport connections, is a gateway to these glories.

So, without further ado, here are seven beautiful places to walk near Harrogate. We hope at least one speaks to you and helps you blow away the cobwebs.

Seven of the best walks near Harrogate

1. Stainburn Forest

Just west of Harrogate lies Stainburn Forest. It's a popular destination for mountain bikers, but it also provides plenty of paths for walking.

Expect woodland, of course, and a plethora of wildlife. If you're lucky, you could see deer, red kites, willow warblers, nuthatches, cuckoos or buzzards.

You can follow paths beginning at the car park or follow this circular route , which takes in Swinsty and John O'Gaunt's Reservoirs.

2. Nidderdale Way

This one's an epic! The Nidderdale Way is a 53-mile circular walk that takes in all the highlights of the Nidderdale landscape. Ripley Castle. Brimham Rocks. How Stean Gorge. Nidd Valley Light Railway. The list goes on.

Of course, like all these mega-rambles, you don't need to do it in one trip. Nidderdale Way is split into four stages:

Pateley Bridge to Middlesmoor
Middlesmoor to Bewerley
Bewerley to Ripley
Ripley to Pateley Bridge

You can download walking guides here . You can also follow Clare Balding on the trail in this BBC radio series .

3. Knaresborough Round

This is a strenuous 20-mile circular route around the castle town of Knaresborough. The whole thing will take you eight to 10 hours.

If you're really ambitious, you can join up with the Harrogate Ringway for a 36-mile hike. Many people, however, split it into two stages.

It's a glorious route that takes you through Nidd Gorge – a 120-foot-deep, wooded ravine – and the villages around Knaresborough. Along the way, you'll enjoy riverside rambles, sleepy lanes and ancient paths.

4. Harrogate Ringway

This route , conveniently laid out with waymarkers, is a 20-mile circular walk around Harrogate and Knaresborough, again passing through Nidd Gorge.

It can be started at any point and takes in woodland and the river Nidd. Beware: there are some steep climbs in Nidd Gorge.

5. Malham Cove

A little further afield lies Malham Cove – one of the finest and most remarkable sights in the Yorkshire Dales.

From a distance, it looks like an imposing limestone amphitheatre. This 70-metre-high, curving white cliff is the result of millions of years of erosion by water and ice.

Hikers can ascend the 400 stone steps to the almost lunar surface, which offers stunning views of the Dales. If you go in the summer months, you might be lucky enough to see the resident pair of peregrine falcons.

6. Aysgarth Falls

This triple flight of waterfalls is worth a visit, hike or no hike. But it also forms part of some classic Dales rambles.

There's a trail you can follow that begins at the Visitor Centre. This is a mile-long, family-friendly walk that takes you up to the cascading falls. From there, you can explore the ancient Freeholders' Wood .

You can also embark on some more adventurous circular routes – a four-mile walk to West Burton, for instance, or a six-mile walk to Askrigg Bottoms meadow.

Whichever you choose, one look at Aysgarth Falls will show why it was so beloved by Romantic poets and painters – and by tourists to this day.

7. Trollers Gill and Stump Cross Caverns

Stump Cross Caverns is a network of prehistoric limestone caves on the road between Grassington and Pateley Bridge. And this year, TikTok legend The Yorkshireman came here for afternoon tea – but only after a pleasant stroll through nearby Troller's Gill.

Troller's Gill is a gorgeous gorge with an undeniable air of mystery. It's not for nothing that tales of trolls and demon dogs cling to it like ivy.

Want to walk in The Yorkshireman's footsteps? Here's a complete guide to recreating the walk .

We offer much more than afternoon tea, of course. You can finish off your ramble with a tour of the caves. It's a subterranean kingdom bristling with stalagmites, stalactites and other icily majestic rock formations.

On top of that, we have a varied calendar of events and experiences. Why not make a day of it ?

Tips for first-time hikers

Going for a hike near Harrogate for the first time? Here are four tips to maximise your chances of a successful trip:

Know your limits. You may be ready for a long hike – but if not, you'd be better off starting with something on the shorter side.
Take water and snacks. Hydration and nutrition are a must, no matter how short or long the hike.
Navigate. Whether you're following waymarkers, an OS map or GPS on your phone, navigation is essential.
Enjoy! Yes, hiking can be strenuous. But don't forget to drink in those views as you go.

Looking for more inspiration? Discover some of our favourite Yorkshire walking routes for all ages and abilities. And don't forget to stop by Stump Cross Caverns for a spot of refreshment!

What did Stone Age people look like?

Fri, 19 Sep 2025 07:54:20 GMT

Could you draw a Stone Age person? Learn what our prehistoric ancestors might have looked like.

If there's one thing most people forget about the Stone Age, it's just how long it was.

This is partly because of how history is taught in our schools. We get fed the past in bite-sized chunks that grow smaller and smaller as we march to the present: 2,000 years of the Romans, 100-odd years of the Tudors and four years of the First World War.

The Stone Age puts these epochs into the shade. It lasted about 3.4 million years. That's 99% of human history. Wow!

It's so long, in fact, that it gets divided into three distinct periods: the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic ages. Each had distinct rituals, art, food and drink, habitats, tools and clothes.

Despite these changes, however, it seems one thing stayed pretty much the same: the way Stone Age people looked.

In fact, a Stone Age person could probably pass for a present-day human – if you gave them a modern makeover and asked them not to speak!

So… what did they look like?

According to the National Museum of Denmark , Stone Age people looked much like humans today – and they should know.

After all, the National Museum is a treasure trove of Stone Age artefacts: from the world's oldest bows to flint axes, amber beads and a decorative Neolithic vessel called the "Skarpsalling Pot".

The main difference between now and then was height. Today, the average global height for women is five feet three inches. For men, it's five feet seven inches.

If the average person time-travelled back to the Stone Age, they wouldn't tower over the locals. But they would be two to three inches taller.

The average height for women was around five feet, with men coming in at an average of five feet five inches.

Stone Age people were muscular – not a surprise when you consider how much time they spent working and hunting.

So, is that it? A simple case of height? Well, not quite. Stone Age human skulls were a bit heavier than ours. And because of their chewy diet, their jaws were better developed.

What did they wear?

Like most aspects of Stone Age life, clothes were the product of animal hunting.

Archaeologists have revealed that Stone Age people wore rudimentary jackets and shoes made out of animal hides. At some point, they started making trousers and skirts using leather. They also made jewellery from shells, bones, seeds and pieces of amber.

Learn more about Stone Age clothing .

Four remarkable finds that help teach us what Stone Age people looked like

1. Cheddar Man

Who was Cheddar Man ? Unearthed in 1903 in Somerset's Cheddar Gorge, he was, at the time of discovery, the oldest complete skeleton in the world – some 10,000 years old.

In 2018, a team of scientists at University College London achieved something remarkable. They analysed his genome and used the data to reconstruct his head.

The result is astonishing. Cheddar Man had dark brown hair, blue eyes and, perhaps most surprisingly, dark skin. It seems the lighter skin of some modern Britons came much later.

The scientists also discovered that Cheddar Man was around five feet five inches tall and unable to digest milk. Humans as a whole were lactose intolerant until the development of dairy farming.

That makes his name a little ironic, doesn't it?

2. Shanidar Z

In 2024, the team of scientists behind the Netflix documentary Secrets of the Neanderthals recreated the face of a 75,000-year-old woman .

Hundreds of fragments of her skeleton were dug up in a cave in Iraqi Kurdistan in 2018. The cave was already known to scientists as the site of Neanderthal skeletons.

A team of archaeologists and scientists at the University of Cambridge rebuilt her skull from these fragments. The results are striking and uncannily recognisable.

Shanidar Z, however, is not quite the same as you and me. This is because Neanderthal skulls are a bit different from their human counterparts. In the words of Dr Emma Pomery, a palaeo-anthropologist at Cambridge:

"Neanderthal skulls have huge brow ridges and lack chins, with a projecting midface that results in more prominent noses. But the recreated face suggests those differences were not so stark in life."

The researchers believe Shanidar Z may have been in her 40s when she died – a pretty good innings for a Neanderthal.

3. Penang Woman

Since 1851, diggers have found 41 skeletons at the Neolithic site of Guar Kepah in Malaysia. And in 2017, scientists found a fascinating range of bones, pottery and stone tools .

Researchers used a CT scan to study the remains. Doing so enabled them to make a 3D recreation of a 5,000-year-old woman they called "Penang Woman".

Anatomical details suggest she died at the age of 40. She was found in a shell midden – essentially a prehistoric pile of kitchen waste. She had her arms folded, which scientists believe shows her to have had a high social status.

4. Lion-man

It's not just the remains of Stone Age people that tell us what they looked like. Archaeologists and historians have also gathered clues from early examples of figurative art.

Take the Löwenmensch figurine, also known as the "Lion-man of Hohlenstein-Stadel". This ivory sculpture, found in a German cave in 1939, is somewhere between 35,000 and 41,000 years old.

It shows a human body with the head of a cave lion. It's a fantastical creation, for sure – but could the body be an accurate representation of human bodies at the time?

Final thoughts

Like all fields of science, palaeontology is keen to embrace new technologies. Who knows how these will deepen our understanding of what Stone Age people looked like? Whatever happens, we'll be sure to let you know.

Located in the windswept Yorkshire Dales, Stump Cross Caverns is an ancient underground cave system staffed by a team of Stone Age enthusiasts. We even have our very own resident Cavewoman ! Fancy an exciting and educational day trip out in Yorkshire ? You'll get the best price when you book your tickets online .

5 things science got wrong about the dinosaurs

Mon, 15 Sep 2025 06:30:26 GMT

It's not just dinosaurs that evolved – it's also our understanding of them. Discover 5 times scientists had to think again.

There are many myths about dinosaurs that people find hard to shake.

Take the unforgettable image of the flying dinosaur. Yes, there were pterosaurs – but these were reptiles, not dinosaurs. For all its potency as an image in fantasy films and novels, there's no getting around the fact that flying dinosaurs are the stuff of fiction.

The same goes for the belief that dinosaurs and humans coexisted. According to this view, prehistoric life was one long episode of The Flintstones , with humans and dinosaurs rubbing shoulders (and humans occasionally running for their lives…)

Again: not true. But it's not just the general public that's occasionally got dinosaurs wrong.

Over the years, scientists have revised several assumptions about dinosaurs. As new evidence came to light, revisions had to be made.

It's all part of the scientific process – and it's a process that's never over. Who knows how our understanding of dinosaurs will develop as new technologies are refined?

Here, then, are five things science got wrong about the dinosaurs.

1. They were covered in scales

Picture a dinosaur and it probably has scales. This wasn't the invention of Jurassic Park . For a long time, it was believed to be the case by palaeontologists.

This began to change in the 1990s with a series of startling discoveries in China. Perfectly preserved dinosaur fossils were found, and scientists saw they had once been covered in feathers.

This discovery shook the world of dino science. Today, it's believed that many, perhaps most, dinosaurs had feathers. So, next time you picture Tyrannosaurus rex , think "bird" rather than "lizard".

2. T. rex was a fast runner

Speaking of T. rex, it was once believed that this terrifying beast was a fast runner – a belief that fed into its fearsome reputation. Not only did this bloodthirsty beast reach up to 40 feet long and 12 feet high, but it was fast , too.

Today, scientists argue that T. rex was, in fact, a slow runner – about as fast as an average human . Its size may have made its prey quiver, but it also slowed it down.

As so often with palaeontology, you may be wondering how we know all this from a load of old rocks. The answer is twofold. First, scientists estimate walking speeds based on fossilised trackways. Secondly, they study the muscles and bodies of dinosaurs to estimate their running speed.

3. They were cold-blooded

For a long time, scientists believed dinosaurs were cold-blooded. Surely, they reasoned, these prehistoric animals regulated their body temperature much like lizards and snakes?

This all changed in the 1970s. New evidence suggested that dinosaurs were, in fact, warm-blooded. Rather than changing their body temperature in different environments, they had a temperature higher than that of their environment.

This isn't the end of the story, however. Some scientists argue that dinosaurs were mesotherms, meaning they were somewhere between warm- and cold-blooded.

4. Diplodocuses lived in water

Where did dinosaurs live? In the case of Diplodocus , scientists have changed their tune.

Diplodocuses had big bodies and long tails. These characteristics, combined with the position of their nostrils, led scientists to believe they lived in swamps or lakes.

Further research suggested the opposite. Diplodocus's bones were filled with air, meaning they would have floated on water. Their teeth, meanwhile, had developed to chew tough terrestrial plants rather than their soft aquatic counterparts.

Today, scientists believe that Diplodocus lived on grasslands and at the edges of forests.

5. They died out because…?

Why did dinosaurs die out? The consensus at the time of writing is that they were wiped out by an asteroid.

There's plenty of evidence to suggest this was the case – but as a theory, it leaves one big question unanswered. If this asteroid extinguished dinosaurs, why did birds, mammals and crocodiles survive?

The asteroid theory wasn't always widely accepted. Previous generations of scientists put the extinction of dinosaurs down to gradual climate change and volcanic activity. Some even thought that dinosaurs simply gave up as a species!

What do we still not know about dinosaurs?

Our understanding of dinosaurs is evolving all the time. But there are still many things we don't know.

This is partly because our knowledge mostly comes from the fossil record – those ancient bones preserved in rock. The fossil record is, by definition, incomplete. Many, many dinosaurs died without being preserved.

For this reason, we don't know when the first dinosaurs lived. Our best guess is 230 million years ago.

We also don't know how they mated. We know they hatched from eggs, but no mating process has been fossilised. We're not even sure what their dino bits looked like.

We know from fossilised trackways that some types of dinosaurs walked in pairs or packs. But we don't know if this was for hunting. As a result, we don't know whether dinosaurs hunted in packs or solo.

Frequently asked questions

We love learning about dinosaurs and fossils here at Stump Cross Caverns. Do you? If so, you'll adore our fun family fossil digs. We'll show you some amazing prehistoric artefacts, and you'll get the chance to dig your own fossils in our simulated indoor dig site.

The digs are super-popular, so we recommend booking online to avoid disappointment. See you there!

How to open a geode (without smashing it)

Fri, 12 Sep 2025 12:27:46 GMT

Got a geode you want to crack? Learn 5 ways to open it up and get to those sparkly treasures inside.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're mad about the branch of science known as "speleology": the study of caves.

Caves are fascinating for all sorts of reasons – from their present-day beauties to the lessons they can teach us about our prehistoric past.

But let's face it: most caves aren't much to look at from the outside. You have to cross the threshold to uncover and experience their mysterious beauty.

In this respect, caves are a lot like geodes.

An unopened geode is nothing to write home about. Most of them look like nothing more special than a dull-coloured rock.

Crack open a geode, however, and you lift the lid on a treasure chest of crystals – crystals that have formed over thousands or even millions of years.

Whether you're looking for a geological specimen or an ornament, the reward is worth it. Opened geodes are beautiful and striking objects.

But how, exactly, do you get inside them?

Well, geodes can be bought in different forms. You can buy them ready-opened or sliced into ornaments. Sometimes, however, you'll find unopened geodes for sale and need to crack them yourself.

In this article, we explore five ways you can crack open a geode – and introduce our own geode-cracking shop right here at Stump Cross Caverns.

But first, what exactly is a geode?

What's a geode?

A geode forms when a cavity in a rock is filled with mineral-rich water.

The cavity could be a gas bubble in volcanic rock or an opening left when organic material decays. Over time (a very long time!), the water evaporates and leaves layers of crystals like quartz, calcite and amethyst.

The outer layer hardens, creating the rough, unassuming exterior that hides the gorgeous interior.

Not all geodes have a full-blown crystal formation. Some have interesting mineral deposits that haven't quite turned into crystals.

It's part of what makes geode cracking such fun. Who knows what will be inside? Every geode is unique – the product of the minerals that seeped into the rock cavity.

Whatever you find, cracking open a geode is an experience you won't forget in a hurry.

A word of warning

Cracking a geode usually involves bits of rock flying around. For this reason, you should wear safety glasses and gloves. A nasty injury isn't a reasonable price to pay for the crystals within.

Let's get cracking!

There are at least five ways to crack open a geode.

The sock method

This is perhaps the most common method for cracking open a geode. You'll need a sock, rag or towel and a hammer.

First, you wrap the geode in your cloth. Place it on a flat, sturdy surface like a workbench ( not a kitchen counter or wooden floor).

Next, tap the geode inside the cloth a few times. Patience is a must. If you hit the geode too hard, you could end up damaging the crystals.

Instead, keep tapping until you can feel the break in the geode. Now, open up the geode and enjoy your hidden treasure. Wow!

The main advantage of this method is that it's light on equipment and doesn't involve bits of rock flying around. The shards should be contained inside the sock or other piece of cloth. However, it's still a good idea to wear goggles and gloves, just in case.

The chisel method

This is similar to the sock method, but with a chisel as well as a hammer.

It's a more precise job that involves tapping a line around the geode. This method makes it easier to control where the break occurs.

Unlike the sock method, you don't wrap the geode in anything. This means you should always wear safety goggles and gloves.

The manual method

This method doesn't require any tools. Instead, you take two geodes of similar sizes and strike them together until they break.

The main drawback of this method is that you can't control where the geodes break with any accuracy. It also doesn't work with denser specimens of geodes.

Pipe cutters

Pipe cutters are used by plumbers to, well, cut pipes. They can also be used to crack open geodes.

It's a bit like a nutcracker with a crank at the end. You put the geode in the pipe cutter, apply pressure and then turn the crank until the rock breaks.

This is a specialised bit of equipment, so safety goggles and gloves are a must.

It's worth noting that most pipe cutters only cut objects up to a certain diameter. If you have a big geode, you may not be able to crack it open this way.

It's also worth being aware that pipe cutters marketed at hobbyists will tend to be more expensive than basic plumbing equipment. Look out for those bargains!

Tile saw

Warning: this is for serious geode crackers only.

Tile saws are used to cut tiles and, as you'd expect, can cause serious damage if not used properly. Personal protective equipment is essential, and you should make sure you know what you're doing before you fire up the machine.

If you do use a tile saw, mark where you want to cut the geode with a Sharpie and then apply the blade. It's the most precise method of all – but also the riskiest.

Skip the hassle and come to Geode James's Geode Shack

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we offer our own geode cracking service.

It works like this: you pick your favourite geode (in person or online). At Stump Cross, one of our experts will crack open the geode and show you the wonders within. You can then take the geode home with you as a sparkly souvenir.

It's an unforgettable experience that will delight people of all ages. Why not book today and be the first to see your very own geode unveiled to the world?

10 mysterious caves from around the world

Mon, 08 Sep 2025 08:06:28 GMT

Join us for a whistle-stop tour of 10 of the world's most mysterious caves – from New Zealand to China, from Vietnam to the Yorkshire Dales.

We live at a time when most of the Earth has been discovered and mapped. Yet it still has the capacity to surprise, delight, astonish and overwhelm us.

Caves are a great example of this. From one point of view, a cave is just a big hole. But the presence of water, rock formations and even flora and fauna makes them entrancing places to visit.]

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're more than proud to be the custodians of ancient limestone caves – caves that were formed over half a million years ago.

Our role in conserving the caves and keeping them open for visitors has given us a keen appreciation of all things cave-related.

That's why we've put together this guide to 10 of the most mysterious caves from around the world. We hope it sparks your imagination.

Waitomo Glowworm Caves, New Zealand

On New Zealand's North Island lies a cave with a difference – a many-chambered tourist attraction that literally glows.

The cause of this bioluminescent glow is a species of glowworm unique to the island. The glowworms thrive in the high humidity of the cave, and the sticky mucus webs they spin to trap midges sparkle like constellations.

Waitomo is famous for a reason, attracting some 500,000 visitors a year who explore the network by boat.

Fingal's Cave, UK

The inspiration for Romantic composer Felix Mendelssohn's Hebrides Overture , Fingal's Cave is a basalt sea cave whose large arched entrance is partially underwater.

Soundtracked by the cry of puffins, the thrum of cruise boat motors and the echoing, lapping waves, it's an undeniably mysterious location.

Found on the uninhabited island of Staffa, part of the Inner Hebrides off the west coast of Scotland, Fingal's Cave can only be visited by boat. As those who cast their eyes on its hexagonal basalt columns will tell you, it's a sight you won't forget in a hurry.

Lascaux Caves, France

Caves the world over boast paintings by prehistoric humans and Neanderthals. They show animals, humans and abstract shapes, with some even implying narratives.

Lascaux Caves in southwestern France is a treasure trove of cave paintings. There are nearly 6,000 in total.

Grotte de Lascaux (as the French call it) was discovered by accident in September 1940 when 18-year-old Marcel Ravidat's dog temporarily disappeared down a hole.

The caves became a tourist attraction – but in 1963, authorities closed them to the public, citing environmental damage to the paintings.

Cave of the Crystals, Mexico

Imagine a cave the temperature of Death Valley, only more humid. Imagine giant selenite crystals, some reaching as long as 11 feet.

This isn't the stuff of sci-fi, but a real-life cave in Mexico.

It was discovered in 2000 by Juan and Pedro Sánchez, two brothers who were drilling for lead and silver in the adjoining Naica Mine.

Fifteen years later, the caves were indefinitely closed to both members of the public and members of the scientific community. This was due to the caves' high temperature, high humidity and slippery surfaces, as well as the desire to protect the crystals.

Mammoth Cave, USA

Mammoth Cave is part of Mammoth Cave National Park in south-central Kentucky. It's a record-breaker: at 426 miles long, it's the longest known cave system in the world .

Its famous features include the colourfully named Grand Avenue, Frozen Niagara and Fat Man's Misery.

There's a range of tours available. Some are lit by electricity while others are lit by paraffin lamps. There are also "wild tours", which involve a good deal of crawling.

Ta Kueng Cave, Thailand

Caves are being discovered all the time – and in August 2025, Ta Kueng cave was discovered in the depths of northern Thailand's thick jungle.

The cave contains ancient rock paintings, which could be as much as 2,000 years old. These include "geometric line patterns and a distinctive three-finger pattern".

At the time of writing, we don't know much about Ta Kueng Cave – but we'll be sure to keep you updated with any developments.

Marble Caves, Chile

Found on the shores of General Carrera Lake in southern Chile, the Marble Caves are a marvel.

Visitable by kayak, the caves' impossibly smooth, curved walls reflect the lake water. The effect has been described as looking like "mineral ice cream". Yum!

Sơn Đoòng cave, Vietnam

Located near the border of Laos and Vietnam, Sơn Đoòng cave is home to a rapidly flowing underground river and a profusion of trees and other vegetation.

It was discovered in 1991 by Hồ Khanh, a local who was on the prowl for a valuable timber known as agarwood. Today, this remarkable and mysterious cave can be visited between January and August.

Longyou Caves, China

Longyou Caves in Zhejiang Province, China, differ from the other caves on this list in one significant way: they're manmade.

These 24 sandstone caverns are truly mysterious. No one knows when or why they were dug out. We do know, however, that they are at least as old as the clay found in them, the oldest dating from 206 BC.

They do, however, have something in common with other caves on our list. The caves at Longyou were discovered by accident: in this case, by four farmers when they drained several ponds in their village.

Stump Cross Caverns, UK

Set amid the bleak beauty of the Yorkshire Dales, Stump Cross Caverns is a show cave that's a jewel in the UK's crown.

Its limestone caves, formed some half a million years ago , are filled with stalagmites, stalactites and unforgettable rock formations.

We also host a wide range of cave events throughout the year. Whether you're a veteran caver or looking for a family day out, Stump Cross Caverns is the place to be.

Looking for an unforgettable family day out in Yorkshire ? Whatever your age, whatever the weather, Stump Cross Caverns is always an adventure. It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

How do palaeontologists dig for fossils?

Fri, 05 Sep 2025 07:36:16 GMT

Palaeontology has taught us a huge amount about our prehistoric past. Learn about the techniques, technologies and tools that make it possible.

Our understanding of the history of life on Earth comes from many places. But one thing's for sure – we wouldn't know what we know now without centuries of palaeontological activity.

Palaeontology is the branch of science that deals with the Earth's fossil record – the remains of animals and plants buried in rock.

Palaeontologists dig up fossils and analyse them. They create models of extinct animals and draw conclusions about their biology and the environments in which they lived.

The art of palaeontology is at least as old as Xenophanes (570 to 480 BC). It became systematised in early modern Europe before experiencing a huge boom at the end of the 19th century.

Palaeontology is a mixture of casual discovery and structured scientific enquiry. Some of the most magnificent fossils have been found by amateurs with nothing but a brush and a trowel. Others are systematically surveyed, dug up and analysed by professional scientists.

So, how do palaeontologists do it? Let's find out.

Prospecting

Prospecting is all about finding a location where fossils are likely to be. This tends to be areas where sedimentary rock is exposed to the eye. Hillsides and riverbeds are often rich in fossilised remains.

Some palaeontologists use advanced technologies like drones to carry out surveys. Others practise the ancient art of walking around while looking at the ground.

They look for fragments of bones or other fossilised remains. When they find them, they don't dig straight away. Instead, they use a rock hammer to prepare the area before mapping it in detail.

Mapping

To boost their chances of success, palaeontologists document the location and surroundings of the fossil or fragment of fossil they've found.

This can involve drawing maps and taking field notes about nearby rock formations. By mapping out the area in this way, they can draw up a detailed plan for excavation.

These maps and field notes used to be done with pen and paper. Today, this traditional method is still sometimes used – but it's often supplemented with tablets, drones and other kinds of smart technologies.

Excavation

It's now time to dig. As with field notes, this is often done using traditional methods. Many dinosaur fossil excavations , for instance, still use shovels, brushes, awls, chisels and the occasional power tool.

The aim is to expose the fossil and remove it for analysis. Carefulness is the order of the day. Any damage to the fossil during the excavation process can interfere with the lab analysis that follows.

Transportation

Fossils are fragile. This means they have to be transported with care. To this end, palaeontologists use a technique called "plaster jacketing".

This involves creating a rigid shell of plaster of Paris and burlap (a coarse fabric) around the fossil. This plaster jacket protects the fossil on its journey from the field to the lab.

Next steps

When the fossil reaches the lab, the remains of the surrounding rock have to be removed. This is known as the "rock matrix" and is removed with a specialist tool called an "air scribe".

Also known as "air pens", these are a bit like miniature jackhammers powered by compressed air. They come in a variety of sizes and power levels. You can think of them as paint brushes: some are used for broad strokes and others for precise detail work.

As with excavation and transportation, palaeontologists work hard to avoid damaging their specimens. To this end, they use torches, magnifying glasses and microscopes.

If the rock is too hard for an air scribe, palaeontologists remove the matrix with electric grinding tools. These work away at the rock with a gentle rotating motion. Once the matrix is reduced to a thin layer, picks, needles and brushes are used to remove the last clinging remains.

Drawing conclusions

Once the fossil has been found, excavated, transported and prepared, it's time to draw conclusions.

Palaeontologists use a wide range of technologies and techniques to draw conclusions from fossils. These include CT scans, X-rays, chemical analysis, microscopic examinations and 3D modelling.

The exact technology used depends on what the scientists are trying to learn. Fossils can teach us different things: from the period in which a particular animal thrived to its anatomy and habitat.

Palaeontologists also create 3D models of animals. This is how we've come to visualise long-extinct animals.

It's amazing to think how much we've learnt from bones buried in rock. It's a fascinating area of study that we're passionate about here at Stump Cross Caverns.

Fossil digs at Stump Cross Caverns

Fossils aren't just the preserve of trained palaeontologists. They can also spark the imaginations of children and their families. Imagine learning for the first time that dinosaurs once roamed the Earth!

That's why we hold interactive fossil digs here at Stump Cross Caverns. It's all about imparting this passion and curiosity to a new generation of fossil hunters.

It works like this: families come to the caves and dig for real fossils – fossils they can take home and keep as cool souvenirs.

It's hands-on and wholesome – but it's also educational. Along the way, kids learn fossil facts, play geology games and get given free education packs.

And like all our educational resources , these sessions are in line with the curriculum at Key Stage 2. If you're a teacher looking for a field trip in Yorkshire , you can be sure these sessions will help your students consolidate their learning. We also offer SEN-friendly experiences on selected dates.

So, whether you're a parent, carer or teacher, you can expect an engaging and entertaining one-hour session that will bring out children's inner palaeontologists.

Book for a fossil dig at Stump Cross Caverns today – or explore our calendar of unique events and experiences . We look forward to giving you a warm Yorkshire welcome!

Christmas at Stump Cross Caverns: what's on in 2025

Mon, 01 Sep 2025 07:29:06 GMT

Making plans for Christmas? Discover the festive fun on offer at Stump Cross Caverns in the Yorkshire Dales.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns in the Yorkshire Dales, visitors come throughout the year to explore the wonderful caves and rock formations.

These winding passageways and enchanted chambers would be enough to put Stump Cross on the map. But we're not content to rest on our limestone laurels. That's why we have a calendar bursting with events and experiences – and this Christmas is no exception.

We offer two Christmas packages. Choose the first and you'll get to meet Santa, then take a trip down into our ancient caves. With the second, you get the Santa meet-and-greet, the cave adventure and a festive film screening in our private cinema. Each package can be booked for a variety of adult and child combinations.

These magical events are perfect for families looking for festive fun. We look forward to meeting you in our prehistoric grotto!

Santa Experience and Cave Entry

No child's Christmas is complete without a visit to Santa's Grotto.

At Stump Cross this Christmas, kids get to meet Santa and his jolly Elf. They tell him their Christmas wishes and make reindeer food to take home.

Included in the ticket is a self-guided tour of the caves. This lets you explore the caves and marvel at the mysterious rock formations.

As well as classic stalagmites and stalactites, our caves are full of weird and wonderful rocks – from The Organ to The Wedding Cake, from The Hawk to The Butcher's Shop.

Santa Experience, Cave Entry and Festive Film

Our second package includes all the fun of the first. But that's not all. We also throw a festive film into the mix.

The screening takes place at 4 PM in our cosy private cinema – all fluffy rugs and soft cushions. We guarantee you a Christmas classic that all the family will love.

How to book

Ready for some Christmas magic? It's easy to book your slot online .

Please note that when booking your Christmas package, you should allow 30 minutes for your Santa Experience and one hour for your cave tour.

Price list

Santa Experience and Cave Entry

2 adults, 2 children – £80
1 adult, 1 child – £40
2 adults, 1 child – £60
1 adult, 2 children – £60
2 adults, 3 children – £100
Participating child under 4 – £5
Extra adult – £20
Extra child – £20

Santa Experience, Cave Entry and Festive Film

2 adults, 2 children – £100.00
1 adult, 1 child – £50
2 adults, 1 child – £75
1 adult, 2 children – £75
2 adults, 3 children – £125
Participating child under 4 – £10
Extra adult – £25
Extra child – £25

Can't wait until Christmas?

If you can't wait until Christmas to pay us a visit, why not come for a tour of the caves , an interactive fossil dig , a stargazing session or another of our unforgettable activities?

Get your festive family plans all wrapped up. Book for Christmas at Stump Cross Caverns today.

5 amazing fossils found in Yorkshire

Fri, 29 Aug 2025 14:08:45 GMT

Fossils are fascinating objects that teach us about the history of our planet. Discover 5 specimens found in Yorkshire.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're passionate about our prehistoric past and we make no bones about it. It's helped by our daily experience of conserving caves that are more than half a million years old – and where the bones of reindeer, bison and other prehistoric animals have been found.

Think of fossils in the UK and your mind might not go to Yorkshire first. But the region is bursting with the remains of prehistoric plants and animals. These range from ammonites on the coast to Whitby jet, a type of fossilised wood used in jewellery.

The bones of plesiosaurs, crocodiles and others have been found. And on many Yorkshire beaches, you can find oyster fossils known as G ryphaea or "devil's toenails".

Alongside these common finds, some amazing specimens have been dug up over the years – from 19th-century fossil fever to 20th- and 21st-century digs.

So, get your spades and picks. It's time to explore five of the most amazing fossils in Yorkshire.

What are fossils?

Fossils are the remains or traces of prehistoric life that have been preserved in rock. Both plants and animals can be fossilised. In the case of bones, it's unusual to find a complete skeleton.

Together, the world's fossils make up a "fossil record". This teaches us about how our planet has changed over the millennia.

Five incredible Yorkshire fossil finds

1. Giant ichthyosaur

When you start to dig into prehistory, you have to get used to big numbers. Take this for a bewildering statistic: the predator known as the "ichthyosaur" was swimming the Earth's oceans between 250 million and 95 million years ago.

Incredibly, you can now see an ichthyosaur skeleton in the Yorkshire Museum. Around eight feet long and made up of more than 50 pieces, it's one of the most complete ichthyosaur skeletons in the world.

It was found by men quarrying alum near Whitby on the North Yorkshire coast and is believed to be around 180 million years old. Richard Owen, the man who named this specimen's species, is also credited with coming up with the word "dinosaur". That's quite the claim to fame!

2. Sauropod backbone

Some fossils are found in the ground. Others, like this sauropod backbone , fell from a cliff face, having rested there for some 170 million years.

The sauropod was one of the biggest herbivorous (plant-eating) dinosaurs. They roamed the Earth for around 150 million years on all fours. With their long necks, long tails, small heads and bulky bodies, they resemble brontosauruses.

Encased in sandstone, this remarkable find was nicknamed "Alan" after its discoverer, Alan Gurr.

3. A dinosaur footprint in Burniston Bay

A few miles north of Scarborough lies Burniston Bay. In April 2021, a local archaeologist named Marie Woods found something amazing: the metre-long footprint of a dinosaur that scientists believe was left by a theropod.

The dinosaur, it seems, paused for a rest one day 166 million years ago. It died and, over time, turned into the fossil you see today.

In 2021, the footprint was believed to be at risk from erosion and landslips. For this reason, it was removed from the shoreline and studied by scientists. It now has a home in Scarborough's Rotunda Museum of Coastal Heritage and Geology.

4. The Armley Hippo

There's something about prehistoric life that sparks the imagination. Take Professor Percy Fry Kendall in 1924, rhapsodising about the Yorkshire Ice Age:

"[A] time when Yorkshire hills and dales were peopled with fierce wild beasts – when the hippopotamus wallowed in the river swamps of the Aire, the Ouse and the Ribble…"

The partial skeleton of one such hippo is now on display in Leeds City Museum. Formerly known as the Leeds Hippo, the Armley Hippo is a rare example of a vertebrate skeleton fossil. It was discovered in April 1852 by workmen digging in a brick pit.

Today, the Armley Hippo is often used as an educational tool and is much-loved by visitors to the museum and geologists alike.

5. Giant Moa

This fifth entry is something of an exception. The others were all found in Yorkshire. This one, however, was found by a Maori in New Zealand and sent to England in 1839, where it was studied by the anatomist and palaeontologist Richard Owen.

It's the skeleton of a giant Moa bird and, like the ichthyosaur also in the Yorkshire Museum, is one of the largest and most complete examples of its kind. There are apparently only a few bones missing. The missing toe bone of the left foot, for instance, has been replaced with a cast.

The giant moa, now extinct, was a flightless bird that could grow up to 12 feet tall. The specimen in the Yorkshire Museum, however, is not quite so tall. It was probably found in a rock shelter or cave.

The moa was hunted by the Maori people and went extinct around 500 years ago.

Fossil digs at Stump Cross Caverns

When you walk into Stump Cross Caverns, you can tell we're mad about fossils. The gift shop is full of replicas, and we have on display some replicas of amazing finds from down in the caverns.

But we also hold fossil digs for kids . These are fun, educational, hands-on sessions where participants dig for real fossils that they get to take home and keep.

The session begins with a 30-minute presentation. This engaging, interactive talk is all about Yorkshire's ancient past. Kids turn into budding palaeontologists, examining fossilised dinosaur eggs and a huge megalodon tooth.

The second half of the session is educational, hands-on fun. Kids comb through sand to find real ancient fossils. They take these home along with a learning kit.

Our fossil digs are suitable for all ages. They follow Key Stage 2 learning pathways. There are also SEN-friendly sessions on selected dates.

Know a little fossil lover? Spark their curiosity with an interactive fossil dig at Stump Cross Caverns. You'll find us in the Yorkshire Dales, near Pateley Bridge. Book your spot online today.

Geode cracking at a cave near you: Geode James's Geode Shack

Mon, 25 Aug 2025 07:29:04 GMT

A geode is an ancient rock that holds a sparkly secret. Join us in our Geode Shack for a cracking good time.

Drive along the road between Grassington and Pateley Green and you might not realise you're in the presence of ancient limestone caves.

Sure, the scenery is spectacular – a classic slice of the Yorkshire Dales. But you have to descend 65 steps before you see the stalactites, stalagmites and other rock formations that make Stump Cross Caverns so special.

In this respect, Stump Cross Caverns is quite like a geode. These are rocks that don't look like much on the surface. There's a reason why they're known in Somerset as "potato stones". But crack them open and you uncover a sparkling crystal interior.

These crystals take millions of years to form. Millions! And here they are, ready to be cracked open and kept. It's things like this that make us so passionate about our geological past.

And now we're introducing a new experience at Stump Cross Caverns: geode cracking in our geode shack.

Geode cracking at Geode James's Geode Shack

How does it work?

Come to Geode James's Geode Shack and you'll see a fine selection of geodes. Big ones, small ones, medium-sized ones. You buy a geode that takes your fancy and we crack it open for you.

The fun is in the surprise. The outside of a geode tells you virtually nothing about its contents. But the insides can vary dramatically both in the shape and the colour of the crystals.

And as if that wasn't enough, you get to take the newly-cracked geode home with you. Whether you're a collector in search of a new specimen or a curious visitor looking for an ornament, we guarantee it'll be a gorgeous addition to your home.

Who's it for?

Simple answer: anyone! We welcome visitors from everywhere and anywhere. Geode cracking is great fun for children and adults, collectors and non-specialists alike. All you need is an open mind.

What are geodes?

The word "geode" comes from the Ancient Greek for "earth-like". And earth-like they are, both in their appearance and the remarkable way they form.

The crystals inside a geode form when mineral-rich water seeps into a hollow cavity. This takes a long time – and we mean a long time. The crystals you can hold in your hand are millions of years old.

Once dug out of the ground, geode crystals can be dyed with artificial colours. But the natural colours are often extremely beautiful too.

Where are geode rocks found?

Geode rocks can be found all over the world. Commercial varieties often come from Brazil, Mexico, Namibia and Uruguay.

They're found in some states of the USA (western Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri and Utah). In the UK, there are many specimens to be found in Somerset's Mendip Hills.

Want to try geode cracking here at Geode James's Geode Shack in the Yorkshire Dales? It's easy to reserve a geode online . That way, you definitely won't miss out on a cracking bit of fun.

Try crystal hunting at a cave near you

Fri, 22 Aug 2025 19:47:52 GMT

Love all things shiny and bright? Get the most out of your visit to Stump Cross Caverns with our Crystal Discovery Day.

Stump Cross Caverns has been around for more than 500,000 years . It's perhaps this daily contact with prehistory that gives us our fascination with all things geological.

This is reflected in our programme of events and activities, from fossil digs to panning for gems at our real working mining sluice.

Now, with our Crystal Discovery Day , there's never been a better way to most of our cave and our fun, crystal-themed activities.

This cash-saving activity bundle is engaging and entertaining for the whole family. It involves panning for crystals and uncovering hidden treasures to take home and keep – but only after an action-packed day at the caves.

The day begins with a self-guided tour of the caves. Marvel at the ancient stalagmites, stalactites and bizarre rock formations. It's safe, easy to get around and full of enchanting sights.

There's then an interactive crystal experience in our cinema. This is a fun, educational hour spent learning about crystals and turning them into keepsakes you can take home with you.

Next up is a second tour of the caves – but one with a difference. When you shine ultraviolet light on the cave walls, they turn a purplish hue and show hundreds of veins and other textures invisible to the naked eye. We give every participant a UV torch and let them see the magic for themselves.

Finally, participants get a pay dirt bag. Pan the contents of your bag at our mining sluice and uncover crystals to take home as souvenirs.

How to book

Want to book for our Crystal Discovery Day? It's easy to book using our online ticket portal . We can't wait to see you down in the caves!

The day at a glance

Morning exploration

Kick the day off with a self-guided cave tour. You'll have loads of fun creeping around ancient passageways and spotting spectacular rock formations.

Interactive crystal experience (2 PM to 3 PM)

After the tour and quiz, participants go to the cinema for a hands-on crystal workshop.

In this hour-long session, kids learn about the formation of crystals, get their hands on real-life specimens and make gorgeous keepsakes to take home as souvenirs.

UV cave adventure (from 3 PM)

At 3 PM, it's time to go down into the caves again – but this time with a UV torch that shows the caves quite literally in a new light.

You'll be dazzled by the purple glowing surfaces of the caves and the shimmering rock formations. It's an otherworldly experience you won't forget any time soon.

Gem panning

To round off the day, kids collect a mining rough bag from our Geode Shack and pan for gemstones in our sluice. Every bag has a sparkling surprise, be it amethyst, rose quartz or emerald.

And as if that wasn't enough, our cafe serves a wide selection of food and drink – including our very own Stump Cross beer for the grown-ups!

Book for our Crystal Discovery Day today.

NEW VIDEO: unlocking a new cave at Stump Cross Caverns

Mon, 18 Aug 2025 06:38:35 GMT

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're a few months into an exciting project to clear out a new cave. Ready to find out where we're up to?

Visit us here at Stump Cross Caverns and you have a mile of chambers and passageways to explore – an underground network filled with stalagmites, stalactites and other rock formations.

These are the show caves – those parts of the network that are open to the public. But beyond these are another three miles.

At the moment, we're working hard with local cavers to unlock a new cave: C Chamber . This is the first dig here in 25 years – and we've already made good progress.

We're a few months in and have already turned a crawl space into a walkable entry. We also managed to shift some 30 tonnes of rocks in just six days of digging!

When the work is done, we'll have added another 100 metres to our show caves. But to get there is going to take a lot of work, skill and perseverance.

Want to see where we're up to? Here's the latest episode of Discovering Caverns , our YouTube documentary series on the big dig.

C Chamber: the story so far

We've known about C Chamber for a long time. It was given its name (the C standing for "circular") by Stump Cross legend Geoff Workman. But it was only in January 2025 that we got permission from Natural England to start digging.

The plan is to clear out the cave. And when we say "clear out", we don't just mean picking up a couple of rocks and moving them to the entrance. We're talking hundreds of tonnes of rock picked out of wet, muddy, chilly conditions – some of which have to be broken up first.

We're working with a team of experienced cavers from the local Craven Pothole Club – a club without whom we couldn't tell the story of Stump Cross Caverns. Their expertise and determination make all the difference as we take our drills, buckets and other tools down into the caves.

There are two main aims behind this project. The first is to fulfil our roles as custodians of the caves. It's our job to improve them for future generations.

And secondly, the digging of C Chamber will change the shape of the caverns. At the time of writing, you go in, you see the sights, then you come back out the way you came. When C Chamber is dug out, the caves will have a circular route that we believe will enhance the visitor experience.

What's next?

This is just the beginning. We're plan to spend a few more weeks digging before moving on to the next phase. This will involve installing a pulley system to bring up material from the shaft and carry it out through a low tunnel.

Along the way, who knows what we'll find? Ice Age remains have been found before at Stump Cross – and this section has already revealed Ice Age sediment. Could we find the bones of prehistoric animals amid the mud, rock and calcite?

Catch up on episode one of Discovering Caverns here.

5 of the best campsites in the Yorkshire Dales

Fri, 15 Aug 2025 10:05:43 GMT

The Yorkshire Dales is home to some memorably beautiful campsites. Discover 5 of the very best.

Summer is here, and the campers among you are itching to embark on a trip. Ah, for the rustle of canvas, the quaver of the zip, the sound of breakfast sizzling over a campfire. We can almost taste it!

The UK is full of great places to camp – from Pembrokeshire to the Lake District, from Cornwall to the Scottish Isles. There's gorgeous countryside, there are opportunities for outdoor activities and there are many different styles of campsites.

The Yorkshire Dales is no exception. How could it be? It's a simply beautiful part of the world – all rolling hills and dales, patchwork fields and an impressive array of plant life and wildlife.

There are many, many campsites in the Yorkshire Dales, so we've aimed for variety in this guide. You'll find campsites suitable for kids, hikers, hot tub lovers, motorhome drivers, anglers and more.

So, whether you're backpacking, coming by car or looking for a tent made up and waiting for you, get ready for an adventure under canvas. Here are five of the best campsites the Yorkshire Dales has to offer. (We're just sorry we can't include them all!)

Best for families: Studfold Caravan, Camping and Glamping Park

Near the small village of Lofthouse in North Yorkshire, Studfold Caravan, Camping and Glamping Park is a treat for families.

First of all, the pitches are spacious, whether you bring a tent, caravan or motorhome or use one of the site's camping pods. This means plenty of room for the little ones to stretch their legs!

There's also the Studford Adventure Trail – a unique and interactive fairy trail loved by young and old alike. Plus, the modern amenities mean that mornings and bedtimes are less likely to be times for a tantrum.

The site looks out over the rolling hills and drystone walls of the Nidderdale Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Find out more and book on the Studfold Caravan, Camping and Glamping Park website .

Best for glampers: Catgill Farm Glamping

Once upon a time, camping meant rain leaking through torn canvas tents draped over thin, bending poles (or was that just our childhood camping trips?) Today, glamping is on the rise, combining outdoor scenery with indoor luxury.

Catgill Farm Glamping is located near Bolton Abbey, as well as miles of hiking and cycling trails. If it's luxury you're after, you should investigate their pods, bell tents and private hot tubs. The views are something else!

But if you want to savour the views while keeping it traditional, there are also more basic – but no less spacious – camping pitches to be booked.

Learn more and book a pitch on the Catgill Farm Glamping website .

Best for hikers: Orcaber Farm Caravan and Camping Park

Every summer, the Yorkshire Dales is filled with hikers, keen to ascend the Three Peaks and make trails across the Dales.

Orcaber Farm Caravan and Camping Park, located next to the Forest of Bowland, is a great base from which to explore these Yorkshire treasures. It offers grass and hardstanding pitches and advertises itself as peaceful and family-friendly.

Learn more about Orcaber Farm Caravan and Camping Park and check availability here .

Best for anglers: Kettlewell Camping

Heading to the Yorkshire Dales for a spot of fishing? Then you'll want a campsite close to a fin-filled river.

Kettlewell Camping provides just that. It's located on the edge of the village of Kettlewell, through which the River Wharfe runs. This is known in the area for its healthy stocks of brown trout, grayling and other types of fish.

Oh, and if you head to Kettlewell in August, you can see the annual scarecrow festival. It's wacky stuff!

The campsite itself is family-run and offers gorgeous views across the Upper Wharfedale valley. The site accommodates tents, trailer tents and small camper vans, but not motorhomes.

There's also a private field with its own facilities and six electric hookups.

Find out more and check availability here .

Best for motorhomes: overnight parking at Stump Cross Caverns

Located between Pateley Bridge and Grassington, Stump Cross Caverns offers affordable overnight parking for motorhomes and camper vans.

In the morning, come to our cosy Time Cafe for a hearty breakfast and some stunning views of the Dales. You can even come for a trip around the caverns .

These aren't any old caverns, either. Discovered in 1860 by two local lead miners, Stump Cross Caverns is a winding network of chambers filled with remarkable rock formations. These date back some 500,000 years . Wow!

Before you choose to park your motorhome here, please note that you should bring your own power supply, toilet and washing facilities. Check in is by 6 PM and out by 10 AM. We look forward to meeting you there and giving you a warm Yorkshire welcome!

Tips for first-time campers

The success of your first camping trip will depend a lot on planning. The more you plan, the more you can adapt to your environment (and the weather!) Here are five tips to get you started:

Pack carefully. You'll need appropriate outdoor gear, clothing and equipment.
Plan your meals – the simpler the better.
Choose your campsite with care.
Leave no trace. Take litter home with you, along with everything you brought.
Stay warm and dry.

Frequently asked questions

Book tickets for Stump Cross Caverns today or learn more about our Yorkshire Dales motorhome site .

Engaging a new class after the summer holidays

Mon, 11 Aug 2025 10:18:30 GMT

Getting a class to focus after the summer holidays isn't always easy. Here are some ideas to help you in your quest for pupil engagement.

If you've been working in a school for more than a year, you'll know that the first week back after the summer holidays can be a challenging time for both pupils and teachers.

The challenge doesn't always come from a negative place. Sometimes, it's the fact that pupils have more energy than you know what to do with. But in other cases, it can be the opposite: students struggle to re-focus and re-engage after a period away.

The key to engaging a new class after the summer holidays isn't just one thing. It takes teaching skills, of course, but also sensitivity, creativity and care.

Here, then, are some ideas for engaging a new class. We hope it helps.

Get back into routines

Most students like a schedule. Sure, they may rail against it, but at the end of the day, a schedule manages expectations and establishes clear boundaries between work and play. Without this schedule, students can become anxious, angsty and unfocused.

This means that a new term should begin by re-establishing routines. These include timings, rules and classroom expectations.

Why? Because expectations are motivating. If a student doesn't know what's expected of them, they're unlikely to cooperate fully.

But it's not just student expectations that need to be managed – it's also your own. The first week back is unlikely to be a time when students are firing on all cylinders. Accepting this will help maintain cordial but firm relations between you and your class.

Exactly how you get back into these routines is up to you and your department. Some argue it should begin from the moment the students sit back at their desks. Others think it should be done gradually.

Remember that every child's summer was different

There's no better way to make a child disengage than by trying to get them to talk about something they don't want to talk about.

The simple fact is that every child's summer was different. Some will have been away and some won't. Some will have had a difficult time at home, and some won't. This needs to be reflected in the way you talk about the holidays with your class.

Sharing is engaging, but you need to make your class feel able to share. In other words, you need to make them understand that there are no wrong answers.

This could involve asking open-ended questions about the summer. Rather than asking your class where they went and what they did, you could ask them what they enjoyed, learnt or thought about.

Done well, this can help create a welcoming space for all students returning to school – which leads us to our next point…

Make your classroom a welcoming space

How do you feel about your staff room? Is it somewhere you want to go and chew the fat with your colleagues? Is it well-lit, well-ventilated and well-furnished? If not, it probably affects your overall relationship with your employer.

In this respect, you're not so different from your students. A welcoming classroom will help students to engage far more than an unwelcoming one.

Of course, not every teacher is in charge of the paint job. But they can do several things to make a safe, inclusive space for all their students.

It's mainly a case of decoration. You can pin welcoming messages to your walls or install a sharing board for students to use. You can make the colours of your decorations vibrant but not overwhelming. You can also hang up signs and notices that include students with additional educational needs.

All of these steps can add up to an environment where students feel safe and want to engage. Yes, it takes a bit of planning – but it can make a big difference in the first week back from the school holidays.

Slow down

It's important to remember that "engagement" doesn't have to be high-energy. Yes, you want to bring energy into the classroom after the summer holidays. But focus doesn't need the speakers to be turned up to 11.

You can also engage students with a calm and reassuring presence. This can be just what students need as you bridge the gap between holidays and term time.

How you do this will depend on your teaching style. But as a good rule of thumb, you should try to be clear and concise and show you're listening to students.

Achieving this isn't always easy in a target-driven environment. But if you can, bring students back into focus by slowing down activities. Prioritise short, achievable goals, creative tasks, discussions and circle time. By slowing down, you set a manageable pace for yourself and your students.

Organise a school visit

At Stump Cross Caverns, we're passionate about prehistory – a passion reflected in our online Key Stage 2 resources , our school trips and our school visits .

If you're based in Yorkshire or the north of England, why not book us for a fun and engaging educational workshop in your classroom?

Our resident Cavewoman (or one of her helpers) will kick away those back-to-school blues with one of three workshops. You can choose from Stone Age Wonders (history), Fossil Discovery Digs (geology) or Cosmic Adventures (space science).

Each session is hands-on, whether the kids are handling fossils or making Stone Age rope. And best of all, they're in line with Key Stage 2 learning goals – so you can be sure students are consolidating knowledge.

But don't just take our word for it. As one parent said: "The Stone Age session was fantastic – really informative. My son can't wait to tell his teacher what he learnt."

So, if you want to fire your students' imaginations, read more about our workshops for schools or get in touch today to book yours.

8 fun online activities for the summer holidays

Fri, 08 Aug 2025 09:14:31 GMT

Looking for ways to keep the kids usefully occupied online this summer holiday? We've got you covered! Here are 8 activities to check out.

It's summer. And it's raining . Chances are the kids will want to be staring at a screen – and who can blame them? Your challenge, if you choose to accept it, is to get them doing a fun online activity that isn't, well, a total waste of time.

Even if the weather's good, you can't be outside all the time. And "online" doesn't have to mean "bad for the brain and the attention span". It can also mean "fun, creative, educational and imaginative". You just need to know where to look.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're all about learning through play. We look after a network of limestone caves in the Yorkshire Dales that's over half a million years old – and we want to share our passion for prehistory with the kids who pass through our ancient passageways.

It's a pedagogical passion that's evident in our hands-on school trips as well as in our online learning portal . If we can spark a child's imagination about geology, the Stone Age or the wonders of space, we consider our work here done.

Here, then, are eight fun online activities for the kids this summer holiday. We hope it helps you plan a summer to remember!

1. Take a virtual trip to San Diego Zoo

San Diego Zoo is widely regarded as one of the best zoos in the world, home to over 12,000 animals and more than 680 species. But luckily, for those of you outside California, you don't need a plane, train or automobile to get there. Instead, you can take a virtual trip on the zoo's website .

Kids will love the live cams of giraffes, penguins, polar bears and more. There are also short, accessible educational videos, word games and other activities.

There are plenty of other virtual field trips. A bit of research could help turn a slow afternoon into an online adventure.

2. Find a recipe online

As far as wholesome activities go, cooking ticks all the boxes. It's creative. It's practical. It takes time. It deepens motor skills and comprehension skills. It gives kids a sense of achievement. And best of all, someone cooks for you for a change! (Though, of course, you'll have to supervise…)

Cooking a meal can easily take up a morning or afternoon. First, you have to find the recipe. Next, you have to go shopping for the ingredients. Then there's cooking, eating and washing up.

Perhaps you have cookery books in the house. If not, there are plenty of recipes for kids online. BBC Good Food , for instance, has kids' recipes for pizza, rice paper rolls, flatbread, omelette, biscuits and much, much more.

3. Watch craft tutorials on YouTube

Craft projects are similar to cooking in the amount of positive input they give kids. And as with cooking, the internet can be an invaluable resource when preparing for a project.

Costumes. Puppets. Jewellery. Origami. Bird feeders. Box forts. Time capsules. These are just a few of the huge range of craft projects you could undertake this summer. You can kick things off by getting the kids to find a tutorial on YouTube or some inspiration on the CBeebies website .

4. Play GeoGuessr

GeoGuessr is a geography game which, in the makers' own words, "takes you on a journey around the world and challenges your ability to recognise your surroundings". It's fun for all the family and especially good for kids from 12 upwards.

You might end up on a country lane in Croatia or a bustling junction in Tokyo. GeoGuessr uses Google Earth to create explorable spaces. The satisfaction when you guess correctly is something else!

The official version of GeoGuessr now has to be paid for, but there's also a free, open-source version available.

5. Learn to code

Have your kids shown an interest in coding? Then you might want to investigate a virtual holiday club via FunTech .

These courses are available for children from seven to 16 and cover everything from games like Minecraft and Roblox to programming platforms like Unity, Python and Java.

Students participate in classes with a maximum of 12 students per classroom. There are practical demonstrations, screen sharing and immediate feedback from tutors. Please note, however, that these courses aren't free.

6. Learn a language

Perhaps your kids are already learning a language and want to revise – or perhaps you want to get them started on a new one. Luckily for you, there are plenty of language learning apps for kids.

Some are free and some you have to pay for – all, however, can help your child improve their language skills. Explore some of your options here .

7. Revise on BBC Bitesize

"What's fun about revision?" you might ask, remembering your own schooldays. Well, BBC Bitesize makes sure to gamify learning on its education pages.

It covers all subjects and modules for primary and secondary school students as well as career advice for sixth-formers. If you want to make sure your kids don't slip behind and have some fun in the process, BBC Bitesize could be just the thing.

8. Visit the Stump Cross Caverns online learning hub

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we don't just host school trips during term time. We also provide Key Stage 2 learning games and resources for students over the summer holidays.

Kids can join our very own Cavewoman and Rowan the Reindeer to learn about a range of science topics. Each one consists of an accessible, level-appropriate presentation followed by a fun quiz. The topics are:

Book for Stump Cross Caverns today, check out our online learning hub or explore our calendar of unique events and experiences . We look forward to giving you a warm Yorkshire welcome in the caves!

Bioluminescent caves are real – and they might just blow your mind

Mon, 04 Aug 2025 08:34:31 GMT

The natural world is full of jaw-dropping sights. Explore the shimmering world of bioluminescent caves.

Have you ever seen glowworms on a summer's night? These flying insects, described by the poet Andrew Marvell as "living lamps", have a remarkable quality: they're bioluminescent.

"Biolumi- what ?" you might ask. The concept, however, is as simple as it is amazing. It refers to the ability of some organisms to emit light created in their bodies by a chemical reaction.

If humans were bioluminescent, we wouldn't need to carry torches or bother with artificial sources of light. We, too, would be living lamps, lighting our way without any need of external light.

The world is full of bioluminescence – not just glowworms and fireflies but also ocean-dwellers including fish, bacteria and jellies. Plant life, too, can be bioluminescent. Algae, for instance, can make bays light up in the dark with a ghostly glow.

So, how about caves? Can they glow in the dark, too?

Well, yes and no. Caves are most often made out of limestone – and limestone doesn't have any bioluminescent properties. Instead, it fluoresces , revealing delicate veins and textures under ultraviolet light .

There are, however, a handful of amazing caves around the world that are filled with glowworms and other bioluminescent creatures. The result is a cave that glows, shimmers and sparkles like the night sky. Here are three of the best.

1. Waitomo Cave, New Zealand

About 140 miles south of Auckland, on New Zealand's North Island, lies a cave so full of glowworms that it's marketed as "Waitomo Glowworm Cave".

The cave is an example of the astonishing overlapping time frames that make up our planet. The caves themselves are some 30 million years old. The native species of glowworms ( Arachnocampa luminosa in Latin) has a lifespan of just over a year.

They were first discovered in 1871 in a gold mine near Auckland. Today, they spangle the walls of Waitomo Cave like constellations.

Those silky strands, however, aren't quite as dreamy as they seem. They're made of mucus and covered in sticky droplets. Insects are drawn to the glow before getting reeled in and consumed by the glowworms.

Visitors can take a boat ride to explore the caves and see these beautiful death traps. Along the way, many of the guides share stories from Maori culture.

2. Waipu Caves, New Zealand

Waitomo Cave is well worth a visit – but many, many people have got the memo. This makes it a busy tourist attraction all year round.

Waipu Caves are an altogether quieter affair. And, unlike Waitomo, they're free to enter and can be explored independently.

The first chamber is filled with gorgeous stalagmites and stalactites – those rock formations that give many caves their otherworldly quality.

The glowworm cavern can be accessed through a series of chambers. Visitors should expect wading through streams, some clambering and a fair bit of mud. The natural display that awaits, however, makes the possibility of wet feet worthwhile.

Before you go, it's important to think about safety. Because the caves are unguided, you're responsible for staying safe. This means you should never go alone and should always check the weather in advance. The inner chambers also require some caving expertise.

3. Dismals Canyon, Alabama, USA

Dismals Canyon is a natural area near the town of Phil Campbell, Alabama. It's a rugged sandstone gorge filled with grottos, waterfalls, natural bridges and boulders – an area beloved by hikers and campers alike.

It's also one of a handful of places in the world where you can see dismalites. They thrive here thanks to the high humidity created by the dense tree cover. These are the larvae of Orfelia fultoni , a type of bioluminescent fly closely related to fungus gnats.

These tiny creatures emit a blue-green light from their heads and tails to attract and ensnare their prey (mostly mosquitoes). Visitors can't see this natural process in action. Instead, they see a constellation of stars shining from the canyon's rock faces.

If you want to see the dismalites in action, you can book a place on a guided night tour. These take place from late April through May and September through October.

Fluorescent adventures at Stump Cross Caverns

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're proud to be custodians of a network of ancient chambers and passageways. Visitors can explore the stalagmites, stalactites and curious rock formations all year round.

But we also offer a fluorescent adventure . We give you a torch that emits ultraviolet light. When you shine it on the cave walls, they glow a purplish colour. The surfaces come alive, revealing veins and other textural details that aren't visible to the naked eye.

This is because the calcite in the rock absorbs and re-emits the ultraviolet rays. It's an unforgettable experience that lets you see the caves, quite literally, in a new light.

It's just one example of what we offer here at the caverns. We look forward to meeting you deep underground!

What is bioluminescence?

You won't find any bioluminescent caves in the UK – but our glowing cave experience is just as magical. Join us in the Yorkshire Dales for a day out you won't forget. It's easy to book your UV cave tickets online – and if you book for the last hour of the day, you'll get 25% off!

The tastiest afternoon teas in the UK (7 must-tries)

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 25 Jul 2025 06:29:25 GMT

Looking for a relaxing and luxurious afternoon tea in England or Wales? Explore 7 of the tastiest options.

Ah, afternoon tea. Not every afternoon tea is the same, but you know one when you see it. Those light finger sandwiches, cakes and pastries atop a tiered silver tower – all washed down with a cup of tea. Ahh.

Originally a way for the upper classes to eat a bit more between lunch and dinner, it's now available in many establishments across the country. And while the prices are no longer eye-watering, the ritual of afternoon tea still has an undeniable touch of class.

But where can you go for the best of the best? Perhaps unsurprisingly, there's a high concentration of afternoon tea shops and cafes in London. But scratch below the London-centric surface and there's plenty to enjoy across England and Wales. Here are seven of the tastiest.

The Ritz, London

The Ritz is famous for many things – its opulent rooms, its famous guests and its premium location, to name but three. But no account of the Ritz is complete without a mention of its legendary afternoon tea.

Guests can choose from 20 types of loose-leaf tea, sandwiches, scones with jam and cream, pastries and teacakes – all soundtracked by a resident pianist. You can even throw a glass of champagne into the mix.

Prices start from £81 for adults and £59 for children.

Orestone Manor, Devon

Yes – "The Country House Hotel by the Sea" sounds a bit like a Richard and Judy Book Club pick. In fact, it's the tagline for Orestone Manor, a family-run hotel in the village of Maidencombe, Devon.

Close to walking trails, beautiful bays and a plethora of outdoor activities, Maidencombe is a jewel in the crown (or juicy currant in the scone) of the English Riviera.

Their afternoon tea includes scones, cakes, summer fruits and Devon clotted cream – all presented in classic style on a silver tier.

Jurassic Afternoon Tea, London

Anyone who's visited Stump Cross Caverns will tell you we're mad about our prehistoric past. Fossils, dinos, gemstones and rocks: all have a special place in our 21st-century hearts.

So, we can't resist mentioning Jurassic Afternoon Tea at Apero – a Mediterranean restaurant in South Kensington.

Apero's extravagant dinosaur-themed afternoon tea is a sight to behold. But the restaurant's afternoon tea-takers aren't just impressed by the food and drink. They also praise Apero's attentive customer service. At Jurassic Afternoon Tea, you won't be looking at the waiter and wondering, "D'you think 'e saw us?"

Zindiya, Birmingham

Birmingham has many spots for traditional afternoon tea. But in the birthplace of balti, why not try a spicy Indian variation?

Zindiya is an Indian street food restaurant in Moseley, south Birmingham. It provides tapas-style dishes, craft beers and cocktails. And at certain times of the week (check before you diarise), it offers Indian-inspired afternoon tea – "a traditional treat with a twist".

Spicy tea. Cardamom scones. Macaroons. The Mumbai sandwich. If you're looking for taste, inventiveness and a touch of spice, Zindiya is the place to be.

Storrs Hall, Lake District

On the shores of England's largest lake, with sweeping views of the fells, Storrs Hall is a hotel in what was once a Georgian mansion.

Storrs serves a fine traditional afternoon tea, all sandwiches and scones ("very proper", they say!), jam and clotted cream. They also serve a Tiny Tots afternoon tea for the little ones.

Storrs Hall is the perfect choice if you want some natural splendour with your leisurely repast.

Celtic Manor, Newport

Celtic Manor is a five-star hotel and 19th-century manor house in the Usk Valley – that idyllic part of Wales where, in T.S. Eliot's words, "the grey light meets the green air".

Its traditional Resort Afternoon Tea hits all the right notes with a confident touch. This is Afternoon Tea with a capital A and a capital T.

Celtic Manor also offers Champagne Afternoon Tea and Pink Gin Afternoon Tea. Prices start from £32 per adult and £16 per child.

Afternoon tea at Stump Cross Caverns

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're about so much more than just the caves beneath our feet. We also make the most of the jaw-dropping Yorkshire Dales that surrounds us – and no more so than in our Time Cafe.

This quirky themed cafe offers commanding views of the Dales. Whether you've just come up from the caves or in from the Dales, it's the perfect spot to satisfy your appetite and quench your thirst.

But don't just take our word for it. Local influencer The Yorkshireman sang its praises in his viral video , where he rounds off a ramble with our afternoon t ea.

On top of our usual refreshments, we serve afternoon tea for just £19.50 a person . For £25 a head, you get afternoon tea with a beautiful calcite heart you can take home and keep. Or for £35 a head, you get afternoon tea, a calcite heart and a self-guided trip through the caves.

Where does afternoon tea come from?

You might think tea is as English as Saint George. But this predominately Chinese herb was introduced to England by a Scotsman, Charles II, and his Portuguese wife Catherine de Braganza.

Back then, tea was the preserve of the upper classes thanks to its high cost. Afternoon tea, too, has aristocratic origins.

It was introduced by Anna Russell, Duchess of Bedford, a friend of Queen Victoria. The Duchess was unhappy with the increasing gap between midday lunch and evening dinner. To solve this problem, she began the "afternoon ritual" of having tea, cake and bread and butter delivered to her room in the late afternoon.

Fancy freshly cut sandwiches, plump scones and a few of our favourite hand-picked treats? Book for afternoon tea in the Time Cafe at Stump Cross Caverns today.

5 myths about the Stone Age BUSTED

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 21 Jul 2025 07:25:57 GMT

What are the most common myths about Stone Age people? Let us help you sift the facts from the fiction.

It's Christmastime, and someone has pulled the Pictionary board out of the cupboard. "Very well," you sigh. "'Tis the season."

You look at your card and pick "Stone Age". This, you think, will be a doddle to draw.

And indeed, our mental image of Stone Age people is remarkably consistent. Animal skin, club, horns. Bish, bash, bosh. But how true is it?

The fact is that the Stone Age is one of those things that people know a little about – and as Alexander Pope once said, "a little learning is a dangerous thing".

Myths and misconceptions abound about our prehistoric ancestors. Like many myths, they're rooted in reality but have morphed over time through a historical game of telephone.

So, what do people usually get wrong about the Stone Age? Let's find out.

1. Man the hunter, woman the gatherer

In the Stone Age, you might think, men spent their days roaming the plains, spear in hand, looking for mammoths and other animals to kill. Meanwhile, women would gather berries with babies at their breasts.

Research suggests, however, that this could be a classic case of seeing the past through a wonky modern lens.

One study , for instance, argues that "division of labour among human foraging populations has typically been recognised as involving males as hunters and females as gatherers.

"Recent archaeological evidence," it goes on, "has questioned this paradigm with evidence that females hunted (and went to war) throughout the Homo sapiens lineage."

So, next time you imagine Stone Age men as grunting warriors and women as domestic goddesses, think again!

2. It was all stone, stone, stone

In the Stone Age, tools were made out of stone. That's why it's called the Stone Age. Any questions?

Well, there's no getting around the fact that Stone Age people used stone. Humans hadn't yet discovered how to forge metals – so stone would have to do.

But our ancestors used much more than just stone. They also made tools, jewellery and even musical instruments from materials like wood, bone, antlers and shells.

Later in the Stone Age, people began to make clay pots. It's a far cry from the popular image of a Stone Age man hitting a stone with another stone to make a tool he could use to carve stone.

What's more, our misconceptions about Stone Age tools relate to the question of gender roles. People tend to think Stone Age men worked with stone while women made baskets and ceramics.

In fact, both men and women made stone tools. This was a finding shared in the 1991 book Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory .

3. Stone Age people were nomads

The modern world is bolted in place. Cities and countries are monoliths. In prehistory, by contrast, people were constantly packing their stones and bones into bindles and travelling great distances – weren't they?

This is partly true. There's plenty of evidence showing that early people led nomadic lives. But it's only one piece of the picture.

This is partly because the Stone Age was so incredibly long. To put its length into perspective, the Middle Ages are widely considered to have lasted 1,000 years. The Stone Age lasted 3.4 million .

Towards the end of the Stone Age, people began to build houses and stay put for longer. Their lives started to resemble modern agricultural communities – farming, growing crops and husbanding animals. Nomadic they were not.

So, while many early humans were nomadic, the word "nomadic" doesn't cut it when describing the Stone Age period as a whole.

4. The Stone Age was a single age

OK, this one might seem counterintuitive. It's called the "Stone Age " – not like the Middle Ages . But a period lasting 3.4 million years can't really be considered one continuous age.

The Stone Age refers to human life before the advent of metalworking. That aside, it's a hugely diverse affair.

The Stone Age is divided into three periods: the Palaeolithic, the Mesolithic and the Neolithic.

These names are far from random. They all come from the Greek word lithos , meaning "stone". The parts of each word before "lithic" tell you the sequence of these eras.

"Palaeo" means "old". The Palaeolithic era, then, is the Old Stone Age where it all began. "Meso", meanwhile, means "middle" – and "neo" means "new".

We don't have space to go into the differences between these periods. But Palaeolithic people, for instance, were largely nomadic and used simple tools. Neolithic people, by contrast, tended to live in settled communities and use more sophisticated tools.

5. They all lived in caves

Perhaps the biggest misconception is that Stone Age people were long-haired loons who lived exclusively in caves. It's a misconception with a long history , starting with medieval art and taking in 20th-century literature and cartoons.

Like all these misconceptions, it's not entirely unfounded. People did live in caves ( some still do! ) However, they also constructed and lived in tents, huts and other shelters made from animal hides.

This misconception is related to another, broader misconception: namely, that Stone Age people were, well, a little unintelligent.

There's no written record of the Stone Age, so we don't know a huge amount about their inner lives. We do know, however, that they made musical instruments and painted on the walls of caves. The fact they hunted with spears shouldn't lead us to think they were brutish or simple.

Conclusion

The Stone Age is an extremely rich period of human history – much richer than many of the misconceptions we have about it. And best of all, it can be explored and visited today.

From collections of tools in museums to Stone Age sites across the world, prehistory is all around you. Go get some!

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we love the Stone Age – after all, we're home to the famous Stump Cross Cavewoman ! Why not join us for a family day out in Yorkshire ? You can explore our magical underground cave network , learn all about our 300-million-year history and even join one of our popular family fossil digs . It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

5 easy walks in the Yorkshire Dales

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 18 Jul 2025 06:55:51 GMT

Up for a stroll? Explore 5 walks in the Yorkshire Dales that will give you beauty without the blisters.

The last few years have seen an explosion in hiking across the UK. And here in the Yorkshire Dales, the home of Stump Cross Caverns, more and more people are putting on their boots and taking in the sights.

It's partly because the Dales provide such a varied and beautiful landscape. From river walks to the famous Three Peaks, from quaint villages to long-distance trails, the Yorkshire Dales could well be known as the "Walkshire Trails". Heh.

But it's not all arduous yomps across the moors. The Yorkshire Dales are also a fantastic place to go for an easy walk, giving you the best of the landscape without blisters or sunburn.

This is especially welcome if you've got the little ones or four-legged friends in tow – or just want fresh air without fatigue.

Here, then, are five easy walks to inspire and invigorate.

1. The Ribblehead audio trail

Ribblehead is a popular destination for walkers thanks to the part it plays in the Dales Way and the Three Peaks. With its views of Ingleborough, Whernside and the Ribblehead viaduct, it's a hiker's paradise.

But Ribblehead isn't just for walkers looking to get the miles in. It's also a perfect spot for walks on the short and easy side.

One such walk is the Ribblehead audio trail. It focuses on the history and construction of the Ribblehead viaduct, built in the late 19th century to carry trains from Settle to Carlisle across the valley.

So, if you're looking to combine hiking with history, the Ribblehead audio trail is a great way to spend a couple of hours. Access the route and its accompanying audio at yorkshiredales.org .

2. Burnsall

Situated on a bend of the River Wharfe and surrounded by fells, Burnsall is a village in Wharfedale rich in history and natural beauty.

Burnsall started life as an Anglo-Saxon settlement – and the local church is home to Viking and Anglo-Saxon stones.

The village is also home to a fantastic route that's accessible for wheelchair users and buggies – a 700-metre-long stretch of the Dales Way running from Burnsall to Loup Scar.

As well as providing spectacular views of Yorkshire fells, this river route is a bird-watcher's dream. Keen-eyed ramblers might spot wagtails, dippers, sandpipers and oystercatchers.

3. Janet's Foss

Janet's Foss is a small but perfectly formed waterfall located in picturesque woodland on the path from Malham to Gordale Scar.

Beloved by hikers and swimmers, Janet's Foss is a popular destination. For this reason, you may want to go early in the morning or late in the afternoon to avoid the crowds.

Walking there from Malham, you may see two tree stumps filled with pennies. Add your own and make a wish to Jennet, the queen of the fairies, who's said to live in a cave behind the cascades.

Walkers looking for an easy route have a range of options. Explore them on the Reluctant Explorers website .

4. Malham Cove

Malham Cove is one of the wonders of the Yorkshire Dales – a sweeping, 70-metre-high limestone pavement. It's the product of millions of years of erosion by water and ice – like Stump Cross Caverns, a living, breathing example of the Dales' prehistoric past.

Visit today, and you may see climbers ascending the sheer rock face. But for those looking for something on the gentler side, Malham Cove gives you the best of the Dales in spades.

It's home, to take just one example, to a mile-long Miles without Stiles trail. This is ideal for wheelchair users, walkers with pushchairs and people looking for a gentle but jaw-dropping stroll.

The walk takes about 25 minutes in each direction. Expect woodland, stone footpaths and views you won't forget.

5. Aysgarth Falls

Aysgarth Falls has long been a destination for nature lovers – from William and Dorothy Wordsworth in the 19th century to the film crew behind Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves in 1991.

Its three stepped falls are undeniably impressive. Meanwhile, the surrounding areas are filled with flowers, roe deer and even dormice.

There are many gentle walks around Aysgarth Falls, ranging from one to 2.7 miles. These run through Freeholder's Wood and offer views of the Middle Falls.

6. Walks near Stump Cross Caverns

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we thank our lucky stars to be located in the green, green heart of the Yorkshire Dales. We're just a stone's throw from a range of easy walks to satisfy hikers of all ages and experience levels.

You can explore five of the best walks in the Yorkshire Dales here on our website. When you're done, why not pop in for refreshments at our Time Cafe or take a trip through the enchanted chambers and passageways under our feet?

Tips for walking in the Yorkshire Dales

The Yorkshire Dales are only as good as the people who use them – and everyone has to play their part, whether they're going for a mile-long amble or an epic trek.

This means respecting the land and the community. Many people live and work in the Dales. Walkers should stick to the rights of way and shut gates behind them.

It's also important to leave no trace. No one wants this gorgeous landscape to be filled with litter – so make sure you leave nothing but footprints and take nothing but photos.

Dog walkers should be mindful of sheep between November and lambing season. This is because pregnant sheep can run and miscarry if dogs are off their leads.

Finally, take care when near rivers and lakes. They may look tranquil but are usually cold, deep and a devil to get out of!

Not sure what to bring? Hiking boots are advisable even for a short walk. Other than that, make sure you bring snacks, water and a copy of the route.

Take a trip to Stump Cross Caverns – a network of ancient caves to explore right here in the Yorkshire Dales. Whether you walk, drive or cycle here, we guarantee you a warm Yorkshire welcome.

How about it? It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

Summer holiday activities in North Yorkshire

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Thu, 17 Jul 2025 07:46:24 GMT

The summer holidays are coming, and there's no better time to explore North Yorkshire. See what's on.

From Land's End to John O'Groats, from Colwyn Bay to Whitby, the people of England, Wales and Scotland rejoice: summer is officially here.

Time to shake off those spring showers and overcast skies and soak in the sunlight on long, dreamy days. Time to get off the sofa and grab life by the horns. Time, in short, to seize the season.

But if there are kids in the equation, you might be wondering where to take them and what to do. Those school summer holidays can feel like a long, long six weeks when the little ones are constantly pestering you for entertainment.

We're here to help. We've put together this guide to family-friendly activities in North Yorkshire this summer – from museums to beaches, from fossil digs to festivals. We hope it gives you some inspiration.

1. Museums

Finding a museum that suits all the family isn't always easy. Luckily, North Yorkshire has plenty of options for you to choose from.

The JORVIK Viking Centre in York is a firm family favourite for a reason. It brings to life 10th-century York through an immersive recreation of Viking life.

Visitors get to step into the past and explore houses, workshops, backyards and more. Plus, there's a gallery bursting with fascinating Viking artefacts.

Of course, spending a day in a Viking settlement is one thing. But stay there long enough and you'd be sure to miss modern amenities and inventions – chocolate, for one.

A mere four minutes' walk away is York's Chocolate Story . This visitor attraction and museum takes you on a whistle-stop tour of chocolate-making in the Chocolate City.

Chocolate is to York what champagne is to France. It was here that beloved brands like Terry's and Rowntree's started working their magic.

Like all good museums, the JORVIK Centre and Chocolate Story both educate and entertain. This is also true of Wonderlab , the interactive children's museum based in the Railway Museum.

Wonderlab is all about the science behind railways, from aerodynamics to different fuels. But it's all grounded in experiential learning, as visitors get to explore a human wind tunnel, launch a rocket and more.

2. Go outdoors

North Yorkshire is home to quaint villages, bustling cities and everything in between. Culture vultures, fine diners and nightclubbers alike will find plenty to enjoy. But the truth is, you could probably spend a whole summer in the area just exploring the outdoors.

Take the Dales Way . This 78.5-mile long-distance footpath runs from Ilkley in West Yorkshire all the way to Bowness-on-Windermere in Cumbria.

Along the way, it passes the picturesque ruins of Bolton Abbey and the cosy, welcoming pubs and cottages of Burnsall and Grassington.

So, if you want to ensure your children get some fresh air in their lungs this summer, an amble along the Dales Way could be just what the doctor ordered. (Not all of it at once, though – of course.)

About half an hour's drive from Grassington is Malham Cove – an impressive ancient limestone pavement that offers stunning views of the Dales.

The pavement itself is an almost lunar landscape, with deep ruts cut into the limestone. It's as popular with climbers and photographers as it is with hikers and those in search of a pretty view.

Then there's Scarborough Beach . Explore the bustling cafes, shops and venues in South Bay or the waves and rock pools at North Bay. It's a part of the world you won't forget in a hurry.

3. Kid-friendly festivals

Looking for an outdoor adventure to blow away the cobwebs? Kettlewell Scarecrow Festival , running from 9 to 17 August, could be just what you need.

Expect gorgeous scenery, weird and wonderful scarecrows and tasty scran. This year, Look North presenter Amanda Harper will be judging the raggedy entries.

In search of something more dramatic? This August Bank Holiday, the English country house of Castle Howard is hosting the Yorkshire Balloon Fiesta .

The centrepiece of the event is the mass launch of hot air balloons from all across Europe. On top of that, there's family entertainment, food and drink and live performances from Ella Henderson, Sister Sledge and many more.

For 362 days a year, Baldersby Park is an undulating landscape park with an 18th-century house, a temple, two obelisks and a whole lot of nature.

But from 25 to 28 July, this peaceful park transforms into a hubbub of cultural activity – Deer Shed Festival . It is, as the organisers put it, "a three-day wonderland of music, comedy, arts, science, theatre and sport".

We don't have space to cover all the acts, but suffice to say there's something for everyone – and that includes the kids.

4. Stump Cross Caverns

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're proud to be the custodians of some seriously magical prehistoric caves.

The caves themselves are a great place to cool off in the summer. But we're not content to rest on our limestone laurels. As well as welcoming visitors all through the summer months, we also host a varied and family-friendly calendar of events.

We hold regular Fossil Discovery Digs , where kids can play as palaeontologists for the day. One of our expert instructors will guide participants through an indoor fossil dig, using clean, safe sand to mimic soil. Best of all, no one goes home empty-handed. Every child gets an educational pack and a fossil bag.

Then there's Crystal Wonders , held in our cosy cinema space. Kids learn all about crystals and then get to grow their own. As with the fossil digs, every child gets to take a souvenir home.

Our fossil digs and Crystal Wonders are scheduled throughout the summer, with SEN-friendly experiences on selected dates. On 23 July, however, we have a special one-off event.

Join Mark Kemp, AKA The Yorkshire Fossil Hunter , as he leads you on a 90-minute session exploring the fossil-filled landscape around Stump Cross.

So, if you're looking for a fun, family-friendly activity this summer, look no further. Get tickets for a fun, family-friendly activity at Stump Cross Caverns today.

7 of the world's rarest gemstones

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 14 Jul 2025 07:48:18 GMT

Looking for a gemstone rarer than amethyst or quart? Explore 7 of the rarest from around the world.

Go to any jeweller's or gemstone shop and you're bound to see some classic stones. No collection is complete without diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, amethysts and quartz.

For the connoisseur, however, this is just the tip of the iceberg. The world is filled with gemstones famed for their rarity and beauty – not to mention their correspondingly high prices.

Some of these gemstones are in their hundreds. Some are sought-after – or admired from a distance – because they're one-offs.

It's a fascinating topic that covers every continent and every colour of the rainbow. Are you ready to explore seven of the rarest gemstones in the world?

1. Painite

Once upon a time, Painite was given the accolade of rarest gemstone in the world by Guinness World Records.

That entry is no more, but there are still only a few hundred specimens of Painite dotted around the globe. The biggest, weighing around 50 grams, is in London's Natural History Museum.

Most of them were found in Myanmar. It was here that the first specimen was discovered in the 1950s by Arthur C.D. Pain.

Its brilliant reddish-brown appearance makes it a sought-after mineral for wedding rings and pendants.

2. Black opal

Not all opals are rare. The world of opals, in fact, is split into two camps. On the one hand, you have common opals. On the other, precious opals.

An opal is classed as precious when it displays "play of colour". This is when a gemstone flashes under light.

Even among precious opals, black opals are rare. They're mainly found in Australia and the Virgin Valley in the USA.

The town of Lightning Ridge in New South Wales, Australia, is a black opal hotbed. It was there that the largest black opal in the world was found.

Known as "the Sea of Opal", it weighs over two kilograms or 11,000 carats. It takes its name from its fish-like patch of blue and seaweed-like flash of green.

3. Poudretteite

You might think that poudretteite is powdery, given that poudre is the French word for "powder". In fact, it's a glassy, brittle stone that ranges from colourless to light pink.

It gets its name from the Poudrette family in Quebec, Canada. In the 1960s, tiny poudretteite crystals were found in their quarry in Mont St. Hilaire.

It wasn't until the 1980s that poudretteite was recognised as a mineral. And it wasn't until 2000 that an actual gem was found – some 7,000 miles away in Mogok, Myanmar.

One of the finest specimens, also found in Myanmar, now lives in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC. It could well be the largest in the world.

4. Tanzanite

Formed hundreds of millions of years ago, tanzanite is rare for a reason. It's only found in a seven-by-two-kilometre mining area in the Simanjiro District of Manyara Region in Tanzania, East Africa.

Straight out of the ground, tanzanite isn't much to look at. But once its reddish-brown "veil" is removed, it radiates blue, violet and burgundy.

Its colours are immediately impressive. But different colours can be brought out under different kinds of light. Fluorescent light brings out the blues, while incandescent light makes the violets sing.

The world's biggest tanzanite was found in a mine in Tanzania on June 24th 2020. It weighs a whopping 46,350 carats – that's about nine kilograms!

The government bought it off the mine owner Saniniu Laizer for 7.7 billion Tanzanian shillings (around 2.6 million pounds). Laizer said he would give 10% to his workers and spend the rest on a local school and shopping centre.

5. Red beryl

Red beryl is a much-sought-after variety of beryl – and one of the rarest minerals on Earth. It's said to be a thousand times rarer than gold.

Red beryl has gone by many names. It was first discovered in 1904 by Maynard Bixby in the Wah Wah Mountains of Utah, USA. Some years later, it was named "bixbite" after him. This name lost its lustre, however, thanks to its similarity to another mineral named "bixbyite".

Today, red beryl is sometimes marketed as "red emerald" or "scarlet emerald". Most specimens are less than a centimetre long. They come in a variety of shades: from strawberry to cherry, from bright ruby to orange.

Like tanzanite, red beryl is geographically limited to one area – in this case, the southwestern states of the USA.

6. Jadeite

Some gemstones come in just one colour. Jadeite is one of those rare stones with a spectacular range of colours: white, various shades of green, pink, lavender and even dark green to black.

Most often found in green and white, jadeite is the principal material of the precious stone jade.

Pretty much all the gem-quality jadeites in the world come from northern Myanmar. Other deposits have been found in the Alps, California, Guatemala, Japan and Russia.

Even more fascinatingly, jadeite was used as far back as the Stone Age. We know this thanks to the unearthing of 180 jadeite axeheads dating from the Neolithic era (10000 to 2200 BCE).

Archaeologists believe these axes were non-utilitarian. This means they were used for decoration, status or show rather than everyday use. Today, jadeite is no less prized.

7. Musgravite

Musgravite is the rare child of a rare family. It's named after the Musgrave Ranges in South Australia, where it was discovered in 1967.

Between 1967 and 2005, only 20 musgravites were found. Since then, small amounts have been found in Antarctica, Greenland, Madagascar, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.

Its specimens are mostly grey-green or olive. There are, however, musgravites in purple and blue-green. Some are nearly colourless.

Because of its rarity, musgravite costs a pretty penny. Prices begin at $6,000 for a carat. That's just 0.2 grams.

Do you love gemstones as much as we do? Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we run regular educational workshops – including Crystal Wonders, an exciting exploration of all things shiny and sparkly. Want to join in on the fun? Book your spot at our next all-ages workshop today.

6 Yorkshire motorhome parking spots for a summer stopover

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 11 Jul 2025 08:00:23 GMT

Planning a trip to the Yorkshire Dales and need somewhere to park your motorhome? Here are 6 options.

Just as every hiker needs a place to lay their head, so every motorhome driver needs a spot to rest their wheels.

Here in the Yorkshire Dales, the stopovers can be just as magnificent as the journeys themselves. It's a landscape bursting with colour, texture and – above all – spectacular views.

From Malham Cove to Aysgarth Falls, from the Three Peaks to Wensleydale – it's little wonder why Yorkshire is nicknamed "God's own country".

Some of these parking spots are free and others require a small fee. Some can be pre-booked, while others operate on a first-come, first-served basis. When planning your stopover, a little preparation can go a long way.

So, without further ado, here are six of the best Yorkshire parking spots for a summer stopover.

Lodge Park

Situated on the border of the Yorkshire Dales and the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Lodge Park is a peaceful spot surrounded by woodlands.

It all makes for a fantastic starting point to explore the Dales, whether you're here to take a trip on the heritage railway, climb the famous Three Peaks or play a round of golf.

The site is good for dog owners and boasts a limestone shower block with underfloor heating – a sumptuous touch for a cold Yorkshire evening.

Danby Beacon on Beacon Hill

Danby Beacon is one of the highest points in the North York Moors National Park. For centuries, it's been used as a military lookout, culminating in the radar station built there by the British government during the Second World War.

It offers a mesmerising 360-degree view over the National Park, taking in purple heather, rolling dales and shingly beaches.

Motorhome drivers should prepare for a steep climb up the beacon – but once at the top, the views make it all worthwhile.

Ingleton Community Centre

Nine miles from Settle on the edge of the Dales is the village of Ingleton. On Main Street, not far from the town centre, is Ingleton Community Centre. This offers four spaces for motorhomes.

As well as offering convenient access to the Waterfalls Trail, White Scar Cave, Three Peaks and more, Ingleton is home to pubs, restaurants and shops. It's long been a great base for exploring the countryside, whether by foot, bicycle or climbing rope.

Drivers can stay between 6 PM and 9 AM for six pounds.

The Station Inn, Ribblehead

Yorkshire is famous for many things, from Wensleydale cheese to the Brontë Sisters. But no account of the area is complete without mentioning its many pubs.

The Station Inn is the perfect example. With its classic stone exterior and cosy, book-lined interior, it's a snug spot to unwind after an amble, cycle or drive through the Dales.

The history of the inn is closely connected to that of the Ribblehead Viaduct – an impressive piece of 19th-century architecture built to carry trains from Settle to Carlisle across the valley.

So connected, in fact, that the pub gives visitors to its website a live webcam view of trains crossing the viaduct.

As well as offering a great base to explore the viaduct and the Three Peaks, the Station Inn also offers free motorhome parking.

As with many other establishments (ours included), the Station asks motorhome owners to have some food and drink when staying over – and luckily for visitors, it's hearty, comforting fare.

The inn offers toilets, and sinks and a waste disposal facility. Simply turn up, book at the bar and get your ticket.

It's worth noting that motorhome drivers can't pre-book. It's first come, first served, meaning you may have to look elsewhere. In case of that eventuality, there are plenty of laybys nearby that will do the job.

Aysgarth Falls

Aysgarth Falls near Leyburn is a jewel in the crown of the Yorkshire Dales. These dramatically cascading waterfalls are much-loved by tourists – and have been for centuries.

It's not for nothing that the British painter J.M.W. Turner made sketches of the falls. Nature lovers William and Dorothy Wordsworth also paid a visit. And more recently, the waterfalls provided a location for a memorable fight scene in the blockbuster movie Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves.

It doesn't take long to realise why they've proven so popular. Aysgarth Falls effortlessly catches the eye while providing peace and quiet away from the beaten track.

Halfway down the hill is a pay-and-display car park that accommodates motorhomes. There are no facilities – but there are toilets in the cafe. From there, you can take a short but steep walk down to the river.

Stump Cross Caverns

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we like to make the most of our location. Situated on the road between Pateley Bridge and Grassington, we're happy to be an affordable motorhome camping site as well as one of the UK's finest show caves.

For just five pounds, you can park up overnight and take in the views across the Dales. We ask visitors to book a ticket to the caves or a reservation at our cafe along with their pitch. This helps us keep the lights on that illuminate our magical caves.

And magical they are – a winding, spooling underground domain replete with stalagmites, stalactites, flowstone and other unique rock formations.

Above ground, visitors can explore our gift shop and fill their bellies at our Time Cafe . With its jaw-dropping views, this is the perfect place to recharge for the next stage of your journey.

So, why not book a pitch here today? We guarantee a warm welcome, hearty refreshments and views you won't forget in a hurry.

What is the deepest cave in the world?

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 07 Jul 2025 08:08:01 GMT

Get your hard hat and your harness – we're taking a trip down Krubera, the deepest cave on Earth.

Many people can tell you that Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Slightly fewer people, perhaps, can tell you that the Nile is the longest river. But we bet our bottom dollar that not many people can name you the deepest cave in the world.

The answer is Krubera – also known as "Voronya Cave" (or "Voronja"). This cave takes the crown as "the Everest of caves", reaching a depth of a whopping 2,199 metres.

It's located in the Abkhazia. This is a region of some 245,000 people, which, depending on who you ask, is an autonomous republic or part of Georgia.

Krubera is part of the Gagra Range, also home to Veryovkina Cave, the second-deepest in the world.

The true depth of Krubera was discovered over many decades and required a huge amount of perseverance and bravery. Cavers used ropes, harnesses and even diving gear to get through its cold, humid chambers and passages. They battled through boulder chokes, sumps and other inhospitable features to finally reach the bottom in 2004.

But like most caves, Krubera was formed long, long before humans started poking around on the surface. In the case of Krubera, it was formed some millions of years ago.

How was Krubera formed?

Krubera is a limestone cave. The limestone dates back to the Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic periods.

Limestone dissolves when exposed to acidic groundwater. Krubera's depths were formed by millions of years of dripping, flowing and gushing water.

The caves were also affected by tectonic activity. Mountain ranges rose and created passages and chambers. Meanwhile, fluctuations in sea levels also wore away at the limestone.

To get to Krubera, you must cut a jagged trail through the Arabika Massif on the edge of the Black Sea. This is about as far from a walk in the park as you can get. Cavers traverse a landscape filled with pits connected by narrow passages called "meanders".

Who discovered Krubera?

The history of the discovery of Krubera is as long and winding as an underground passageway. This is more of a "greatest hits" than an exhaustive retelling.

It all began at the beginning of the 20th century, with French and Russian speleologists (cave scientists) making forays into the cave.

In 1960, researchers from the Republic of Georgia made it 90 metres down. Throughout the 1980s, expeditions continued.

In the 1990s, conflicts in the region meant that expeditions had to be suspended. These picked up again in 1999 – and by the early 2000s, explorers had made it 1,710 metres down.

Things got really serious in the early part of this century when a multinational expedition made it 1,775 metres down. Another team made it to 1,840 metres. This trip involved squeezing through a 100-metre-long passage called "The Way to the Dream".

Krubera Cave finally became the deepest known cave in the world when the Ukrainian Speleological Association reached a depth of 1,910 metres. This put Lamprechtsofen in the Austrian Alps in second place.

In October 2004, a team of nine Ukrainian cavers led by Yuri Kasjan went back for more. They spent 17 days underground and fought their way through sumps and painfully tight squeezes.

On October 19th, they dropped into a pit – now known as Millennium – and finally reached a sandy chamber at 2,080 metres.

They'd made it to the bottom of the world! Is it any wonder they decided to call this chamber "Game Over"?

What lives in Krubera?

You might think that caves are uniquely inhospitable environments for wildlife. In fact, they're rich ecosystems – something we've discussed in another blog post .

Even in the depths of Krubera, animals manage to survive. These include pseudoscorpions, spiders, opiliones, crustaceans, springtails, beetles and dipterans.

In 2010, a CAVEX team expedition discovered four springtails – a type of hexapod that feeds on decaying organic matter. These tiny bugs thrive in the humidity. One of these, Plutomurus ortobalaganensis, is the deepest-dwelling animal on Earth.

What's in a name?

The deepest cave on Earth is known by two names – "Krubera" and "Voronya". Sometimes, the two names are hyphenated.

This is because the cave was named independently by two different teams. In the 1960s, it was explored by a team of Soviet cave scientists, who named it after the geographer Alexander Kruber.

Then, in the 1980s, it was explored again by a team of cave scientists from Kyiv, Ukraine, who weren't aware of the previous expedition.

This team found a murder of crows nesting at the cave's entrance. This gave the cave its second name: Voronya Cave, literally "Crows' Cave".

It wasn't until later that the two caving teams realised they'd been in the same cave.

What are the top 10 deepest caves in the world?

Krubera and Veryovkina are the only two known caves in the world with a depth of more than 2,000 metres. But there are plenty of mind-bendingly deep caves in the world.

Here's a top 10. You'll notice that the Abkhazia/Georgia region is very well-represented!

1. Krubera-Voronja Cave, Abkhazia/Georgia

Depth: 2,224 metres

Length: 23 kilometres

2. Veryovkina Cave, Abkhazia/Georgia

Depth: 2,209 metres

Length: 17.5 kilometres

3. Sarma cave, Abkhazia/Georgia

Depth: 1,830 metres

Length: 19.2 kilometres

4. Snezhnaja, Abkhazia/Georgia

Depth: 1,760 metres

Length: 40.8 kilometres

5. Lamprechtsofen, Austria

Depth: 1,727 metres

Length: 61 kilometres

6. Gouffree Mirolda, France

Depth: 1,661 metres

Length: 22 kilometres

7. Gouffre Jean-Bernard, France

Depth: 1,612 metres

Length: 29.5 kilometres

8. Sistema del Cerro del Cuevón, Spain

Depth: 1,589 metres

Length: 7 kilometres

9. Hirlatzhöhle, Austria

Depth: 1,560 metres

Length: 117.8 kilometres

10. Sistema Huautla, Mexico

Depth: 1,560 metres

Length: 100.2 Mexico

As expeditions continue, these rankings could change. Who knows what the world's cave scientists will discover next?

Looking for caves to visit in Yorkshire ? We might not have the deepest caves in the world – but Stump Cross Caverns is certainly one of the most magical. Join us for a journey of discovery underground, where you'll spot amazing rock formations and duck through ancient natural passageways. It's exciting, educational and a whole lot of fun. Book your tickets online today to get the best price.

Weird rock formations that look like animals and objects

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Sun, 06 Jul 2025 22:00:04 GMT

Is it a face? Is it a goose? No! It's a rock. Explore weird rock formations that resemble animals and objects.

"Sometimes," says Shakespeare's Antony, "we see a cloud that's dragonish" – and when it comes to clouds, dragons are just the beginning.

Seeing shapes in clouds is a psychological phenomenon known as "pareidolia". Humans, it seems, are always looking to make sense of the world by imposing patterns and shapes upon it.

In the case of rocks, it has a name. Take the Face on Mars – the Martian rock formation that, from certain angles, looks like a human face. This is an example of a mimetolithic pattern.

The world is full of mimetoliths. Here at Stump Cross Caverns, our limestone caves are filled with strange and striking formations. Elsewhere in the world, there are rocks resembling people and animals.

These formations aren't just impressive. They can also make us reflect on how old the Earth is and just how much geological activity went on before we evolved.

So, without further ado, here are some weird and wonderful rock formations from across the world – starting right here at our Yorkshire Dales caves.

Stump Cross Caverns

Way back in 1935, Yorkshire lad Hugh Bottomley went on a trip to Stump Cross Caverns . In 2003, he published an account of the trip in the Craven Pothole Club Record . He said:

"The flickering lights of our candles cast shadows which added a strange effect. We could not see the supposed resemblance of a limestone formation called 'The Hawk' to the real thing. But then we didn't know what a hawk looked like. The only bird I knew was the robin that visited our bird table at home.

"We could vaguely understand [The Organ], but The Sleeping Cat was difficult to accept. To us lads The Wedding Cake was a bit far-fetched, and we couldn't understand The Cradle. We stared in wonder at The Jewel Box, which the guide compared with a miniature cave grotto – but of course, we didn't know what a cave grotto was."

Hugh's bafflement about these supposed shapes was partly because of childlike ignorance and partly because of those flickering candles.

Today, Stump Cross Caverns is kitted out with electric lights and visitors from across the world can get a good look at these mimetolithic formations.

One formation that Hugh doesn't mention is The Butcher's Shop. This is a reddish expanse of hefty stalactites that looks like meat in a butcher's window. It gets its hue (not Hugh) from iron veins in the rock.

The Princess of Hope, Pakistan

What will Angelina Jolie be remembered for? As well as her iconic performance as the Tomb Raider, chances are she'll be remembered for naming a rock formation in Pakistan.

In 2002, Jolie was visiting the Hingol National Park in Pakistan as a UN Goodwill Ambassador (a celebrity who raises awareness for the UN). There, she saw a huge, naturally occurring column of weathered rock.

Quick as a flash, Jolie saw a woman wearing a crown atop a huge flowing skirt. She called it the Princess of Hope – and the name stuck.

The Princess of Hope is part of a dramatic mountainous landscape – all gorgeous gorges and rock formations. Nearby is the Balochistan Sphinx, another naturally formed rock that looks like the Great Sphinx of Giza.

Katter Kich, Australia

Called "Katter Kich" by the indigenous Ballardong people and "Wave Rock" to the descendants of Australian colonisers, this natural rock formation looks like an ocean wave breaking over the desert.

Two miles east of the small town of Hyden in Western Australia, it's the north side of an ancient granite hill – and we mean ancient. Scientists date Katter Kich as over two billion years old.

Katter Kich forms part of the Aboriginal mythology known as "Dreamtime". The Ballardong believe it was created by the Rainbow Serpent. She drank all the water in the land and then dragged her swollen form across it.

The resulting wave-like rock is part of a "dreaming trail" running from the south coast all the way to the northeast.

Manpupuner, Russia

"Manpupuner" translates as "Small Mountain of the Idols" – but it's a pleasing coincidence that it contains the word "man".

These seven stone pillars to the west of the Urals are known in English as the "Seven Strong Men", thanks to their humanoid appearance. One glance at a photo and you'll understand why they're one of the Seven Wonders of Russia.

These 30- and 40-metre-high pillars have an otherworldly quality, not unlike Easter Island heads. They seem to belong to a different time and place – a monumental time when giants roamed the Earth.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, many legends surround the Seven Strong Men. One legend has it that a group of giants were coming to conquer the Mansi people. But as soon as they saw the holy mountains, the attackers froze into pillars.

As with all of these formations, it's incredible to think they're the product of natural processes. In this case, snow, frost, wind and heat wore down mountains some 200 million years ago.

How do rock formations form?

All of these rock formations are the product of erosion – but different rocks are eroded in different ways.

In limestone caves like Stump Cross Caverns, water does the work. Over millions of years, caves are hollowed out as the water slowly breaks down the limestone.

The water carries minerals and other sediments that get deposited on the rocks. Over time, these turn into rock formations.

Outdoor rock formations are weathered by wind, rain and other elements. Some are carved out of mountain ranges. Some are the result of volcanic activity. All are a testament to Earth's long and dramatic past.

Want to see some weird and wonderful rock formations in the Yorkshire Dales? Book for Stump Cross Caverns today or explore our calendar of unique events and experiences .

Baby caverns: the youngest caves in the world

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 27 Jun 2025 13:50:53 GMT

Lava tubes are a type of cave formed in a geological instant. Join us on a journey into these baby caverns.

Near the city of Mbombela in South Africa, in the province of Mpumalanga, lie the Sudwala Caves. This 18-mile-long cave system is visited each year by tourists and scientists. But the Sudwala Caves aren't just any old caves – they are, in fact, the oldest caves in the world.

They're believed to have formed some 240 million years ago in rock that's more than three billion years old.

Many of the world's caves have similarly extravagant ages. But others are tens of thousands of years old rather than millions.

And some, you may be surprised to learn, are just a few years old. These are lava tubes, also known as "pyroducts", which are formed when molten rock cools.

These fiery tunnels aren't just remarkable natural features. They also teach scientists about the origins of life on Earth – and possibly on other planets.

Lava tubes: formed in an instant

Most caves on Earth are formed destructionally, meaning they're the product of erosion.

Take Stump Cross Caverns here in the Yorkshire Dales. Our caves were formed over tens of thousands of years by rainwater mixing with carbon dioxide in the soil and dissolving the limestone.

Other caves are formed inside mountains and other rocks when water slowly – and we mean slowly – erodes the rock.

Lava tubes, by contrast, are constructional. Rather than being formed over thousands or millions of years by a slow, attritional process, they burst into life in a second: "built," in the words of cave scientist Francesco Sauro, "in an instant of geologic time".

When a volcano erupts, lava flows out – and as it cools, a crusty layer forms, which turns into rock. As the lava flows out from beneath the crust, a vacancy is left.

These lava tubes can range from a few feet wide to chambers up to 150 feet tall. Some are single tubes, while others take the form of interconnected systems. Some are even stacked on top of one another.

The case of Mount Fagradalsfjall

Depending on who you ask, there are about 1,350 or more than 1,500 active or potentially active volcanoes in the world. Each year, 50 to 70 erupt. And in March 2021, it was the turn of Mount Fagradalsfjall in Iceland.

This cluster of small ridges lies about 25 miles southwest of Reykjavik, Iceland, in a flat, moss-covered area. When it began to erupt in the valley between those ridges, it had lain dormant for 800 years.

This once-in-10-lifetimes event captured the imaginations of scientists and non-scientists alike. Tourists flocked to see the lava flow down the sides of the volcano.

Scientists, meanwhile, saw an opportunity to learn more about the origins of life, both on Earth and beyond.

Francesco Sauro was one such scientist. He's a speleologist (cave scientist) who works with NASA and the ESA (European Space Agency), using his expertise to get astronauts ready to explore other planets.

He saw the eruption of Mount Fagradalsfjall as a unique opportunity to learn about the formation of minerals and microbes in newly formed lava tubes. Speaking afterwards, he described the tubes as "like an incredible laboratory" and "a new world".

He and his colleagues entered the caves in October 2022, clad in the kind of protective gear normally worn by metal workers.

These baby caverns, you see, were still furnace-hot, and the air was too hot – and too toxic – to breathe. The scientists breathed from portable tanks filled with compressed air, monitoring the newly formed landscape with thermal imaging cameras.

They had two aims: one, to study the formation of minerals in caves and two, to pinpoint when microbes began to thrive.

This would have ramifications for our understanding of life on Mars, whether past or present. If minerals and microbes could thrive in the furious, waterless heat of these Icelandic lava tubes, why couldn't they thrive on Mars?

Sauro and his team's findings suggest that microorganisms can thrive in these environments. Exactly what this tells us about the origins of life on Earth or on other planets remains to be seen.

Where else are lava tubes found?

Iceland is famous for its volcanoes – but it's far from the only place on Earth where lava tubes can be found. In fact, they can be found anywhere where there's volcanic activity.

On La Palma in the Canary Islands, for instance, lava tubes – known as caños de fuego ("fire pipes") were formed in 2021 when the Tajogaite volcano erupted.

Hawaii, meanwhile, is home to the world's most extensive lava tube. Kazumura Cave is 40.7 miles long – that's about the distance from the centre of London to the centre of Kent!

Other notable lava tubes include Surtshellir in Iceland, the Leviathan Cave in Kenya, Manjang Cave in South Korea and the Grotta del Tre Livelli in Italy.

Lava tubes in outer space

Lava tubes aren't only found on Earth. Examples can also be found in the Marius Hills region of the Moon. Meanwhile, partially collapsed lava tubes have been discovered in the Olympus Mons, Southeast Tharsis and Alba Mons regions of Mars.

How do we know? The answer is a combination of satellite imagery, remote sensing, robot missions and speculation based on the lava tubes we have here on Earth. Who knows what space scientists will discover next?

Can you visit lava tubes?

There are many lava tubes around the world that you can visit. Two famous examples are the Mojave National Preserve in Southern California and the Undara Volcanic National Park in Queensland, Australia.

Tourists can only visit lava tubes when they're fully cooled. There's a reason why speleologists wear metallurgist suits when entering newly formed lava tubes – and why, at the time of writing, the lava tubes at Fagradalsfjall are off-limits to tourists.

The world, meanwhile, is full of limestone caves – the ancient ancestors of these baby caverns. Why not visit us at Stump Cross Caverns in the Yorkshire Dales and explore this fascinating slice of our prehistoric past? Your UK cave adventure awaits!

What one 13-year-old saw at Stump Cross Caverns in 1935

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 20 Jun 2025 08:07:30 GMT

Take a trip in our time machine and find out what one 13-year-old saw at Stump Cross Caverns back in 1935.

Every year, tens of thousands of people visit us here at Stump Cross Caverns, whether to take a tour of the show caves, participate in an event or a bit of both.

But did you know that Stump Cross Caverns has been open for business for more than a century? Discovered in 1860 by two local lead miners, it soon became a sought-after destination for everyone from specialist cavers to curious tourists.

Central to the Stump Cross Caverns story is the Craven Pothole Club. And one former member (now sadly passed away) has left us a fascinating account of his first trip to Stump Cross way back in 1935.

Hugh Bottomley was a passionate caver. His memories of Stump Cross were published in the Craven Pothole Club Record in 2003. They shed an interesting light on what's changed – and what's stayed the same.

Hugh's first trip

Today, there are some 40 million cars on Britain's roads. But in 1935, there were just 2.4 million in a population of around 40 million .

So, when the father of one of Hugh's schoolfriends offered to take him and his younger brother Ted for a drive, you can imagine the excitement.

But it wasn't just the road trip that was new to Hugh. He had also never heard of Stump Cross Caverns. What he found, he writes, was a "strange world of adventure".

Some things, it seems, never change. That phrase could be used to describe the stalagmites, stalactites and other limestone formations in our caves at any point in its long history. But there was one big difference: lighting.

If you visit Stump Cross Caverns today, you descend into a well-lit environment. (You can also explore it by UV light !) Back then, Hugh writes, "We were each given a lighted candle mounted on a piece of wood."

This only added to the sense of being "real explorers" as they threaded their way through the subterranean passageways. But it did mean some of the rock formations were, well, a little hard to see.

Stump Cross, you see, has a number of rock formations with nicknames: The Hawk, for instance, and the Sleeping Cat. By candlelight, however, these resemblances aren't hugely obvious. Hugh writes:

"To us lads, the 'wedding cake' was a bit far-fetched and we couldn't understand 'the cradle'. We stared in wonder at 'the jewel box', which the guide compared with a miniature cave grotto – but, of course, we didn't know what a cave grotto was."

Despite this, Hugh was hooked. "Perhaps", he says, "I was destined to be a potholer, for in less than 10 years, I became a member of the CPC thirsting to do some real potholing."

Later adventures

As an adult, Hugh did "much digging" at Stump Cross Caverns. Back then, the cavers would sleep in a wooden hut, warmed by their sleeping bags and a simple iron stove, before digging at night.

Hugh emphasises the team spirit and high spirits of caving. But he also makes clear the dangers it can involve.

One night, the lads were digging and removing stones to create a connecting passage when Hugh heard "an awful sucking noise above me". The source of the noise? A multitude of clay-covered stones detaching themselves from the cave roof and filling in the newly excavated tunnel.

This wasn't just a nuisance. It could have caused serious injury. Hugh took from this experience the lesson that you should never let enthusiasm overtake the necessary precautions. It's one we keep in mind as we dig out C Chamber – the first addition to our show cave since the year 2000.

Photography in Reindeer Cavern

Reindeer Cavern is one of the most impressive of our show caves. So, it's no surprise that Hugh and friends went there to take some photos.

Taking the pictures was difficult – "a long and wearisome procedure", in Hugh's words – and involved moving a candle around in front of the camera lens to get the right shot.

"Patience was required" – and strained, too, when Hugh's friend Ron Pringle realised he'd had his lens cover on the whole time. D'oh!

Hugh also visited Wolverine Cave "long before it was opened as a magnificent show cave" and recounts his trip to Mongo Gill on a cold winter's day.

He and Ron drove down to Mongo Gill from Scotland and wanted to get home before dark. But when they reached the ladder pitch, they were stuck in a queue waiting to get out.

Hugh managed to jump the queue by handing over his flask of coffee – a much-needed provision on a chilly day.

He ends his account of this trip by pointing to "an example of Club and Team spirit". One person would lifeline the next person out of the cave. That person would, in turn, lifeline the next. This meant that no one had to sit in the cold for too long.

When Hugh visited Stump Cross in later life, he was amazed at its transformation into the attraction you visit today. He mentioned the office, the kitchen, the fossil displays and the cafe with its commanding view of the Dales. We're proud to say it's grown even more since then.

About Hugh Bottomley

Born in the village of Oxenhope, West Yorkshire – about an hour's drive south from Stump Cross Caverns – Hugh Bottomley was a lover of the great outdoors.

He rambled. He cycled. He hill-walked. He potholed, of course. He was involved in the Youth Hostel Association and International Scout and Guide Club, as well as Craven Pothole Club. He also showed visitors around Gaping Gill cave.

Hugh died in 2006 , survived by his wife, five children and seven grandchildren. His account of visiting Stump Cross offers a fascinating glimpse into the way things were. Thank you, Hugh!

Looking for amazing historical places to visit in Yorkshire ? Stump Cross Caverns is an ancient cave network full of incredible rock formations and stories stretching back millions of years. Up for an adventure? You'll get the best price when you book your tickets online .

Is gold panning legal in the UK?

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 16 Jun 2025 07:49:30 GMT

Want to go for panning for gold? Find out where, how and what legal considerations you should keep in mind.

Close your eyes and think of gold panning. What do you see?

Chances are you've cast your mind back to the Gold Rush of the 19th century. This was a time when workers fled to gold-rich locations in California, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, armed with rudimentary equipment and their lives in a bundle on their backs. There, they camped on riverbanks, sifting for gold in the murky water.

But did you know that some people go gold panning here in the UK? Sure, it's something of a niche hobby. Your chances of finding someone with "gold panning" on their CV are slim. But for those who love to pan, there are opportunities across the four nations.

Like metal detecting, however, gold panning isn't something you can do at the drop of a hat. Aside from the equipment you need, there are legal considerations to bear in mind.

Some of these are common sense (seek permission on private land). Others come from arcane bits of legislation relating to the Crown.

In this article, we pan for facts amid the online murk. We hope it gets you closer to the gold in Britain's rivers.

Is gold panning legal?

Generally speaking, gold panning is legal on public land – or on your own private land.

On private land and in mining areas, however, regulations and permissions apply. While you don't need a licence to pan for gold on private land, you do need the landowner's permission – especially if the riverbed or riverbank belongs to them.

This is because UK law states that landowners own any item found on their land – apart from treasure, which belongs to the Crown.

If you find gold in one of Britain's rivers, you may have to hand it over to the landowner. For this reason, it's worth getting a written agreement in place before you pack your car with panning equipment.

If you're panning for gold for commercial gain, you need to get a lease from the Crown Estate. This is the British monarch's "public estate". It doesn't belong to the government, nor does it form part of the monarch's private estate. It does, however, have more rights than you do.

The most relevant right here is that the Crown Estate can remove any gold you discover unless otherwise agreed.

As well as gaining permission from the relevant authorities, you need to demonstrate that you won't cause environmental damage when panning for gold.

How do you pan for gold?

At its simplest, gold panning consists of a container shaped like a pie pan. This separates river sediment from water. The panner then looks through the pan for gold deposits with a shovel or trowel.

Panners also use a "classifier". This is a kind of sieve that separates fine materials from bigger bits of rock and debris. It's these finer materials that may contain traces of gold.

Commercial gold panning is a different kettle of gold. It uses equipment such as sluice boxes, wash plants, highbankers, electric pumps and dredges. These will almost certainly be prohibited without permission from the landowner.

What is the Treasure Act?

If you find gold or silver when panning, you need to check if it meets the criteria for treasure laid out in the Treasure Act 1996 .

It does? Congratulations! Unfortunately, it belongs to the Crown and must be reported to your local Finds Liaison Officer or a museum.

"All finds", the Act states, "must be reported and, if confirmed, museums must be allowed to buy the items at their current market value."

This means you can't sell it to any organisation or individual either in the UK or overseas. You're also unable to set the price of the treasure. This is determined by market value and set by the Treasure Valuation Committee .

That said, it's unlikely you'll find treasure when panning for gold. The details get complicated, but – legally speaking – "treasure" refers to things like ancient coin hoards and "prehistoric base metal objects". In other words, not the sorts of things you find in your average stream.

Where can you pan for gold in the UK?

There are many good spots for gold panning in the UK. In England, people have hit the jackpot in Devon, the tip of Cornwall, the Lake District, the Pennines and the Forest of Dean. Northwest Scotland is a hotspot, as is the Dolgellau Gold Belt in Wales.

If you're new to gold panning, you might want to consider joining a club. This will help get you acquainted with the methods and equipment you need. And who knows? You might make some friends in the process.

At this point, you're probably wondering what the likelihood is of finding gold through panning. The simple answer is that it depends. You need the right equipment and a suitable location. Beyond that, your guess is as good as ours.

Panning for gems at Stump Cross Caverns

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we offer so much more than an ancient show cave. Slap bang in the middle of the jaw-dropping Yorkshire Dales, we make the most of our location with a jam-packed calendar of events and experiences.

One of these is Stump Cross Mining Co., where kids get to be miners for the day – and take home any real gems they find in our gem panning sluice.

The process is simple. You take a bag of rough and pour it into a tray. Could there be gems in the mix? Find out by shaking it over the water-filled troughs of the gem sluice. Who knows what you could find?

It's a fun, hands-on activity in the fresh air that's loved by young and old alike. So, if you want a day out that you won't forget in a hurry, book for gem panning at Stump Cross Caverns today.

5 scenic off-lead dog walks in the Yorkshire Dales

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 13 Jun 2025 07:42:52 GMT

Exploring the Dales with your dog? Discover some of the best scenic walks where dogs can go leadless.

If you have a four-legged explorer in your life, you'll know there's nothing quite like a good off-lead ramble through the countryside. Tail wagging, nose twitching, ears flapping in the wind – what could be more exhilarating?

And when it comes to the scenery, we don't mind saying the Yorkshire Dales comes out top dog.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're lucky to be surrounded by miles and miles of stunning walking country. From peaceful riverside paths to scrambling ascents, the Dales is packed with paw-friendly adventures, with plenty of places where dogs can enjoy some freedom.

In this guide, we've sniffed out five of the best off-lead dog walks within easy reach of Stump Cross Caverns – a couple of easy ones, then some more challenging routes.

Stuff you need to know

Off-lead walking isn't always straightforward in the Dales due to livestock and ground-nesting birds. However, the walks we've picked out all offer at least a stretch or two where your dog can safely enjoy some lead-free zoomies.

They're scenic, satisfying and suitable for dogs who love to run, roam and investigate a few questionable puddles.

We've covered all the crucial details. That includes accessibility and where to park, roughly how long the walks are, and – most importantly – where to grab a brew nearby once you're done. (Hint: that's where we come in!)

So, lace up your boots and let's hit the trail. Don't forget the biodegradable poo bags!

1. Nidderdale Greenway

Distance: up to four miles (one way)
Difficulty: easy
Route type: linear
Parking: various spots in Pateley Bridge (HG3 5AT)
Accessibility: high – flat, surfaced path suitable for wheelchairs and pushchairs

The Nidderdale Greenway is a traffic-free path that follows a former railway line from Pateley Bridge towards Ripley. It's ideal for a leisurely stroll with your dog, offering plenty of opportunities for off-lead walking in open areas. You'll pass through woodlands, wildflowers and old railway bridges – a lovely laid-back wander.

The flat surface makes it accessible for all.

2. Grassington to Hebden Circular

Distance: approximately three miles
Difficulty: easy
Route type: circular
Parking: National Park Centre car park in Grassington (BD23 5LB)
Accessibility: moderate – some uneven terrain

This picturesque loop takes you from the charming village of Grassington along the River Wharfe to the quaint hamlet of Hebden. You'll follow part of the Dales Way, where you'll find gentle riverside stretches, drystone walls and even the odd stepping stone to navigate. There's also the chance for dogs to paddle in the river – a welcome treat on warmer days.

The riverside path offers several open stretches where dogs can enjoy off-lead freedom. As always, please be mindful of occasional livestock and ensure your dog is under control.

3. Trollers Gill and Skyreholme Circular

Distance: approximately 4.5 miles
Difficulty: moderate
Route type: circular
Parking: limited roadside parking near Skyreholme (BD23 6DE)
Accessibility: low – uneven and rocky terrain

This magical walk takes you through the limestone gorge of Trollers Gill and the surrounding moorland. The open landscapes provide ample space for dogs to roam off-lead – but be cautious of the rocky paths and occasional sheep grazing in the area.

The real star of this route is the narrow, atmospheric gorge, which feels like stepping into a fantasy novel. As the name suggests, legend would have it that the hidden nooks of Trollers Gill are home to trolls, goblins, and imps. However, you and your dog will be far too busy having fun to notice them.

4. Mastiles Lane

Distance: up to five miles (out and back)
Difficulty: moderate
Route type: linear
Parking: limited roadside parking near Kilnsey (BD23 5PS)
Accessibility: moderate – uneven terrain

Mastiles Lane is a historic Roman road that stretches across the Dales, offering expansive open spaces perfect for off-lead walking. On clear days, you'll get panoramic views of Wharfedale as you follow the ancient route once used by Cistercian monks herding sheep across the moors.

Today, the route is popular among dog walkers. Just be aware of livestock in adjacent fields and ensure your dog is under control when necessary.

5. Buckden Pike via Buckden Beck

Distance: approximately 5 miles
Difficulty: challenging
Route type: circular
Parking: National Park car park in Buckden (BD23 5JA)
Accessibility: low – steep ascents, rocky paths and some scrambling

If you and your dog are built for tougher terrain, this is the walk for you.

This demanding hike ascends Buckden Pike – one of the Dales' most notable peaks at 702 meters. The trail follows the picturesque Buckden Beck, featuring waterfalls and remnants of old lead mines, before reaching the summit. Here, your efforts will be rewarded with sweeping views across Wharfedale, Littondale and beyond.

Be sure to take extra care on the descent – you'll encounter some rugged terrain that may require careful navigation. While dogs can enjoy off-lead sections, it's crucial to ensure they are under close control, especially near steep drops and potential livestock areas.

H3: Top tips for the best off-lead adventures

There's no shortage of areas where off-lead walking is possible. However, it's still important to keep your dog under close control at all times. That means reliable recall and a watchful eye for any nearby livestock or wildlife.
Be mindful that during the spring lambing season and ground-nesting bird season (roughly March to July), some areas may have temporary restrictions in place. Keep an eye out for local signage.
Remember: a happy walk is a respectful one. Stick to the paths, leave gates as you find them and always take your rubbish (and poo bags!) home.

H3: Don't forget to refuel

Ready to tackle one of these trails? Don't forget to stop by the Stump Cross Caverns cafe for some well-earned rest and refreshment.

It's the perfect pitstop after your adventure, whether you're warming up inside with a mug of hot chocolate or enjoying a sandwich in the sunshine. We offer indoor and outdoor seating, scenic views, and a warm welcome to both humans and their canine companions.

Why not learn more about our themed cafe – or download our menu to get those taste buds tingling? You could even treat yourself to our famous afternoon tea . (Go on – you've earned it.)

A new lunar landing? The Artemis Moon missions explained

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 09 Jun 2025 07:41:45 GMT

Curious about the Artemis space program? Discover the new lunar missions exploring the Moon and beyond.

"One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind…"

If you weren't there at the time, it's hard to fathom the impact of the first Moon landing in 1969. Think about it – humans had reached the Moon ! A celestial object nearly 240,000 miles away in outer space.

That's the same distance as flying around the Earth nine-and-a-half times. And they did this using computer technology that isn't a patch on that phone in your pocket.

If you were there, you'll most likely remember the excitement of seeing Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin stepping off their Apollo Lunar Module onto the dusty surface of the Moon. And, of course, you'll remember Armstrong reciting those immortal words: " One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind…" (Apparently, he meant to say "a man" , but that's another story.)

Those images of Armstrong and Aldrin bouncing joyfully across the lunar surface were beamed down live to millions of TV sets all over the world. They showed everyone watching just how much humans could achieve if they worked together with a common goal.

After the Apollo 11 mission, there were eight more manned missions. Twenty-four astronauts in total travelled to our pale nighttime companion, with 12 of them walking on its surface.

The final crewed mission in the Apollo space program was Apollo 17 in 1972. The crew – Commander Gene Cernan and lunar module pilot Harrison Schmitt – were the last humans to walk on the Moon's surface. That means it's been more than 50 years since humans last visited our closest celestial relative.

Now, thanks to the Artemis programme, we might see humans on the Moon again very, very soon. Exciting, huh?

What is the Artemis programme?

Started in 2017 by NASA (working alongside various collaborators across the globe), the Artemis programme plans on exploring the Moon once again. Its long-term goals are to establish a permanent base on the Moon and to facilitate human missions to Mars.

So, not only could we see humans living on the Moon before too long, but humans visiting Mars is all part of the big picture, too. And Mars is much, much further away than the Moon.

Key to the Artemis missions are the Deep Space Exploration Systems: a group of technologies and spacecraft that will aid the budding astronauts. These technologies are being spearheaded by, among others, Exploration Ground Systems. Based at the Kennedy Space Center, this huge facility develops and operates the spaceships and rockets used in space exploration.

These include the vital Orion spacecraft – a state-of-the-art, partially reusable spacecraft that can take crews of four astronauts up to space and back home. These are launched with a Space Launch System (SLS) rocket booster – currently the world's most powerful rocket.

The planned missions will be increasingly complex and difficult. But first on the list is to get humans back up to the Moon.

What are the missions?

Like the Apollo programme, the Artemis programme isn't limited to one mission. There are lots of missions planned, each more ambitious than the last. They're set to occur every year or so.

We'll focus here on the four main planned missions. These hope to return humans to the Moon and lay down a gateway to future missions to Mars.

Artemis I

The first Artemis mission has already happened. On 16 November 2022, Artemis I sent the Orion to the Moon in a test flight for both the Orion and the SLS. It was successful – and the Orion spent three weeks travelling to and beyond the Moon.

It went pretty far – 1.4 million miles in total. It conducted two flybys of the Moon before returning to Earth and splashing down in the Pacific Ocean on December 11.

There weren't any astronauts on board this time, though. They used onboard robots and computer systems to fly the spacecraft. That's because they wanted to check that Orion's components worked properly – especially its heat shield, which protects the equipment inside and the people using it.

NASA scientists noticed a design flaw in one of the life support valves in the Orion module. This flaw could lead to a dangerous buildup of carbon dioxide in the spacecraft – not great for our oxygen-breathing astronauts! As a result, the next mission was delayed while they fixed this potential malfunction.

Artemis II

Artemis II is set to blast off in early 2026. It will be the first crewed test flight of SLS and the Orion spacecraft.

The four crew members will do more testing while orbiting the Earth. Afterwards, Orion will be boosted to circle the Moon in what is called a free-return trajectory. Finally, it will return to Earth for re-entry and splashdown.

The crew will consist of Commander Reid Wiseman, pilot Victor Glover and mission specialist Christina Koch, who are all from NASA. Joining them will be mission specialist Jeremy Hansen from the Canadian Space Agency.

This makes the mission particularly historic. Koch will be the first woman, Glover the first person of colour and Hansen the first non-American to travel beyond low Earth orbit to the Moon.

Artemis III

NASA officially expects Artemis III to launch no earlier than mid-2027. This mission will be America's first crewed lunar landing since Apollo 17. Exciting!

Before this mission, there will be a support mission to place a Starship Human Landing System (HLS) in a near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) of the Moon. The starship, designed by SpaceX, is meant to bring two astronauts to the lunar surface after the Orion spacecraft docks with it.

This time, the astronauts will explore the lunar south pole. Over six days, the astronauts will have to contend with varying extreme sunlight and shadows.

Temperatures will range between an extreme low of -203°C to whopping highs of 54°C. Challenging, to say the least!

The astronauts will perform at least two Extravehicular Activities (EVAs) on the surface and conduct tests and geology experiments. These include studying polar lunar volatiles, which could be over five billion years old.

Scientists hope they can tell us a lot about the history of the Moon and the Earth. They may prove the theory that the Moon was created by a collision with the Earth billions of years ago.

Artemis IV

Artemis IV is scheduled for 2031 and is planned to be the fourth crewed lunar landing. Most excitingly, it will establish the Gateway space station, which will be a multipurpose lunar space station that will orbit the Moon.

Gateway will provide logistical support for future planned missions to the Moon and act as an access point to future space exploration. That means missions beyond the Moon – and eventually to Mars.

There will be four modules in the space station, where astronauts will live and work, conducting experiments and preparing for future surface missions.

Artemis V and beyond

There are six more missions planned over the next 10 years. These aim to achieve additional moon landings and extended stays on the Moon. They will also see astronauts erect surface structures on the Moon.

Of course, these are all subject to delays. But one thing's for sure – these are thrilling times for anyone interested in space exploration.

Do you love the cosmos as much as we do? Join us at Stump Cross Caverns for an exciting programme of space-themed activities. That includes Cosmic Adventures – a family workshop all about space – as well as stargazing events under the crystal-clear skies of the Yorkshire Dales. Keep an eye on our Yorkshire activities calendar to see what's next.

Fossil gifts for him this Father's Day [2025]

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 13:07:42 GMT

Want to buy a present for a dad who's mad about fossils? Explore 6 Father's Day options in our gift guide.

Do you have a dad who's a fan of fossils? Barmy about bones? A father who thinks that rocks simply rock? A man of ammonites? Then you might be looking for a fossil gift for him this Father's Day.

Of course, the obvious choice would be to buy him, erm, a fossil – or at least a fossil replica. And boy, do we have some prehistoric peaches here at Stump Cross Caverns.

However, there's more than one way to get into a paternal palaeontologist's good books. You could buy him a book or magazine on the subject, give him digging equipment or even take him on a trip.

Let's explore some fossil-focused gift ideas for Father's Day 2025. Whatever you choose, we hope you have a day to remember with your dad.

1. Let him dig into his passion with a fossil excavation kit

Is your dad a fan of tinkering and pottering? A good option might be to get him a fossil excavation kit.

This is a DIY kit that lets you turn your backyard into an archaeological dig. It gives you the tools you need to extract fossils from a block of sediment. And unlike a real archaeological site, it's easy to clean up (and doesn't leave a gaping hole in the garden…)

2. Help him swot up with a fossil field guide

Is Dad already a dab hand at fossil digging? You could feed his fossil mania with a handy field guide.

There are many on the market. A good one will include descriptions of different specimens, geological information and tips on where to find them in the UK and beyond.

You can also find field guides with pencil or colour illustrations. Some are as beautiful as the fossils themselves!

Give a man a fish, they say, and you feed him for the day. But teach a man to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime. A fossil field guide could unlock fossil-based fun for years to come.

3. Treat him to a fossil-hunting adventure

Why not take Dad on a day trip (or longer) to dig some fossils? The UK is rich in the things – from Dorset to the Isle of Wight, from Yorkshire to Kent.

Wherever you choose to go, you can expect a day or two of fresh air, fun and (hopefully) a free souvenir.

4. Take a trip to a palaeontology museum

The UK isn't just a hotbed of fossil sites. It's also a hotbed of palaeontology museums. Maybe this Father's Day, you could take Dad to visit one?

We don't have space to list them all – but some of the UK's finest include:

The New Walk Museum in Leicester

Dinosaur Isle on the Isle of Wight

The Lyme Regis Museum

The Oxford University Museum of Natural History

The Natural History Museum in London (of course)

Whichever you choose, you're sure to see dinosaur skeletons, fossil displays and more information than you can shake a bone at.

5. Subscribe to a fossil magazine

Is your dad a magazine reader? There are a number of fossil and palaeontology magazines available. Some are for specialists and some for enthusiasts, so it's worth doing your research before making a purchase.

If you're unsure what kind of magazine to go for, you could try Deposits . In its own words, this is a "colour glossy 52-page high-quality earth science magazine […] aimed at both beginners, enthusiasts and professionals". It's available in both print and online versions.

H3: 6. Buy him a fossil or fossil replica

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're fossil fanatics – and with good reason.

Our limestone caves are hundreds of thousands of years old – and prehistoric remains of bison, reindeer and more have been found in them. You can see some replicas of these finds in our visitor centre.

Our prehistoric passion is reflected in our events calendar, too. We hold interactive fossil digs for the little ones, encouraging them to learn about the Earth's past through play.

We also stock a wide range of fossils and fossil replicas, both in our online shop and on-site. Want to buy Dad a fine specimen this Father's Day? Here's a by-no-means-exhaustive list.

Fossilised shark tooth in display case

Once the scourge of the seas, this fossilised shark tooth will make a splash on your mantelpiece.

Aragonite Sputnik

These earthy-coloured crystals make a quirky addition to any collection.

Display and larger pieces

Looking for a centrepiece for your collection? Take a look at our display and larger pieces .

Marine fossil collection

The secrets of the deep for cheap! Adorn your home with this collection of marine fossils , including ammonites and Orthoceras.

Amazing ammonites

Ammonites are a staple of any fossil lover's collection, their signature swirls embodying ancient geological processes. Why not add one to Dad's collection today?

Replica fossils

Can't afford a high-end fossil? Our replicas are the next best thing. Bring a slice of prehistory to your 21st-century home with our replica velociraptor claw.

Who invented Father's Day?

Mother's Day has been around for centuries – but Father's Day is a little more recent. Where did it come from?

There are several origin stories for Father's Day. The most plausible, however, relates to a woman named Sonora Louise Smart in Washington, USA.

Sonora and her siblings were brought up by her father after her mother died in childbirth. She wanted an opportunity to celebrate him. Soon, local clergymen were on board, and the first, albeit unofficial, Father's Day was held in 1910.

In 1966, US President Lyndon B Johnson declared the third Sunday of June as Father's Day. This was signed into law by President Richard Nixon in 1972.

So there you have it – some fossil gift ideas for Dad this Father's Day. We hope it helps you choose the right present for him.

Fancy treating him to a last-minute fossil? Explore our online shop to get started – or visit here in the Yorkshire Dales to peruse our well-stocked gift shop .

6 Father's Day outing ideas in Yorkshire

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Wed, 04 Jun 2025 17:28:01 GMT

Want to take your dad out for the ultimate Father's Day experience in Yorkshire? Look no further…

It's that time of year again. The time when we celebrate the dads in our lives and share some special moments with our paternal pals.

Perhaps you plan to let him have a relaxed day to himself. Or maybe you want to give him a Father's Day to remember with a packed programme of dad-friendly fun.

Plumping for the second option? Looking for options in Yorkshire? You're in luck.

We've come up with six picks for Father's Day outing ideas in Yorkshire this year. We hope it helps you decide how to spend time with Dad on this special day.

Visit North Yorkshire Carnival (14 and 15 June)

Is Pops a petrolhead? This will be right up his racetrack.

On Saturday 14 and Sunday 15 June, the region will light up with a celebration of all things speedy: the North Yorkshire Carnival.

With an international stunt team and a motorbike show that's bound to leave jaws on floors, this is an opportunity not to be missed. There'll also be monster truck taxis, a giant funfair and foods from around the world – all at Catterick race course.

If the weather holds out, it would make the perfect family day out.

Take a trip to Yorkshire Wildlife Park

Fancy taking a trip on the wild side? Good news: it's free entry for dads at Yorkshire Wildlife Park on 14 and 15 June.

The Park is home t o polar bears, giraffes, lions and leopards – to name just a few examples. For you and Dad, it's an amazing opportunity to get up close and personal with some truly fascinating creatures.

With 150 acres of land to explore, as well as three exciting walk-through animal reserves, it's a paw-some way to celebrate Father's Day.

There are hours of fun to be had from watching the animals, perusing the gift shops and dining at one of several onsite restaurants. Wildlife-loving dads will adore it.

Catch some waves

Here's one you might not have thought of. Why not send Dad on a surfing experience?

North Yorkshire is renowned for its long stretches of beach – and nestled along the coast next to Scarborough is a beautiful spot named "Cayton Bay".

It's a surfers' hotspot. And every year, skilled surfers offer lessons to those wanting to try something new or brush up on their board skills.

Don't worry if you don't have the gear. Most surf schools let you hire boards and wetsuits – and if you can't rent one out, you can stop at the nearby surf shop. In any case, a bunch of friendly team members will get him set up and ready to take on the great British weather.

To top it off, there's a cracking fish and chip shop at the bottom of the cliff. So, when Dad's had enough of the sea, why not treat him to a good old British meal: fish, chips and a dandelion and burdock? Classic.

Vroom your way to Wheelfest & 1940s Ropergate

Wheelfest and 1940s Ropergate is back for its fourth annual vintage and classic car display.

Held in Pontefract town centre, this family day out will host exhibits, entertainment, children's rides and costumed characters. It's easy to see why it's known as "the vehicle show with a difference".

If Dad loves cars, he'll be in Petrol-powered Paradise. And even if he doesn't, you'll still have great fun perusing dozens of artisan stalls or exploring the 1940s-themed historical zone.

With family package ticket options, it could be a day well spent and the perfect treat for the main man.

Practice your swing at Oulton Hall

Nothing screams "Dad fun" like a round of golf. So, why not treat him to one this Father's Day?

Oulton Hall is a picturesque hotel in West Yorkshire that boasts a stately home, a huge golf course and a driving range. And if that's not enough to rock Dad's world, maybe a meal in the Claret Jug after a long day of golfing will do the trick?

Plus, there's room in the day for a spot of pampering. Once Dad's perfected his par, he can slip into a robe and enjoy the onsite spa, which features a pool, gym and steam room.

It sets a high bar when it comes to days out – and we know full well this one will go down like a treat.

Go back in time at Stump Cross Caverns

We couldn't recommend Father's Day outing ideas without tooting our own horn, could we?

Stump Cross Caverns is the ultimate family day out in Yorkshire . It's just as fun for intrepid dads as it is for the kids.

Here, you'll take a trip back in time to an ancient world hidden deep beneath the Yorkshire Dales. You'll explore prehistoric caves, navigate your way through underground tunnels and spot amazing rock formations – like the mighty Butcher's Shop and the dazzling Cradle .

And when you've had your fill of our show cave, why not head upstairs to our Time Cafe and try our famous afternoon tea ? You and Dad will enjoy a trayful of delicious treats, including yummy scones, tempting tarts and a selection of freshly made sandwiches. Yum!

There's something to suit everyone here at Stump Cross Caverns. If your dad loves history, nature or just a spot of adventure, he's sure to have a Father's Day to remember.

Fancy treating Dad to an underground expedition? Come to Stump Cross Caverns this Father's Day. You'll get the best price when you book your tickets online .

The sparkling world of amethysts

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 02 Jun 2025 06:55:58 GMT

Amethyst is known as one of the world's most beautiful gems. Learn all about this sparkly wonder.

If you have even a passing interest in gemstones, you're likely to have come across amethysts. Pretty, striking, crystalline and purplish, they're a staple in jewellery as well as household ornaments.

And like all rocky delights, this semiprecious stone has been around for millions of years. That's right: a hunk of amethyst you hold in your hands could be over a hundred million years old. Wow!

It's perhaps this prehistoric pedigree – combined with its undeniable beauty – that gives amethyst its strange, enchanting power.

Looking at an amethyst is like seeing a cathedral window reflected in a bonfire – at once magisterial and elusive. It's… But look. Before we tire you out waxing poetical, what even is an amethyst and where does it come from? Time to drill down into the (rock) hard facts.

What is an amethyst?

Amethyst is a violet variety of quartz. It's a crystal gem found in geodes. These are unassuming rocks that hold a beautiful secret.

Imagine cracking a nut and finding a diamond inside. That's pretty much what happens when you crack open a geode. As Morrissey sang, the outside contradicts what's inside – proof that you shouldn't judge a book by its cover (or an amethyst by its geode…)

So, where do amethysts get that gorgeous colour from? It may surprise you to learn that it's a kind of stain.

Yes, amethyst's violet colour comes from a process called "irradiation". In its unirradiated state, quartz is colourless. But gamma rays oxidise impurities of iron within the quartz, lending the quartz its violet hue.

Amethyst is famously hard – and weather-resistant, too. It's a seven on the Mohs Hardness Scale (where talc is one and diamond is 10). This hardness is part of the reason why it's so popular among jewellers.

Most amethyst is naturally occurring. But it is possible to make synthetic (or "lab-grown") amethysts. This is mostly done by jewellers wanting to imitate deep-coloured amethysts that can be sold at a higher price.

What colour is amethyst?

Amethyst is violet – but within that umbrella term falls a wide range of purplish hues, from light lavender to deep, deep purple. It also has secondary hues – splashes of red and blue that add a delicate texture to the quartz.

Some people want those delicate, translucent, marbled hues. But the market prizes the deep purple specimens – those found in Siberia, South America, Sri Lanka and the Far East. Some of these are 75% violet, meaning a rich and deep colour.

A specimen like Rose de France, by contrast, is more on the lavender or lilac side. There's also a green variety, although it isn't strictly amethyst.

Once out of its containing geode, an amethyst is vulnerable to fading from prolonged light exposure. It can also be artificially darkened by jewellers to satisfy demand.

Where is amethyst found?

Amethysts are found all over the world. The list is longer than an arthouse trilogy. But as Wikipedia tells us :

"Between 2000 and 2010, the greatest production was from Marabá and Pau d'Arco, Pará, and the Paraná Basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Sandoval, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Artigas, Uruguay; Kalomo, Zambia; and Thunder Bay, Ontario."

It's also found (albeit in smaller quantities) in Afghanistan, Africa, Argentina, Mexico, Russia, South Korea and Spain.

A brief history of amethysts

The history of the world since at least the ancient Egyptians features amethyst in a supporting role. It was used as a gemstone by ancient Egyptians, worn in battle in medieval Europe and considered sacred by the Tibetans.

Even today, Anglican bishops wear a ring with amethyst. This is because of its association with sobriety.

Despite its widespread use (and popularity among customers), amethyst has experienced a reversal in fortunes in recent centuries. Up until the 18th century, it was classed as a "cardinal" gemstone – that exclusive club whose members include diamonds, sapphires, rubies and emeralds.

Today, amethyst has been downgraded to a semiprecious stone. Despite this, it remains a popular choice for jewellery and decorations.

Where does the word "amethyst" come from?

The word "amethyst" comes from Koine Greek (the common language of the Hellenistic, Roman and early Byzantine periods). It literally means "non-intoxicating", deriving from a-, meaning "not", and methysko , meaning "intoxicating".

Amethyst, it was believed, stopped you from getting drunk. For this reason, Ancient Greeks wore amethyst and even drank from amethyst vessels to stay sober.

The Ancient Greeks also had the myth of Amethyste or Amethystos – a nymph rescued from the god Dionysus by being turned into a precious stone.

How big are amethysts?

Like many gemstones and crystals, amethysts are irregular by nature and come in many shapes and sizes.

According to Guinness World Records , "The largest amethyst geode weighs 13,000 kilograms and is three metres long, 1.8 metres wide and 2.2 metres high."

It was found in Uruguay and is now on display in China's Shandong Tianyu Museum of Natural History.

Is amethyst rare?

Amethyst is not considered a rare gemstone. It's found all over the world and is a type of quartz – a very common mineral.

There are, however, rare varieties of amethysts. These include Rose de France, Deep Russian and Chevron.

Can amethyst get wet?

Some people wonder about swimming or showering with amethyst jewellery. The simple answer is that amethyst is hard enough to stay structurally intact in water.

Will amethyst fade?

Amethyst can fade when exposed to prolonged sunlight. However, it's a long process and the fading is rarely noticeable. As long as you don't leave it hanging from a washing line in Death Valley, you should be fine…

Want to get up close and personal with amethyst? Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're running a fun educational workshop all about crystals. It's called Crystal Wonders – and it's open to all ages. Spaces are limited, so hurry and book your tickets online before it sells out.

And while you're here, why not try panning for gems in our real mining sluice? You might just find a sparkly prize or two…

Seen The Yorkshireman's TikTok walk? Here's how to recreate it

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 30 May 2025 21:17:25 GMT

Follow in The Yorkshireman's footsteps with a beautiful Dales walk and "the most perfect afternoon tea".

Hello, TikTokers! No doubt you're here because you've seen The Yorkshireman's recent video about an enriching walk in the Yorkshire Dales.

You know the one. It sees our host take a trudge up to Troller's Gill – a gorgeous and mysterious limestone gorge close to Stump Cross Caverns. Then he heads back to Stump Cross to tuck into a delicious afternoon tea and explore our amazing underground caves.

Still scratching your head? Here's the full 56 seconds of fun:

Looks good, right? In this article, we show you exactly how to experience this delicious day out for yourself.

Read on for the full account – including a tasty bit of local lore involving a ghostly hound. Spooky.

In a hurry? Here are the links you need to kickstart your adventure:

The walk: find the route on AllTrails .
The afternoon tea: reserve your spot in our Time Cafe here . You can upgrade to a cave and tea bundle for just five pounds extra.
The cave experience: don't fancy tea? Book a guided or self-guided cave tour here.

A hike, a cave and an extraordinary afternoon tea

No British hiker can ignore the Yorkshire Dales for long. Sure, our island is brimful of beautiful scenery – from the lakes and fells of Cumbria to the golden Cornish sands. But here at Stump Cross Caverns, we think the Dales are the most beautiful of all.

The area has been well-trodden and well-documented, with books and websites of Yorkshire hikes spreading like moss on a limestone crag. Yet new routes are being recorded all the time – and here at Stump Cross Caverns, we've added our own route to the canon.

It's a five-mile circular walk beginning and ending here at Stump Cross Caverns. Along the way, you get to soak up some truly stunning scenery: streams, caves and perhaps best of all, the limestone gorge at Trollers Gill.

Trollers Gill is rich with history and folklore. Legends abound of its supernatural inhabitants – from rock-chucking trolls to a demonic hound.

Well, all that's as may be – but there's no denying that Trollers Gill is well worth a visit.

Don't believe us? Just ask The Yorkshireman , a content creator who celebrates all things Yorkshire in his online magazine. He's got a keen eye for local colour and a passion for the area that made one user comment: "All your videos make me want to visit".

He tried our walking route and documented it in a TikTok video . As well as singing its praises – and capturing the dramatic, crag-ridden, sun-soaked landscape – he also ended his walk with afternoon tea back at Stump Cross Caverns.

It was, he says, a "stunning" way to end the walk. But it wasn't just the sandwiches, sausage rolls, cakes and scones that tickled his fancy – it was also our dog-friendly cafe and, of course, those unmissable views across the Dales.

Would you like to follow in the Yorkshireman's footsteps, taking in some gorgeous scenery before treating yourself to afternoon tea? Here's how to do it.

The walk

The walk begins and ends right here at Stump Cross Caverns, a network of limestone caves and passageways beloved by cavers and tourists alike.

It takes you through the rolling moors, cliffs and paths of the Yorkshire Dales to Trollers Gill. This naturally occurring limestone gorge is a peaceful, atmospheric spot – and a hotbed of local legends.

The route is moderately difficult, making it suitable for both casual and experienced hikers. All you need is a pair of hiking boots, a bottle of water and a thirst for adventure!

The route is available on the AllTrails website and app. This is a database of more than 25,000 walking, biking and climbing routes from across the world.

You can access the AllTrails route on your web browser and print it off or make your own version. Alternatively, you can follow the route on the smartphone app. If you upgrade to the AllTrails+ subscription, you can download the route to your phone for offline use.

Where to park

You can park here at Stump Cross Caverns. Parking is free of charge: you just need to tell us your vehicle registration when you arrive. There are also on-site toilets and refreshments at the cafe, so you can fuel up before you set out.

The legends of Trollers Gill

A number of local legends surround this narrow limestone gorge.

The Yorkshire Dales, of course, are teeming with tales of ghosts and figures from folklore . But there's something about Trollers Gill and its nearby mine workings, caves and potholes that has sparked the imaginations of locals over the centuries.

Trollers Gill was said to be home to trolls – angry trolls, to be precise. Trolls who would throw rocks at people passing through the ravine. Trolls who, in some stories, lived alongside gnomes, sprites, goblins and pixies.

But these troublesome trolls pale in comparison next to the Barguest – a ghost dog with "eyes as big as saucers" that could turn you to stone with a single glance.

Some believe the legend of the Barguest inspired Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Hound of the Baskervilles . The evidence isn't watertight, but it's not hard to believe that this fearsome beast could haunt a writer's imagination.

Whether or not you believe in trolls and phantom hounds, there's something unquestionably atmospheric about Trollers Gill. Perhaps it's because it's a relatively untrodden part of the Dales in this day and age, meaning you often get the place to yourself.

Trollers Gill has inspired songs by Corvid and JD Roberts . It also inspired the British children's TV show Roger and the Rottentrolls .

This show followed the adventures of Roger Beckett in Trollers Gill, "where the rocks are all slightly mad" and the trolls are terrified of the Barguest.

The afternoon tea

Every hike needs a reward. At Stump Cross Caverns, why not treat yourself to a delicious and affordable afternoon tea ?

Afternoon tea is as British as Buckingham Palace. Introduced in the 19th century by Anna Russell, Duchess of Bedford, it's inseparable in the imagination from stately homes, fine hotels and fancy tablecloths.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we serve afternoon tea in our cosy, quirky Time Cafe. It costs £25 a head and includes tea, cakes, scones, sandwiches and our famous sausage rolls – plus a calcite heart to take home and cherish. For £30, you get afternoon tea and a trip down the caves.

We're certain you'll enjoy our classic afternoon tea. Picture the scene: kicking back after a bracing walk in beautiful countryside, views of the Dales at your feet and a hearty afternoon tea in your belly.

The fun doesn't stop there, though. We offer a range of experiences, from gem panning to fossil hunting to the UV Experience – a tour of the caves lit up by enchanting ultraviolet torches.

So, are you ready to explore the best of the Dales? Explore the walking route and book afternoon tea at Stump Cross Caverns today. We look forward to meeting you!

STEM workshops for schools: let Stump Cross come to you

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 26 May 2025 17:21:53 GMT

Looking for a KS2 educational workshop to visit your school? Find out what we offer at Stump Cross Caverns.

Never been to Stump Cross Caverns? It's well worth a visit – even if we do say so ourselves.

Under the bleakly beautiful Yorkshire Dales, there winds a network of chambers and passageways. An enchanted underground wonderland brimful of stalactites, stalagmites and other rock formations.

For some time now, we've been inviting school parties to come and explore the caverns . But now we're offering something different. If you're a school in Yorkshire or beyond looking for an educational workshop , we can come to you .

Each workshop ties into the Key Stage 2 curriculum, so you can be sure that your learning goals and outcomes will be reflected in our sessions.

Led by experienced, passionate educators, these workshops can be used for classroom sessions, one-off assemblies or even assembly series. We're passionate about our prehistoric past and able to communicate it through hands-on, informative activities.

Interested? Let's take a closer look at what we offer.

Stone Age Wonders

Anyone who's visited Stump Cross will tell you we're mad about the Stone Age – from the fossils in the visitor centre to our Stone Age workshops.

Book us for a history workshop and Cavewoman (or one of her cavepeople) will lead a Stone Age Wonders session.

This covers interactive activities such as rope-making and other crafts, with a focus on exploring what life was like in our prehistoric past.

One parent said: "The Stone Age session was fantastic – really informative. My son can't wait to tell his teacher what he learnt."

Fun, informative and relevant to KS2, our sessions will help primary school learners get to grips with Stone Age life.

Fossil Discovery Digs

For some time now, we've been holding Fossil Discovery Digs here at Stump Cross. They've proven popular – so popular that we're now offering to bring them to your school.

The focus is on fossils, and each workshop is a mixture of education and adventure. Cavewoman or a member of her team will begin with an interactive talk before introducing learners to real-life fossils. These include a huge Megalodon tooth!

After this, learners will dig in the sand for buried treasure – sand, we hasten to add, that won't end up on your classroom floor.

As with all our workshops, these fossil dig sessions tie in nicely with KS2 – in this case, modules on rocks, fossils and dinosaurs.

But don't just take our word for it. Here's what one satisfied parent said:

"I would definitely recommend the fossil dig. It was so fun. All the children loved interacting with Cavewoman, who did such a great job showing all the fossils and explaining about the caves and origins."

Fun, facts and fossils – what's not to like?

Cosmic Adventures

Our third and final educational workshop is our Cosmic Adventures session. This turns your learners' attention to the mysteries of the cosmos.

Cavewoman – or one of her helpers – will teach your class all about the solar system, including how to identify major constellations. Then it's on to fun, hands-on activities to spark the imagination and learn through play.

The Cosmic Adventures sessions are built around the KS2 STEM curriculum, meaning that each workshop can tie into your school's learning goals.

What should you look for in an educational workshop?

If you or your school haven't booked an educational workshop yet, you may be wondering what to look for. In our opinion, there are five questions to ask before committing to a school visit.

First, ask yourself whether the workshop aligns with the curriculum. In our case, all our workshops tie in with the KS2 curriculum, so you can be sure it will help learners cement their learning.

Secondly, make sure you're satisfied with the learning outcomes. Will learners finish the workshop with new and relevant knowledge? Will it fit in with your own teaching priorities?

Thirdly, look for credentials. Your educational workshop provider should have ample experience of working with children and positive testimonials.

Fourthly, you want to be sure that the workshop will be hands-on, fun and engaging, as well as educational. Fossil digs don't have to be dry as dust!

Finally, you should be confident that the workshop will be accessible to all learners. This is something that can be clarified during the booking process.

Once you're confident that the workshop satisfies all these criteria, you're good to go.

How to book a school visit from Stump Cross Caverns

Whether you're interested in a Stone Age workshop, Fossil Dig or Cosmic Adventures, it couldn't be easier to get started.

All you need to do is get in touch with our team , letting us know the workshop you want and your available dates. We'll get back to you with our own availability and a quote.

How far can you travel?

Although we're based in the Yorkshire Dales – just between Grassington and Pateley Bridge – we're happy to travel. Get in touch with your requirements and we'll see what we can do. Be aware, however, that the further we travel, the longer the notice we require.

What else does Stump Cross Caverns offer?

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're more than just the caves themselves. We also offer stargazing sessions, fossil digs , gem panning and more. Many of these sessions are ideal for school trips. Take a look at our events page to find out more.

What's the UV Experience?

Though we say so ourselves, the caves look glorious in all lighting. But for an extra bit of magic, we offer UV glow-in-the-dark cave tours . These let visitors see the caves in a whole new light – ultraviolet light, to be precise.

Each visitor gets a UV torch. When this is shone on the rocks, mysterious veins show up. It's an experience you and your learners won't forget in a hurry!

Want to bring the magic of Stump Cross to your classroom? Learn more about our educational workshops or book your session by getting in touch with our team .

Homeschooling: how to keep science fun (tips for parents)

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 23 May 2025 08:00:29 GMT

Are you a homeschooling parent? Learn tips and tricks to keep science lessons fresh, fun and engaging.

Homeschooling can offer benefits for kids. Compared to classroom teaching, it can provide more flexibility, more opportunities for individualised learning and the freedom to explore specific interests.

But what can you do when they just can't engage with a subject?

Often, parents can find that kids are enthusiastic about subjects that offer lots of creative freedom and self-expression (take art, for example).

Introduce something a little more analytical, like science, however, and many kids lose interest. Their minds begin to wander, and their education can start to feel more like a battle than an adventure.

It's understandable. Trudging through textbooks and memorising scientific equations can be tedious and feel downright abstract for your homeschooler.

What's the answer?

It's all about making science fun. If you can pull this off, your child will be more interested and enthusiastic about the subject. With a little luck, they won't just engage with lessons – they'll look forward to them, too.

The benefits don't stop there. Passion for a subject often breeds self-confidence and nurtures a positive attitude towards learning – both essential for your child's future endeavours.

It's not easy, though. Mastering the art of fun, engaging lessons takes time and effort – from you and your homeschooler.

The good news is that you're not on your own. Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're passionate about learning through play – and with our educational workshops, we've helped hundreds of kids get excited about STEM.

In this guide, we share five tips to help you make learning science fun – plus a few ideas for activities to get you started.

How to keep science fun for homeschoolers

1. Keep it relevant

Remember that science is, essentially, the study of the world around us.

Personalising your homeschooler's science lessons will help them connect their learning to their own lives and experiences. This can make science less abstract and more accessible for many kids.

2. Ask and encourage questions

Curiosity and enthusiasm go hand-in-hand, so take advantage of your child's questions. A simple "how?" or "why?" from you or your homeschooler can spark a world of investigation.

Asking questions is actually a fundamental part of science, after all. Those hows and whys can incite hypotheses, drive experiments and fuel curiosity

3. Support exploration

Remember that science is sometimes messy. Lots of children (and sometimes parents) can be deterred from the subject if they are anxious about the hands-on elements of it.

This could be for a number of reasons, including a lack of self-confidence or a sensory overwhelm.

The best thing to do is lead by example. Try to get involved with messy science experiments, even if it makes you a little squeamish.

It's all for the greater good. Remember that interactive lessons can often be the most memorable.

4. Celebrate trial and error

Many children can be disheartened by mistakes or "failed" experiments in science – but trial and error is actually a fundamental part of learning. Not only does it help develop problem-solving skills, but it also more accurately reflects the scientific process.

Challenging a negative mindset on trial and error opens up a space for curiosity and exploration. It can help reduce the fear of failure and make more demanding scientific concepts more accessible.

5. Follow their lead

Children, by nature, seek out information on topics that interest them. So, if you find your homeschooler dragging their feet in science lessons, try steering the teaching towards something they're already passionate about.

Do they love space? Investigate celestial bodies, gravity or the properties of light. Are they a little dinosaur enthusiast? Delve into fossil formation, plate tectonics and evolution.

Practical ideas for fun science teaching

Start a project together

Starting a project with your homeschooler can be a great way to add some excitement to your science lessons.

The project can cover any subject you like. Why not create a model of our Solar System? Or craft a PowerPoint presentation on plant cells?

Home in on an area of interest for your child and create something fun together. It's even better if you can involve a range of skills, such as art, drama and IT.

A science project promotes critical thinking and encourages curiosity and collaboration. It also provides a welcome opportunity for some hands-on learning.

Start a collection

Creating a physical collection can be a wonderful way to spark your child's passion for science.

The collection can include anything of scientific interest. However, you'll have more luck if you focus on things that can be found or sourced fairly easily. That includes things like:

Fossils
Rocks
Shells
Feathers
Pressed plants

Giving your child the opportunity to hold, manipulate and examine their collection up close brings a new aspect to your science lessons. It can also help spark curiosity and develop research skills.

Experiment at home

No matter your homeschooler's age, an at-home science experiment is always a good option for a memorable lesson. The hands-on aspects are hard to resist, even for the most reluctant little scientists.

Popular home science experiments include:

Making a "volcano" using vinegar and bicarbonate of soda
Germinating seeds
Building simple electric circuits

Not only do experiments help make learning fun and engaging, but they also develop problem-solving, prediction and analysis skills. Moreover, they let kids see real-world applications of the scientific concepts they've learnt.

Take advantage of resources

While textbooks and worksheets can be effective for some kids, there are many other learning resources available that they may find more enjoyable or accessible.

Take advantage of alternative resources to add diversity to your child's learning experience. Think documentaries, educational YouTube channels, libraries and virtual labs.

Or why not try our educational activities for kids ? These online lessons focus on science and history at Key Stage 2. They're great fun – and, best of all, they're totally free. Dig in!

Get outside

Feel like your homeschoolers are in a science learning slump? Sometimes, there's no better remedy than getting outside. After all, science is around us all the time – we just need to get out there and look for it.

Start by researching your local area. No doubt there'll be places of scientific interest to explore. Perhaps you'll find your next science lesson at a local park, nature reserve or body of water.

Take a field trip

Nothing enhances your homeschooler's science lessons like an educational excursion. Taking them to a local science museum or educational means more than a fun day out. With a little luck, it can lay the foundations for a lifelong passion for science.

A field trip provides real-world experience and application of scientific concepts as well as hands-on experience. It can inspire curiosity and enhance motivation and engagement in the subject while offering an opportunity to meet and question experts in the field.

Home Education Days at Stump Cross Caverns

Here at Stump Cross Caverns in the Yorkshire Dales, we offer special Home Education Days tailored to homeschoolers and their parents.

These engaging and interactive sessions take your homeschooler on an unforgettable adventure into the world of science. You'll go on a guided tour of our awe-inspiring underground caverns, peppered with interesting facts from one of our experienced educators.

And that's not all. Each session includes a hands-on workshop covering the wonders of space or the amazing world of fossils. Finally, you can venture back into the caves for our UV Experience. With a special UV torch in hand, you'll watch the cave walls light up and glow like magic.

Ready for a science lesson like no other? Secure your spot at our next session today.

Secrets of Stump Cross: the story of Reindeer Cavern

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 19 May 2025 09:31:11 GMT

Reindeer Cavern gets its name from the remains of 4 prehistoric reindeer. Learn how it was discovered.

Think "reindeer", and it's unlikely your mind will drift towards the Yorkshire Dales. Lapland? Sure. Canada? Perhaps. But the Yorkshire Dales ?

It's true. This beautifully barren landscape was once home to Rudolph's distant ancestors.

Reindeer, you see, were native to the British Isles until around 800 years ago. We know this primarily through fossilised remains – some of which were found right here in Stump Cross Caverns.

That's right. Stump Cross Caverns isn't only the site of some extraordinary stalagmites, stalactites and other ancient rock formations. It's also played host to prehistoric remains, stumbled on by explorers looking to uncover new nooks and crannies in the cave system.

In fact, one of the most beloved chambers here at Stump Cross is Reindeer Cavern – so called because the cavers who discovered it happened upon the bones of four adult reindeer.

Want to know more about the secrets of Reindeer Cavern? Grab your hard hat and wrap up warm – we're going down.

The discovery of Reindeer Cavern

Stump Cross Caverns was discovered by two local lead miners in 1860. Since then, the network has been expanded – all thanks to the indefatigable efforts of Yorkshire's caving community.

In 1959, a team of cavers was down in the caves, confronted by a boulder choke – a pile of rocks that stopped them from getting any further.

Any caver will tell you that caves, and boulder chokes in general, are muddy . So, you'd better believe that the team was keen to see what lay beyond the boulder choke. You could say that's what separates a keen caver from an average Joe: a high tolerance for mud!

When they finally broke through the obstruction, they entered a remarkable cave. It was filled with intricate rock formations – the kind that dazzle visitors to Stump Cross year after year.

There were stalactites hanging down like icicles. There were stalagmites thrusting up like icy spears. There was gleaming flowstone like marzipan. Like so many of the chambers here, it was – and is – a magical sight.

They also found something more macabre, if no less fascinating. There in the cave lay the bones of four prehistoric adult reindeer.

How did they get there? No one knows for sure – but it's believed they were washed in when the glaciers melted, perhaps while they were hunting for food.

Whatever the answer, the discovery of Reindeer Cavern was a red-letter day for Stump Cross. Yet it wasn't until 2000 that the cavern was opened to the public.

Before that was possible, plenty more mud and rocks had to be cleared out. We're sure you'll agree it was worth every second…

Reindeer in Britain: a brief history

Today, reindeer mainly live in the Arctic tundra – places like Greenland, Scandinavia, Russia, Alaska and Canada (where they're known as "caribou").

But once upon a time, reindeer roamed the British landscape – including the Yorkshire Dales. But they went extinct around 800 years ago.

We don't know exactly why. Scientists point to some combination of hunting for fur and antlers and changes in the climate. It's perhaps no surprise that as the British Isles got warmer, reindeer would slowly die out.

Despite this, you may be surprised to learn there are still reindeer in Britain – just not native herds.

In Scotland's Cairngorms, there's a free-ranging domesticated herd. This is the result of an experiment in 1952 when a Swedish scientist brought two reindeer bulls and five cows to Scotland to see if they would thrive.

Thrive they did. Today, there are around 150 reindeer grazing in paddocks and the surrounding mountain tops.

There's also a herd of reindeer in the Cotswolds , near Cirencester.

The reindeer bone at Castlepook Cave

Stump Cross isn't the only limestone cave where reindeer remains have been found. In 1903, a reindeer bone was found at Castlepook Cave in County Cork.

It was an interesting find – but no one could have known the impact it would have when, over a century later, scientists studied it with modern radiocarbon dating.

The team of scientists dated the bone to 33,000 years ago. But they also confirmed that the bone showed marks created by human tools. This meant humans were alive at that time – some 20,000 years earlier than we thought.

It's an inspiring example of how archaeological finds can shape our understanding of human history. Who knows what scientists, cavers and archaeologists will discover in the future?

Other prehistoric remains at Stump Cross Caverns

The reindeer remains in Reindeer Cavern aren't the only prehistoric remnants at Stump Cross. When you visit us, take a look in the visitor centre for replicas of ancient bison and wolverine bones.

And believe it or not, Stump Cross Caverns is still a work in progress. The chambers and passageways open to the public are just the tip of the stalagmite. As we continue to explore its outer and deeper recesses, we could well stumble on some more ancient remains.

At the time of writing, we're hard at work on C Chamber . Once we've cleared out the mud and rocks like generations of cavers before us, C Chamber will be the first addition to the network in 25 years. What's more, it will allow visitors to experience Stump Cross as a circular route.

Nine metres across and three metres high, C Chamber is full of beautiful rock formations. And while we can't make any promises, we could well find some more animal remains in the layers of Ice Age sediment.

Bones can tell us so much about the history of planet Earth. Why not get a little closer to our prehistoric past at Stump Cross Caverns?

Are you looking for caves to explore in the UK? Visit Stump Cross Caverns in the Yorkshire Dales and you'll be all set for an underground adventure like no other. You'll get the best price if you book your tickets online .

The highest caves in the world

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 16 May 2025 06:57:29 GMT

Explore the world's highest caves – from Iran's epic pit caves to Brazil's towering cavern entrances.

It's humbling to think about how big some of the world's largest caves actually are.

Across the globe, there are caves so big that they have their own ecosystems, complete with waterfalls, jungles and rivers. In some, the caverns are so vast you can fly an aeroplane through them. Wow!

Many of these glorious natural wonders are accessible only to professionals – or unsafe for exploration, full stop – thanks to their complexity and difficulty.

Others are even harder to manage. Because of their location high above sea level, reaching them is like climbing a mountain before the cave exploration even starts.

Ever wondered which is the highest cave in the world? Well, before we answer that question, we need to decide what "highest" actually means .

What do we mean by "highest"?

It might seem like a simple question – but the answer is more complicated than you might think.

Take the world's deepest caves. These can be measured by comparing the highest accessible point to the lowest. This means they rank amongst the tallest caves but aren't necessarily the highest .

In fact, most of the time, they're not. With a depth of 2,224 metres (more than 7,200 feet), the Krubera-Voronja Cave in Abkhazia, Georgia, is the deepest cave on earth. It's also one of just two caves known to be deeper than 2,000 metres. But is it the highest cave by altitude? Nope!

The same goes for the longest or widest caves. The longest cave in the world is Mammoth Cave in the United States, which stretches for an incredible 426 miles. If a human walked non-stop (no breaks, no naps and definitely no dawdling) it would take five days to walk it. Hefty.

It gets even more complex when we think about the tallest caves. Some indexes rank caves based on the height of the cave mouth. If we used this as our definition, the Gruta Casa de Pedra ( House of Stone Cave) in Brazil would top our list.

So, let's settle it. For the purposes of this article, we'll look at elevation above sea level – the same as if we were ranking the highest mountain peaks.

As the tallest mountain in the world, Mount Everest stands at 8,849 metres (29,032 feet) above sea level. How do the world's caves compare?

Highest by altitude: Paraw Cave (Iran)

929 metres (3,050 feet) above sea level

This is definitely one for the brave and the experienced.

Paraw Cave , also known as "Ghar Parau", is the highest pit cave in the world. Its entrance lies two kilometres outside of Kermanshah, up Mount Paraw.

The cave's remote location and high altitude make it a significant challenge for explorers. However, its stunning natural beauty has attracted adventurers from all around the world.

First discovered in 1971 and a heritage site since 2009, the cave has been instrumental in fostering a worldwide passion for caving and exploration.

Its geological foundations are complex. The cave is composed of 26 shafts, the deepest of which extends 42 metres straight down. Add in rough and porous walls, and it's easy to see why conquering it is a daunting feat.

Paraw isn't the only pit cave in Iran. Ghar-e-Ghala was discovered in 2014, just six kilometres north of Paraw Cave.

Second highest by altitude: Ghar-e-Ghala (Iran)

851 metres (2,794 feet) above sea level

Oh, look – it's Ghar-e-Ghala again. Is Paraw Cave's neighbour really the second-highest cave in the world?

Possibly.

See, it's actually quite tricky to determine the highest caves by altitude. That's because most of the world's record-breaking caves are measured in traversable depth below ground or sheer volume.

That said, Ghar-e-Ghala seems promising for the second-highest cave, given its proximity to Paraw. With a depth of 562 metres (roughly twice the height of the Eiffel Tower), it's recognised as the second-deepest shaft in the world.

So deep, in fact, that the first 60 metres are covered in snow and ice. It took two years to fully explore this formidable, banana-shaped cave despite the seemingly easy route down.

As beautiful and impressive as these caves are, neither is recommended for inexperienced cavers – and certainly not for your average curious family.

So, that's the highest by altitude. What else can we measure to deem a cave the highest in the world?

Highest cave mouth

For the cave with the highest entrance, we must go to Brazil to find the Gruta Casa de Pedra (House of Stone Cave) .

Its actual mouth height is in dispute. Records from the 1960s put it at around 212 metres (705 feet). However, an in-progress technical survey argues that it stands at 175 metres (574 feet).

This is all academic. Whichever way you slice it, Brazil definitely has the tallest cave mouth entrance in the world. Sticking with the Eiffel Tower comparison, the opening of this cave is about half the size of it. That means there's plenty of light to see everything when you're exploring.

The cave itself can be found within Brazil's Parque Estadual do Alto Ribeira. Although most aren't suitable for general visitors, this national park and World Heritage Site boasts one of the most significant cave concentrations in the world. Experts reckon there are more than 350 natural caves within its boundaries.

Gruta Casa de Pedra, however, is explorable – and child-friendly, no less. A tour takes between one and two hours.

Highest (or deepest) caves in the United Kingdom

To see some of the world's record-breaking caves, UK citizens have to jump on a plane. However, there are plenty of stunning natural caves at home, too.

Near Castleton in Derbyshire's Peak District, Titan Cave is the UK's deepest cave shaft. It measures in at 141.5 metres (464 feet).

It's only open to professional cavers though – and beginners should always rely on experts to guide them.

Looking for something a little easier (but no less memorable)? The UK has plenty of stunning caves that you can explore in a couple of hours and are safe for kids.

As one of the best-preserved UK caves , Stump Cross Caverns promises a magical and educational day out. If you're in the Yorkshire Dales, why not pay us a visit?

Whatever your age, whatever the weather – Stump Cross Caverns is always an adventure. It's easy to book your ticketsonline .

How to find geodes in the UK

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 12 May 2025 07:28:20 GMT

Love rocks and minerals? Learn how to find sparkly geodes in the UK – and how to crack them open!

Whether you're a young geologist in the making or a grown-up rock fan who loves sparkly stones, there's nothing quite like finding a geode. They're one of nature's best surprises.

On the outside, they look like plain old rocks. Crack one open, however, and you might reveal a hidden world of dazzling crystals inside.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we think geodes are fascinating. That's why we're running a series of educational events about geodes, gems, and the science of crystals. More on that later.

In the meantime, let's dig into where geodes come from and share some tips and tricks on how to spot them. We also look at spots in the UK where you might just be lucky enough to find one.

What are geodes?

A geode is a rock with a secret. On the outside, it might look like any other ordinary rock – rough, round and grey. Not much to shout about.

But on the inside, it could be lined with beautiful crystals like quartz, calcite or amethyst. These crystals form naturally over thousands – or even millions – of years.

Geodes form in two main ways. The most common type forms in volcanic rock when bubbles of gas get trapped in cooling lava. Over time, mineral-rich water seeps into the empty pocket. As the water evaporates or cools, the minerals begin to crystallise on the walls of the cavity.

Other geodes form in sedimentary rock, such as limestone or shale. This happens when hollow cavities are left behind by organic materials like shells or tree roots that have decayed away. These voids then become lined with minerals over time in much the same way as volcanic geodes.

The types of minerals that form depend on the content of the water and surrounding rock. Some crystals grow just a few millimetres, while others form impressive long spikes or clusters.

How long does it take?

Geodes don't appear overnight. The growth process of the crystals is extremely slow – often taking tens of thousands to millions of years. It depends on their size, their environment and the conditions under which they formed.

Every geode is unique, like a natural lucky dip. You'll never know what's inside until you open it. The mystery is a big part of the magic!

Can you find geodes in the UK?

The short answer: yes! However, they're not as common here as in some other parts of the world.

Places like Brazil, Mexico and the USA (especially the southwestern states) are famous for their huge, glittering geodes. That's because the conditions there are ideal for geode formation, with lots of volcanic activity and the right types of rock.

While geodes in the UK might be rarer, they're not impossible to find. We do have volcanic and sedimentary rocks, especially in areas with a rich geological past.

Here are a few known hotspots where lucky hunters have discovered geode-like formations or crystal-filled nodules:

The Isle of Skye in Scotland: famous for its ancient lava flows, this rugged island has produced some geode-like rocks containing quartz and agate.
Dorset and the Jurassic Coast: this UNESCO World Heritage Site is rich in fossils and sedimentary rocks. While true geodes are less common, you might find septarian nodules or mineral-filled concretions, which are close cousins.
The Peak District and parts of Yorkshire (including around the Yorkshire Dales): these areas are known for interesting mineral deposits – especially calcite, fluorite and quartz, which sometimes form inside nodules.

Your best bet for finding geodes is to explore old volcanic areas or around sedimentary rocks near ancient hot springs.

Don't forget to check local rules and protected sites. Collecting rocks isn't allowed everywhere, especially in National Nature Reserves or Sites of Special Scientific Interest.

Tips for spotting geodes

Geodes are good at hiding – in fact, on the outside, they can look deceptively plain. Here are a few clues that might help you spot one:

They're roundish or egg-shaped. Geodes often form in bubbles, so they usually look rounder than most other rocks.
They feel lighter than they look. A geode is hollow or partly hollow inside, so it won't feel as heavy as a solid rock of the same size.
They might have sparkly hints. If you're lucky, you might catch a glimpse of a crystal through a tiny crack or thin patch on the surface.

If you think you've found one, don't smash it right away! Keep reading…

How to open a geode (without smashing it to bits)

It might be tempting to grab a hammer and go full caveman – a potential geode is an exciting prospect.

But wait! Geodes are much more delicate than they look. Whacking them too hard in a rush to reveal the treasure within could ruin the crystals.

Here are a few gentler methods:

Use a geode cracker. This tool applies slow, even pressure to split the geode neatly.
Try the sock-and-hammer method. Pop the rock inside an old sock, place it on a firm surface and give it a few light taps with a hammer. Don't go too hard – patience is key.
Ask an expert. Bring your find to a local geology group, museum or an event (like ours !). Someone there might be able to help you open it carefully.

Whatever you do, wear safety goggles. Tiny bits can fly off and get into your eyes if you're not careful.

Rock-collecting etiquette

Before you head off on your own geode-hunting adventure, remember these simple rules:

Always check land access. Don't collect rocks on private land without permission.
Leave no trace. Don't dig big holes, damage the environment or leave any litter behind.
Collect responsibly. Just take one or two small rocks. Leave the rest for others to enjoy and to keep nature beautiful.

Dig into geodes at Stump Cross Caverns

If you don't fancy scrabbling around hillsides hoping to find a geode (or you just want to learn more about them), you're in luck.

Here at our caves in Yorkshire , we're running Crystal Wonders – a new workshop all about geodes and gems. It's perfect for curious kids, families, and anyone who loves the natural world.

You'll learn more about where crystals come from, learn to identify real crystals and even have a go at growing your own. It's the perfect way to inspire young explorers.

Ready to celebrate all things sparkly? It's easy to bookyour spot online .

It's raining diamonds on a planet near you

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 09 May 2025 07:42:36 GMT

From diamond rainstorms to gem-filled oceans… Learn why space is stranger (and sparklier) than you think.

Imagine looking up to the sky to see sparkling gemstones fall through the air, drifting down like snowflakes. Well, scientists believe something just as incredible is happening on the planets of Neptune and Uranus.

Deep beneath the thick clouds of these planets, the pressure and heat are so extreme that diamonds are created inside the atmosphere. Pretty cool!

These tiny diamonds sink through the thick, hot layers deep inside the planet. As they fall, the pressure and heat grow so strong that the diamonds first melt into a sparkling liquid. Then, even deeper down, they turn into gas.

The carbon gas floats upwards, cools down, and the whole cycle starts again – a never-ending diamond rain.

Let's look at this sparkly celestial wonder in a little more detail.

How diamond rain is made

It all starts with hydrocarbons – simple gases made of carbon and hydrogen – that float around in the atmospheres of Neptune and Uranus. One of the most common hydrocarbons there is methane (yes – that methane).

Far beneath the clouds, the pressure is much stronger than it is here on Earth, and the temperature is very, very hot. This means the hydrocarbons break apart naturally, with the carbon atoms separating from the hydrogen and clumping together.

Because of the incredible pressure deep inside the planets, the carbon atoms are squeezed into their most stable form: diamond.

At first, the diamonds are microscopic – far too small to see without a microscope. But as they fall deeper, they clump together into bigger diamonds.

As these diamonds sink toward the planets' cores, the temperatures become so hot that the diamonds vaporise into carbon gas. The gas floats back upwards, cools, and the process starts all over again, which is why scientists call it "diamond rain".

This constant rising, falling and forming creates a hidden, sparkling cycle that may have been happening for billions of years.

Oceans made of diamonds?

When we venture deeper inside the planets, things get even stranger.

Scientists believe that, in the very deepest parts of Neptune and Uranus, the pressure is so strong that the diamonds could melt into a glowing liquid.

There may be huge oceans of liquid diamond, with solid diamond icebergs floating gently on top. Although no one has ever seen these oceans, experiments and computer models suggest they could really exist.

Imagine a glittering sea, hidden beneath the clouds, shining with the light of a million tiny gems. Wow!

What does diamond rain look like?

Scientists think the diamonds fall slowly because the thick, heavy air inside Neptune and Uranus pushes against them.

Like peaceful snowfall here on Earth, the tiny diamonds probably drift gently through the dark skies. If you could somehow stand deep inside Neptune, it might feel like you're in a real-life snow globe – except each flake would be made of diamond.

As the diamonds vaporise and float back up, the air could shimmer and glow faintly with tiny flashes of light.

Where's the proof?

Though we can't visit Neptune or Uranus, scientists have found clever ways to study what happens there.

At places like the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in California, researchers use powerful lasers to blast materials like plastic (which behaves like hydrocarbons). The lasers create enormous heat and pressure, mimicking the conditions deep inside these giant planets.

In these experiments, scientists have watched tiny diamonds form right in the lab. This shows that diamond rain is not just a theory – it can really happen when the conditions are right.

Scientists believe the diamond rain could help explain why Neptune and Uranus give off more heat than they receive from the Sun. It might also explain why their magnetic fields are so strange and different from other planets.

Why diamond rain matters

Diamond rain reminds us that space is full of incredible, surprising processes we are only beginning to understand.

While Earth has rain that waters our gardens and rivers, Neptune and Uranus could be hosting sparkling storms of gemstones, hidden deep inside their thick, stormy skies.

Space is stranger – and far more beautiful – than anything we could imagine.

Are there other diamond worlds?

Scientists believe that some planets outside our solar system – called exoplanets – could be full of diamonds, too.

One famous example is 55 Cancri e, a planet about twice as big as Earth. Early studies suggested that its inside could be packed with diamonds – although newer research shows its true make-up might be a bit more complicated.

There's also a star called "Lucy" (officially named "BPM 37093") that has cooled into a gigantic cosmic gem. It is about the size of Earth's Moon and is made almost entirely of diamond.

The universe is full of surprises. Diamond rain is just one sparkling example.

Sparkles beneath our feet

You don't need to fly into space to find treasures shaped by pressure, heat and time.

Right here on Earth, deep underground, crystals, minerals and gemstones have been forming for millions of years. From glittering geodes hidden inside rocks to ancient diamonds formed in the Earth's mantle, our planet holds its own sparkling secrets.

At Stump Cross Caverns, you can explore some of these wonders for yourself. Our ancient caves are filled with fascinating rock formations and hold traces of the powerful forces that shaped the Earth.

Fancy being a miner for the day? Try our fun gem panning activity. You'll get a bag of spoils and can pan for real gems you can take home and keep.

Ready to explore more sparkling secrets?

At Stump Cross Caverns, our Cosmic Adventures sessions turn big ideas into hands-on fun. From exploring distant planets to uncovering sparkling secrets, young adventurers (and their grown-up co-pilots) will get stuck in and see science in a whole new way.

Book your spot today and join the adventure!

How are geodes formed?

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 05 May 2025 06:44:03 GMT

Geodes are one of the geological wonders of the world. Learn how these beautiful crystal-filled rocks form.

Drive along the B6265 in North Yorkshire, England, on the road between Pateley Bridge and Grassington, and you would never think you're a matter of feet above some glorious geological formations.

The caves, bursting as they are with stalagmites, stalactites and other rock formations, are a real treasure trove. But when they were discovered back in 1860, the site was just an unassuming patch of grass concealing the treasures below.

In this respect, Stump Cross Caverns is a lot like a geode. Perhaps you've seen these crystalline gems in gift shops or even out in the wild. But did you know that they were once the inside of a plain grey rock?

Yes, a geode doesn't look like much from the outside. But crack it open and you can find beautiful crystals in breathtaking colours.

So, where do geodes come from? As with our caves, we have to go back thousands of years for an answer…

How do geodes form?

Most people think of volcanic eruptions as disasters. But from a geological perspective, they bring forth all sorts of beauties.

Geodes are one such happy accident. They begin life as bubbles in lava. Mineral-rich groundwater seeps into these air pockets – and when the water evaporates, the minerals remain.

These minerals crystallise, lining the rock with silicates such as quartz, amethyst, calcite or celestite.

To say this crystallisation is a slow process is the understatement of the millennium. It can take thousands or millions of years for crystals to form – and the longer the process, the bigger the crystals.

Not all geodes come from volcanic lava, however. Some come from animal burrows, the spaces left by rotted tree roots, or nodules (lumps of matter) in sedimentary rocks.

That's how geodes form. But where do they get their glorious colours from?

Where do geodes get their colours from?

The minerals that form the crystals give them their basic colours. But other elements add their own unique shades.

Iron, for instance, can lend geodes a red or purple tinge. Manganese adds a touch of pink. Nickel and chromium lean to the green, while titanium turns them blue.

Sometimes, retailers will artificially dye geodes to make the colour more vibrant.

How can you spot an unopened geode?

To the untrained eye, an unopened geode is just another rock. It will be a spherical rock with a rough exterior, often embedded in a sedimentary rock.

Figuring out if a rock is a geode is a bit like guessing the contents of a Christmas present. You want to pay attention to the weight and the sound it makes when tapped.

A geode will be lighter than it looks, thanks to its hollow cavity. Meanwhile, a hollow sound when tapped can clue you in to the cavity inside.

How do you crack open a geode?

If you think you've found a geode, there are a few ways to get cracking.

The first is to use a rock saw. It goes without saying that you need to be careful when using this tool.

The second method involves placing the geode inside a sock and tapping it gently with a hammer until it cracks open.

Geode crackers are available on the market. Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we have one of our own – so why not join us for a geode session? You never know what you might find…

Inside the world's biggest geode

Geodes are like caves in more ways than one. Just as a cave is defined by its absence of matter, so a geode is effectively a crystal-lined cavity – not the rock which surrounds it.

This means a geode can be big enough to stand in – a crystal-lined cave, if you will. Just ask the geologists who have studied the Pulpí Geode – an eight-metre-wide, two-metre-high geode in an abandoned silver mine in south-eastern Spain.

"When it comes to a geode, by definition, this is the biggest ever discovery," geologist and cave coordinator Mila Carretero told the BBC .

In fact, the story of the Pulpí geode has a lot in common with the discovery of Stump Cross Caverns. In both cases, the miners who discovered the underground wonders weren't best pleased with their discoveries.

The miners who discovered Stump Cross were looking for lead, and the miners who discovered the Pulpí geode were after silver. Who can blame them for being less than chuffed when they found a load of heavy old rocks and crystals?

And like Stump Cross, Pulpí is open to the public. Every year, thousands of visitors get to share the sentiment expressed by Carretero: "It's indescribable because it gives us a sense of how small we are. Look at what nature has given us."

As remarkable as it is, the Pulpí Geode isn't the biggest in the world. Guinness World Records gives that gong to the "Crystal Cave" in Ohio, USA.

This celestite-lined cave is 35 feet wide and 10 feet high. It was discovered by the owners of Heineman Winery at Put-In-Bay, Ohio when they dug a well on their premises. It's big enough to fit more than six people at a time!

What's the difference between a geode and an agate?

The term "geode" doesn't refer to a specific type of crystal – just a crystal-lined cavity. Agate, by contrast, is a type of mineral: banded microcrystalline quartz, to be exact. This means that you could get a geode filled with agate.

What crystals are found in geodes?

Britannica tells us that geode crystals are usually quartz. Less often, they're "of calcite or dolomite, and sometimes of aragonite, ankerite, hematite, magnetite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite".

This sentence brings home something about crystals. They're not just beautiful to look at. They also have the most beautiful names!

Do you love rocks and crystals as much as we do? Join us in the Yorkshire Dales for Crystal Wonders at Stump Cross Caverns. This magical, family-friendly workshop is all about the fascinating world of crystals. You'll grow your own crystal, learn to identify real crystals and even get the chance to take home some sparkly souvenirs. It's easy to book your tickets online .

Yorkshire fun for the May bank holidays [2025]

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 02 May 2025 12:00:19 GMT

Celebrate the May bank holidays in North Yorkshire with our picks of the best family-friendly adventures.

Spring's here. That means time in the sunshine and a slew of work-free Mondays for the bank holiday season. Hooray!

There's plenty to do in North Yorkshire for the upcoming May bank holidays. The beautiful Yorkshire Dales National Park is known for its stunning natural landscapes and family-friendly activities. Here are a few ideas to get you started.

Skipton Castle and market town

Skipton in North Yorkshire is both a charming market town and home to one of the most well-preserved and historically significant castles in England.

Skipton Castle boasts interactive displays and educational boards to help visitors learn about its history, which goes all the way back to the 12th century. The family-friendly tours often feature reenactments to bring the history to life with battles, royal figures and sieges.

The most iconic feature is the fortified tower (the keep) which offers stunning views of Skipton town and the surrounding Yorkshire Dales. The gardens and grounds are also perfect for picnics and exploring.

Fancy a spot of shopping? The castle is only a short walk from Skipton's bustling market , which has operated since the 1300s.

Grassington village

Grassington is a picturesque village in the heart of the Yorkshire Dales National Park. It's known for its quaint cobblestones and traditional feel. A central landmark of the village is St Michael and All Angels Church , which was built in the 19th century.

Grassington itself has plenty of family-friendly places to eat and pockets of history to delve into. The town used to be a hub for lead mining.

Nearby, you can explore Grass Wood Nature Reserve or enjoy the popular Grassington to Linton Falls walking route . This promises an easy walk through meadows until you reach the beautiful waterfall.

For families or groups more interested in history, the Thornborough Henges are just a short drive from Grassington (approximately seven miles through very scenic countryside).

Theme parks and zoos

In Wetherby, Stockeld Park promises a great day out for all ages. Kids and adults can explore the Enchanted Forest or jump aboard the Flying Stocksman for a quick train ride across the 2000 acres of parkland. There's even a maze.

Dubbed "the strangest place in the world", the Forbidden Corner is a unique labyrinth of chambers, surprises and explorations within Tupgill Park Estate, North Yorkshire. It's a great day out at the best of times, but the seasonal events are truly enchanting. After the Easter Dragon Hunt, Forbidden Corner is taking a break from special acts until the Wizards turn up in June. However, the standard attractions are still a wonder to behold.

Adrenaline junkies large and small should visit one of North Yorkshire's two theme parks: Web Adventure Park on Wigginton Road or Lightwater Valley in Ripon. Both parks offer indoor playgrounds, roller coasters, roleplay villages and daily programmes for entertainment. Check out the websites for ticket prices, opening times, and any special surprises planned for the May bank holiday weekend.

Those more interested in wildlife than adrenaline can seek out the Yorkshire Wildlife Park on the outskirts of Doncaster, South Yorkshire. Here, you can enjoy 150 acres of wild adventures, including three walk-through animal reserves. The park is also home to the UK's largest polar bear collection. Wow!

Go back to nature

There's no doubt about it: Yorkshire has everything you need for a truly magical May Bank holiday.

But some of its most famous assets aren't zooming around a roller coaster track or swimming with the sea lions. What makes Yorkshire so special is its stunning collection of natural wonders. From long hikes to lunch in a historical town, there's plenty to see and do.

How about a nice, calm walking trail? North Yorkshire has more than its fair share of family-friendly routes to enjoy.

Waterfall-seekers can enjoy the Blea Gill Waterfall near Grimwith Reservoir. This four-mile route is circular and flat, making it the perfect choice for families, couples and dog walkers.

The reservoir walk is beautiful and scenic despite being on easy mode, making it a great choice for a peaceful bank holiday ramble. And best of all, you can start the walk right here at Stump Cross Caverns.

Just up the road, you'll find Bullfront Waterfall (approximately 10 minutes northeast by car) and Linton Falls (15 minutes southwest). Why not make a day of it and visit all three?

While you're in the vicinity of Stump Cross Caverns, don't miss The Coldstones Cut – Yorkshire's biggest public artwork and best-kept secret. You can't even see the structure from the road – but trust us, it's massive!

Created by Andrew Sabin, this impressive structure took four years to build. Its true magnitude can only be appreciated from a bird's eye view, where it looks like two snails with curling shells.

Visitors can hike there, walk one of several circular routes or drive.

A few words of warning: The Coldstones Cut is a very exposed place. The weather here can be unpredictable, even on the sunniest days – and the path to the site is steep, with loose stones underfoot. Be sure to take a jacket and wear sturdy trainers or walking shoes.

Stump Cross Caverns

Stump Cross Caverns is a local bank holiday favourite – and for good reason.

There's loads of fun to be had here, come rain or shine. (In fact, it's great when it's raining because most of our activities are indoors. Bonus!)

While you're here, you can trudge through our enchanting caves, which burst with crystals and stalactites. Take our self-guided tour, and you'll spend about 45 minutes underground, exploring hidden nooks, marvelling at the unspoilt ancient rock formations and learning about our 300-million-year history.

And that's not all. We also hold regular activities like gem panning , fossil digs and educational workshops for the kids. Or why not kick back with a cuppa and enjoy the view at our dog-friendly cafe?.

At 3 PM, things get even more magical thanks to our incredible UV Experience. Equipped with a special UV torch, children and big kids can witness the underground realm in a whole new light. It makes an unforgettable finale to your day at Stump Cross Caverns.

We can't predict the bank holiday weather. But whether you're looking for rainy-day activities in Yorkshire or some outdoor fun in the sunshine, Stump Cross Caverns will scratch that bank holiday itch. Ready for a great day out? You'll get the best deal if you book your tickets online .

Earth Day 2025: why caves are crucial for nature to thrive

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 28 Apr 2025 09:10:37 GMT

This Earth Day, discover how essential caves are for our environment and why we need to protect them.

Caves may not seem like the homeliest places to live (unless you're the Stump Cross Cavewoman , of course!)

Yes – they're dark, quiet, and quite drippy, but don't let that fool you. Their dampness doesn't stop them from being full of life – and very important for our natural world.

From little critters like spiders, beetles and bats to shade-loving plants like algae, fungi and lichens, caves provide a perfect home for all sorts of flora and fauna. And that's not to mention what could be lurking in those dark pools…

Caves can also become homes for animals whose surface habitats have been lost or degraded. And they can also tell us lots about the past.

So, why is it that caves are among the least protected environments on the planet?

We take our role as cave custodians very seriously here at Stump Cross Caverns. So, to celebrate Earth Day 2025 , we're taking a deep dive into the unique importance of caves for our environment and why we need to protect them.

Caves make great homes for unique wildlife

A wide range of creatures rely on caves for shelter and survival. That includes bats. Lots and lots of bats.

All over the world, many species of bats sleep in caves during the day and come out at night to hunt insects. You can find the largest bat colony in the world (15 million) in Texas.

We have bats in the UK, too, but not quite that many. They usually use caves to hibernate during the cold winter months.

Caves are also home to a variety of insects, some of which can only survive in caves. These types of animals are called troglobites.

Troglobites have adapted to cave living in a variety of ways. They often have poor or no eyesight and lack pigment, so they appear white or transparent. They also tend to sport longer limbs and antennae to help them find food in the dark.

UK troglobites include:

The rare (and blind) Porrhomma rosenhaueri spiders. These are found in two caves in South Wales, plus a few caverns in Ireland and mainland Europe.
Adorable little hexapods (six-legged animals) called springtails. One rare variety ( Disparrhopalites patrizii ) is found in rock caves in Devon.
The family of stygobitic crustaceans. This includes colourless or translucent lobsters, crabs and shrimps.

Similarly, fish and salamanders that live in caves have adapted to life without sunlight, often losing their eyesight and relying on other senses to find food.

Caves also help animals that don't live within them full-time. Some birds nest in cave entrances in the UK. That includes swifts, jackdaws, swallows and wrens. In some other countries, bears use caves to hibernate.

Even tiny creatures like bacteria thrive in caves, breaking down minerals and creating nutrients that support the whole underground ecosystem.

Caves participate in underground water systems

Caves help move and store underground water, especially in places where the ground is made of limestone or other rocks that dissolve over time.

Rainwater seeps through the soil and into cracks, forming underground rivers and lakes known as aquifers. These water sources provide drinking water for people and animals and even appear as natural springs. But they aren't naturally clean – water from caves and aquifers often needs treatment to remove bacteria and other contaminants.

Caves don't create or filter water. Instead, they act as pathways that help water travel through the ground.

Because water moves quickly through these systems, pollution can spread fast. If harmful chemicals or waste enter the water, they can make it unsafe for wildlife and people. That's why protecting caves helps keep these hidden water sources safe.

Caves are one of nature's time capsules

Caves hold secrets about the history of the Earth. Inside, scientists find fossils of animals that lived long ago, from ancient bears to mammoths. Some caves even contain paintings made by early humans thousands of years ago, giving us clues about how people lived in the past.

Rock formations inside caves, like stalactites and stalagmites, also tell a story. These formations grow over thousands of years as water drips through the cave, leaving behind tiny mineral deposits. By studying these, scientists learn about past climates and how Earth's environment has changed over time.

Caves help forest ecosystems survive

Caves and forests might seem like separate worlds, but they are closely connected.

Trees and plants above ground rely on underground water systems, many of which flow through caves and rocky tunnels. These water sources help keep soil healthy and support plant life. In turn, forests provide homes for many animals that also use caves for shelter.

Bats, one of the most important cave-dwelling animals, help forests by spreading seeds and controlling insect populations. Without them, there would be more pests and fewer plants. Protecting caves helps keep ecosystems in balance, both above and below ground.

What would happen if caves disappeared?

If caves were damaged or destroyed, many species would lose their homes. Bats would struggle to find safe places to rest, underground water supplies would be affected, and important scientific discoveries might never be made.

The effects would be felt above ground, too. Without caves supporting forests, entire ecosystems would change.

That's why Earth Day is a good time to think about how we treat these natural wonders. Caves might not always be visible, but they are an important part of life on our planet.

How we protect our caves at Stump Cross Caverns

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, looking after our caves is a top priority. As Cavewoman always says, "We should leave only footprints and take only memories". That's why we encourage visitors to respect the caves and avoid touching delicate formations.

We take steps to keep pollution out. The water from our caves stays clean and their ecosystems are protected so that creatures living in the caves can thrive.

Our hope is that the education we provide helps more people understand why caves matter. This way, we can all work to protect them for future generations.

Want to see the magic of caves for yourself? Come and have yourself a fun family day out in Yorkshire at Stump Cross Caverns. We can't wait to show you how special caves are and why we need to protect them. It's quick and easy to book your ticketsonline .

Celestial fossils: how galaxies become frozen in time

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 25 Apr 2025 09:00:16 GMT

NASA has discovered a celestial fossil. Find out what this means – and what it means for science.

Space: the final frontier. It's big. And we mean big . So big, in fact, that thinking about it can make you feel a weird combination of fear, wonder and confusion.

Take this sentence from The Guardian 's science section: "The European Space Agency's Euclid mission has captured images of 26m galaxies, covering 10bn years of cosmic history."

Now, read it again. The ESA has captured images of 26 million galaxies covering 10 billion years. Oh, and in case that wasn't mind-blowing enough, each galaxy contains, on average, 100 billion stars.

But it's not just space itself that inspires awe and wonder. It's also the expertise and perseverance of the world's space agencies, committed as they are to discovering more and more about the mysteries of the cosmos.

At Stump Cross Caverns, we're lucky enough to be right in the middle of a Dark Skies Reserve. This is a part of the world that has phenomenally dark skies, unspoiled by city lights.

What this means is that the Yorkshire Dales – and Stump Cross Caverns – are fantastic spots for stargazing. It's why we hold stargazing sessions – and why we felt compelled to tell you about celestial fossils.

That's right: celestial fossils. What on Earth – or off Earth – are they?

What are celestial fossils?

Fossils on Earth are the remains of organic life. They teach us about evolution and life on Earth many thousands of years ago.

Celestial fossils aren't quite the same. They're "globular clusters" – tightly packed groups of stars that are essentially frozen in time. Their frozen attitude is a result of their incredible stability and capacity to hold their shape for a long, long time.

Take NGC 1841. This is a globular cluster located in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. It's about 162,000 light years away from Earth.

A satellite galaxy orbits a larger host galaxy. Just as the Earth goes around the Sun and the Moon goes around the Earth, so the LMC orbits the Milky Way.

The LMC is the biggest and brightest satellite galaxy we can see from Earth. In the southern hemisphere, it appears as a faint cloud in the night sky. But when captured by the Hubble Space Telescope, it's an astonishing star-spangled tapestry.

Don't believe us? Take a look for yourself:

Globular clusters like NGC 1841, however, are more than just a sight for sore eyes. They also provide scientists with essential insights into early galactic formations.

And NGC 1841 is far from the only celestial fossil in town. Take the Tucana Dwarf galaxy.

A new discovery

In September 2024, it was reported that NASA researchers had spied another cosmic fossil through the Hubble Space Telescope.

The Tucana Dwarf galaxy sits at the far edge of the Local Group of galaxies. This is the constellation of constellations that includes our galaxy, the Milky Way.

Some three million light years from Earth, the Tucana Dwarf galaxy is another cosmic fossil that scientists believe could contain clues about galactic formation in the early universe.

NASA officials said: "Having such pristine properties enables scientists to use the Tuscana Dwarf as a cosmic fossil."

This statement shows how scientists think about these galaxies frozen in time. They're not fossils in the way we understand them. But they offer a glimpse into the early universe, which could reveal more secrets about the cosmos.

What is the Hubble Space Telescope?

Celestial fossils have been photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope. This is a solar-powered telescope in space rather than on Earth pointing into space.

It's been orbiting 340 miles above Earth since it was launched by the Discovery space shuttle in April 1990.

Circling its patch of space in the colossal galactic plains, the Hubble Space Telescope is infinitesimally small – about the size of a school bus, in fact.

Its secret power, however, is the speed at which it travels. The Hubble Space Telescope could travel from the east coast to the west coast of the USA in just 10 minutes.

Despite its modest size, Hubble is invaluable to our world's scientists. It takes breathtakingly sharp images of planets, stars, galaxies and other space objects. These have included pictures of the birth and death of stars.

These images are precious for two reasons. First, they teach scientists about how the universe works and where celestial bodies have come from. Secondly, they are quite simply beautiful to look at. See for yourself on NASA's Hubblesite gallery.

Could there be fossils on Mars?

For most of us, "life on Mars" occupies the same mental space as flying pigs. The red planet is notoriously dry, cold and inhospitable. Decades of uncrewed missions have turned up no signs of life.

There is, however, ice – and where there's ice, there could be life. In 1996 , a team of scientists at NASA's Johnson Space Flight Center claimed to have found microscopic fossils in a Martian meteorite.

The meteorite had fallen from Mars some 16 million years ago when an asteroid or comet smashed into the Red Planet.

Scientists believe the fragment of rock then orbited the Sun until it was sucked into the Earth's atmosphere some 13,000 years ago.

The meteorite landed in Antarctica, where it was discovered by meteorite hunters in 1984 and named "ALH84001".

Today, the scientists' claims have been widely discredited. In the words of the American Museum of Natural History, "While the evidence from ALH84001 remains controversial, it has without question stimulated a major new effort in the search for life, ancient or extant, on Mars."

That said, the hunt for fossils is not high on NASA's agenda. The Perseverance rover, for instance, is there to uncover chemical traces of life rather than fossilised remains. But who knows what the future of Martian exploration will uncover?

At Stump Cross Caverns, you'll find ancient caves to explore and lots of fun and educational things to do . Know a little astronaut who's keen to discover the final frontier? Sign them up for our Cosmic Adventures workshop , where they'll learn about the wonders of the cosmos and get a crash course in constellation spotting. It's stellar!

We won Small Visitor Attraction of the Year!

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 22:52:54 GMT

In March 2025, we won Small Visitor Attraction of the Year at the Visit York Tourism Awards. Find out more.

On 20 March this year, the Visit York Tourism Awards were held at York Racecourse. Over the centuries, it's been the site of many victories and defeats – and this year, we were pleased as punch to take home the gong for Small Visitor Attraction of the Year .

This matters because we've always been a proudly local business. Sure, we have visitors come to us from all over the world – but at heart, Stump Cross Caverns is a Yorkshire affair, sunk deep into the ancient limestone.

In its own words, the awards exist to "celebrate excellence across a diverse range of categories, recognising the outstanding achievements of businesses and individuals within York's vibrant tourism sector".

But it's the next sentence that gets to the heart of what we do. "Each category," it says, "honoured those who demonstrated exceptional quality, innovation and dedication in providing memorable experiences for visitors".

We're extremely grateful for the praise. But we're also not shy about blowing our own trumpet. So, where do our quality, innovation and customer-focused dedication come from?

Stump Cross Caverns: an unforgettable day out for all the family

Stump Cross Caverns is a network of chambers and passageways filled to the brim with gorgeous and well-preserved stalactites, stalagmites and other rock formations.

And it's old – millions of years old. When you descend the 60 steps into the cave, you're practically stepping into a time machine.

Once upon a time, the area we now know as the Yorkshire Dales was a tropical sea. Over slow, grinding millennia the caves formed, eventually providing a home for reindeer, wolverines and other prehistoric beasts.

Come to Stump Cross and you can get a taste of that prehistory. But while the caves are millennia old, the experience is up to date. A trip to the caves is safe and well-lit – and once you emerge from the depths there's a gift shop , cafe and other amenities.

We also have a calendar bustling with events and experiences – from fossil digs to gem panning , from stargazing to our underground UV Experience .

The UV Experience is all about seeing the caves in a new light – ultraviolet light, to be exact. Each visitor is given an ultraviolet torch. When you shine it against the cave walls, beautiful textures and veins emerge. You've got to see it to believe it!

On top of all this, there's an educational element to many of our activities for children. We're firm believers in "learning through play" – the educational concept that the best way to fire a child's imagination is through fun, hands-on activities.

So, if you're looking for an unforgettable – and award-winning – place to visit in North Yorkshire , why not swing by and take a trip underground? We promise we won't talk about our exciting award too much…

Yorkshire fun: take part in our Golden Tooth Giveaway!

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 18 Apr 2025 09:56:53 GMT

Looking for a fun family day out in Yorkshire? Come to Stump Cross and pan for gems with prizes to be won.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're about so much more than just the caves. We see the caverns as a place for kids to learn, play and learn through play.

Take the Stump Cross Mining Co. This is our very own gem sluice – a contraption straight out of the American Gold Rush. Kids are given a bag of mining rough. They then pan for gems in the water-filled sluice, taking home any sparkly specimens they find.

But there's more than mere gems to find. This Easter, we're hiding special golden shark teeth in the rough. If you find one, you can take it to our gift shop and exchange it for a special prize. (See it as a bonus for a hard day's work as a miner.)

It's a great example of how we cater for families here at Stump Cross. It's hands-on, outdoors and educational. What more do you want from a day out with the kids?

About the gem sluice

Ever wanted to be a miner for the day? With our gem sluice, you can have just that experience.

In the days of the American Gold Rush, people would pan the rivers for gold. The gem sluice replicates this experience – but it's gems you're after (and a golden tooth if you're lucky).

The sluice consists of a series of wooden troughs filled with water. This is the river, filled with gems amid the stones and mud. Each participant is given a bag of mining rough.

You then pour the contents of this bag into a tray. This is your version of the "miner's pan" of old. You hold it over the water and start panning. What will you find in your tray?

Well, whatever you find, you get to take home and keep it. And each day throughout Easter 2025, at least one lucky miner will find a golden tooth. This can be exchanged for a special gift.

Why book for the gem sluice?

At Stump Cross, we're firm believers in learning through play. We believe that kids are more likely to develop a passion for science if they're given fun, hands-on activities to complete.

Gem panning is a great example of this. Kids are fired up by the beautiful, many-coloured gemstones and the possibility of winning the golden tooth. But they also learn the names and properties of these stones.

It also gets kids playing outdoors – and not just any outdoors. We're not shy about saying that Stump Cross is located in some drop-dead gorgeous countryside.

On top of that, participants get to explore the caves themselves. They can even take part in the "UV tour", shining ultraviolet torches on the cave walls to uncover shimmering patterns in the rock.

So, if you want to get your children or students excited about geology, have a go at panning for gems . It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

Our Golden Tooth promotion runs until the end of May 2025.

The best towns to stay at in the Yorkshire Dales

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 08:03:38 GMT

Start planning your next adventure with our guide to the best towns and villages in the Yorkshire Dales.

The Yorkshire Dales is renowned for its breathtaking natural beauty. Its idyllic landscapes encompass dramatic rolling hills, lush valleys, imposing limestone cliffs and much more.

With countless miles of hiking, walking and cycling trails, plus spectacular waterfalls and cave systems, it's no wonder the Dales attracts millions of visitors yearly.

And if you are planning a trip, you won't be short of places to stay. Scattered throughout the beautiful countryside are many charming villages and thriving market towns – each overflowing with the area's rich history and culture.

Here are some of the best towns and villages to stay at when you explore the Yorkshire Dales.

Appletreewick

Set high on a hillside above the River Warfe, the village of Appletreewick dates back to Monastic times.

Exploring the village

Take a stroll down the village's main street and you'll have the privilege of seeing Appletreewick's collection of beautiful 16th- and 17th-century stone houses. That includes a Grade II-listed building originally built as a resting place for travelling Monks.

Make sure to pause a moment to take in the landscape. Appletreewick's elevated position means a dramatic view over the Dales with the Howgills and Simon's Seat in the distance.

While you won't find any shops in the village, you will find two traditional pubs – The Craven Arms and the New Inn. Both offer a welcome resting spot after a day of exploring.

Not far away

No visit to Appletreewick would be complete without exploring the extensive network of limestone caves that lie below the dales and fells. A short four-mile drive will take you here to Stump Cross Caverns . A designated Site of Special Scientific Interest, our hidden underground world lets you experience the beauty and history of the Yorkshire Dales from a different perspective.

Travel south along the river and you'll find the famous Hebden Suspension Bridge, built back in 1885 by blacksmith William Bell. A walking route from Burnsall to Hebden will take you over the bridge and past Loup Scar – a popular spot for swimmers and paddlers alike.

Malham

Malham is one of the more popular villages in the Dales – and for good reason.

Exploring the village itself

Although small, the village has two charming pubs – The Buck Inn and The Lister Arms. Both offer a belly-warming range of food and cask ales.

You'll also find several B&Bs and self-catering cottages and a couple of campsites around the area, so you won't be short of accommodation options.

Not far away

A stone's throw from the village centre, you'll find Malham Cove – a huge limestone cliff that can be seen for miles across the Dales. A steep climb up the 400 stone steps will bring you to the top, where you can enjoy a spectacular panoramic view of the area.

Travel east along an easily accessible footpath from the village and you'll reach Gordale Scar – a dramatic gorge that slices the landscape clean in two. Its limestone cliffs are more than 330 feet tall and house two beautiful waterfalls.

A short walk through woodland will bring you to Janet's Foss. This small but magical waterfall is fabled to be the home of Janet, Queen of the Fairies.

Grassington

A bustling market town nestled in the heart of the glacial valley of Wharfedale, Grassington makes the perfect base for exploring the Dales.

Exploring the town itself

Grassington's enchanting cobbled streets have plenty to offer. The market square in the centre of town is fringed by quirky boutiques, art galleries and plenty of welcoming pubs and cafes.

Looking for an excuse to visit? Grassington is known for its annual Dickensian festival, which takes place in December. The town also holds a farmers' market on the third Sunday of each month.

There are several spectacular walking trails nearby, including the popular Dales Way, which runs alongside the River Wharfe. Alternatively, you could ramble over the beautiful Grassington Moor to explore the relics of the area's lead mining history.

If Grassington seems familiar, that's because it's a bit of a local star. The town serves as the fictional Darrowby in the Channel 5 drama All Creatures Great and Small .

Not far away

Head slightly out of Grassington to find the stunning Linton Falls. This is a series of beautiful waterfalls and weirs with plenty of marked areas where you can take a dip or pick up a paddle.

A little further south, you'll find the medieval Skipton Castle. Despite being more than 900 years old, Skipton Castle is one the most complete and well-preserved castles in England. As a visitor, you can explore all corners of the castle, from the beer cellars to the watchtower.

Pateley Bridge

Want to take a step back in time and experience the rural feel of a true English countryside town? You can't get much better than Pateley Bridge.

Exploring the town

It's easy to spend a leisurely day exploring the town's picturesque streets. Be sure to check out its selection of quaint independent shops and refuel at one of its lovely tearooms.

And while you're there, why not discover the history of the area at Nidderdale Museum or indulge in some nostalgia at England's oldest sweet shop?

Once satiated, you can pack your gear and set out on the Nidderdale trail. This 53-mile circular walk starts in Pately Bridge and loops the Nidd Valley, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Not far away

Head towards Summerbridge to see the striking formations of Brimham Rocks. Sculpted by millions of years of natural erosion, the rocks have earned themselves the nicknames of the Sphinx, the Turtle, the Eagle and the Dancing Bear.

The site is spread across 50 acres of beautiful moorland and is managed by the National Trust. It's a must-visit for anyone staying in the area.

Once you've caught the geology bug, why not venture west to check out Yorkshire's biggest and highest public artwork, The Coldstones Cut ? Visitors are encouraged to stroll around the viewing platforms to take in the breathtaking sights of the surrounding Nidderdale Valley and limestone quarry.

Don't forget to visit Stump Cross Caverns

The incredible underground world of Stump Cross Caverns is only a stone's throw from Pateley Bridge. It's well worth a visit if you're staying in the town.

In fact, our caves are easily accessible from any of these towns and villages. With such an incredible array of rock formations and hidden passageways at your disposal, it's a no-brainer!

And while our Yorkshire Dales caves are the main attraction, there's plenty more to see and do during your visit. Why not have a go at our real working mining sluice ? Or stop for a cuppa and a slice of cake at the Time Cafe ? Or treat your little explorers to one of our fun family activities ?

It's quick and easy to book your tickets online . We can't wait to see you down in the caves!

How to become a speleologist

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 11 Apr 2025 22:29:19 GMT

What do speleologists or cave scientists do? And how do you become one? Find out in our guide.

Speleologists are scientists who study caves. This may sound specific – but within the broad church of speleology, there's a whole host of specialities.

Speleologists study the formation of caves, looking at how they come into being (speleogenesis) and change over time (speleomorphology). Some specialise in cave hydrology (water systems).

They also study the rock formations within caves: those stalagmites, stalactites and columns that delight and fascinate (and take thousands of years to form!)

Others study the flora and fauna of caves. Caves have unique food chains, animals that have evolved to adapt to cave life and plants that can grow in extremely low levels of light.

Finally, some speleologists are cartographers. They survey caves and create maps – sometimes for scientific purposes, at other times to help tourists get around show caves.

It's a broad and fascinating range of studies. But how do you become a speleologist? Is there a cave school you can go to? A speleological boot camp where you can cut your teeth?

Well, not quite. For those who want a career in cave science, the answer is education. But if you're trying to get your kids excited about caves, there are plenty of other options available.

First, however, let's take a look at education. What courses should you take if you want to pursue a career in cave science?

What routes are available to start a career in cave science?

If you want a career in cave science, the most important thing is to have a broad scientific skillset. This could begin at secondary school with a focus on physics, chemistry, biology, maths and geography.

At university, both geology and geography would aid a career in speleology, as would modules in cartography, biological sciences, anthropology and even zoology.

An undergraduate science degree is often enough to get a job in cave science, but the more specialised you get, the more important it is to have a master's degree. This could be in environmental biology or chemistry, ecology, natural resources, cartography, geosciences… The list goes on.

If you want to teach cave science, you may need a PhD. This will depend on the job role, your previous experience and your current qualifications.

What jobs are there?

Once you've got your relevant science qualifications, there are several career paths you can take.

The first is to become a teacher or researcher at a university. This will typically follow on from postgraduate study and may run alongside or follow a PhD in an area of cave science.

Jobs are also available in the mineral and fossil fuel mining industries. The availability of these jobs varies from place to place, with some countries closing down their mines to reduce carbon emissions.

Some speleologists become involved with show caves. This could involve designing, maintaining or even running a cave for the public to visit.

Finally, some speleologists become cave surveyors, exploring and mapping caves. This can be done to aid ecological research or to provide visitors with better maps.

What makes a good speleologist?

The main qualities you need to be a good speleologist are pretty much the same as any other kind of scientist.

You need to have a scientific outlook and skillset. You need to be passionate about problems and have the patience to solve them. You need, in short, to be "zetetic" – to proceed by inquiry and investigation.

But there are a couple more traits a speleologist needs that other scientists don't. These relate to the nature of the fieldwork – in short, the time spent in narrow, cramped spaces underground.

Put simply, no speleologist can afford to be claustrophobic. Related to this is the question of calm and level-headedness in stressful situations. This could, of course, apply in a lab – but in the event of a cave accident, it's crucial.

Above all, you need to be passionate about caves. After all, you'll likely spend a lot of time in them.

How to get involved

Are you a teacher or parent with a cave-crazy kid? There are a few ways you can fuel their interest.

The first, of course, is to visit caves. The UK is full of them – from the show caves in the Hope Valley to Wookey Hole in Somerset, from the manmade caves of Nottingham to Stump Cross Caverns, right here in the Yorkshire Dales.

Show caves are built for visitors, meaning they're safe environments for kids to explore. Many also put on educational workshops that can ignite a speleological spark. Here at Stump Cross, for instance, we have fossil digs , geode cracking and more .

Every speleologist needs to be well-versed in cartography (the study of maps). If you think your child is a cave scientist in the making, why not send them on a map skills or orienteering course?

For adults interested in cave science, there are relevant undergraduate and postgraduate courses at many universities. But there are also plenty of caving organisations to join. These will provide information about courses, trips and other opportunities.

In the UK, the two main caving organisations are the British Caving Association and the British Cave Research Association . The British Caving Association covers both sports and science, whereas the British Cave Research Association focuses on speleological education.

If you're interested in cave science, you're probably already a keen caver. Many areas of the UK have local caving clubs. Here in Yorkshire, for instance, we have the Craven Pothole Club . They helped uncover some of the caverns here at Stump Cross and are currently helping us dig out a new area of the caves .

Finally, we couldn't give you a guide to becoming a speleologist without giving our own caves a plug. Stump Cross Caverns is an underground wonderland filled with fascinating stalagmites, stalactites and other formations.

On top of this, we have a packed schedule of fun activities in Yorkshire : from stargazing to fossil digs, from geode cracking to our gem sluice .

So, if you're looking for an unforgettable day out in the Yorkshire Dales, book today for Stump Cross Caverns . We look forward to meeting you in the caves!

What we know about caves on other planets

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 07 Apr 2025 09:08:11 GMT

Did you know there could be caves in space? Learn about them and discover our Cosmic Adventures events.

Caves aren't just cool places to explore here on Earth. Scientists have discovered that other planets and moons might have them, too.

These alien caves could hold secrets about life on other planets or even give our brave astronauts a place to shelter while they explore in the future.

Join us on our space adventure to learn about some of the most awesome caves in outer space. Who knows, maybe it will inspire you to become one of our Cosmic Adventurers here at our ancient caves in Yorkshire …

How do caves form on other planets?

Let's start with the basics, shall we?

Caves on Earth are usually formed when rainwater (which is slightly acidic) gets through cracks in rock and dissolves it. After many years, this creates the hollow spaces and passages we know as caves.

They most commonly form in areas with lots of limestone. That includes our home, the Yorkshire Dales. Like many other caves, Stump Cross Caverns was carved out of the local limestone by running water over thousands and thousands of years.

Caves can also be formed by molten lava, crashing waves, ice and even oil-eating bacteria.

Even though the conditions are very different on planets like Mars and the satellites that spin around them, scientists believe that caves in space form in a similar way to those here on Earth.

How do we know there are caves on other planets?

Some people have jobs dedicated to researching caves – cool, right?

They're called speleologists – and some of them are very interested in caves in space (planetary caves). These clever folk can spot potential cave openings from millions of miles away.

Different types of caves in space

Lava tubes

On Earth, lava tubes form when molten rock flows out of a volcano and hardens on the surface while hot lava keeps moving underneath. When the lava drains away, it leaves behind a hollow tunnel. The big ones can look a lot like caves.

Mars, Venus and even our moon have ancient volcanoes, so scientists think they have huge lava tubes – much larger than any on Earth. Some could be big enough to fit whole cities inside, making them a possible home for astronauts in the future.

Did you know? The largest lava tube on Earth is in Hawaii and stretches for more than 20 miles Just imagine the kinds of alien cities that could be built in lava tubes on other planets…

Ice caves

Ice caves on Earth are created when glaciers melt from the inside. On frozen moons like Europa (which orbits Jupiter) and Enceladus (which orbits Saturn), underground oceans might create similar caves.

Scientists are excited about these because they could contain alien life. Yes – you read that right! If we found tiny microbes in these icy caves, it would be one of the biggest discoveries in the history of science.

Did you know? Europa's ice is about 15 miles thick. Beneath that ice, there's a huge liquid ocean. Sounds cold, right? It's probably warmer than you think because it's heated by the moon's core. Could it be hiding something even cooler than ice? Maybe creatures that glow in the dark?

Water caves

Ceres is the closest dwarf planet to Earth. It has a relatively tiny diameter of just 592 miles.

Through a telescope, Ceres might look like just a big space rock. However, it's hiding a secret – it was once full of water.

Scientists think that, long ago, water flowed under its surface, carving out tunnels and leaving behind hidden caves. They even referred to it as an "ocean world".

NASA's Dawn spacecraft spotted landslides, cracks and salty patches, which are clues that water was once there. If any of these caves still exist, they could be some of the best places to search for signs of alien life.

Did you know? The water on Ceres may have been salty, just like Earth's oceans. If tiny alien microbes ever lived there, they might have been swimming in a giant underground saltwater cave.

Why are space caves important?

Caves on other planets could tell us a lot about the history of those worlds. They might hold ancient rocks that reveal what the planet was like millions of years ago, or even signs that life once existed there.

Here are some reasons why space scientists are so excited about exploring them.

1. They could provide safe shelter for astronauts

Future space explorers might live in caves on the Moon or Mars, where they would be protected from deadly radiation and extreme temperatures. Caves could offer a natural, ready-made shelter from the harsh surface conditions, allowing astronauts to set up camp without building structures from scratch.

2. Aliens might live within them

Scientists reckon planets with water or ice could be more likely to hide secret lifeforms. Microbes on Earth survive in deep caves with no sunlight, so it's not a stretch to think something similar might be possible on other planets. Scientists hope that deep, dark caves could hold clues about how life might exist under extreme conditions. It's like searching for treasure hidden underground.

3. They could conceal underground resources

Some space caves could contain goodies like ice and minerals that astronauts could use for fuel and building materials – or even to drink. For example, if astronauts could get to the ice beneath the surface of Mars, they could melt it for water. That would make living on the planet a little easier!

How do we explore caves in space?

Sending people to explore alien caves is hard – not to mention scary! That's why scientists are designing special robots to do the job.

1. Robot rovers

We've already built surface rovers that roam the Martian landscape. And now, scientists are building other robotic rovers designed to explore tunnels and climb rocky surfaces. These could help scientists explore cave entrances and tunnels safely, beaming back data about what's inside.

2. Snake-like robots

Imagine flexible robots that could slither through small gaps and reach places where humans or bigger rovers can't. These would be perfect for exploring alien caves with tricky entrances to discover their hiss-tory.

3. Drones

These drones would fly in and explore the high ceilings of lava tubes or other large cave systems. Once inside, they could create 3D maps to help scientists understand what's lurking inside.

Ready to explore space?

Know a little astronaut in the making? If they've enjoyed learning about space caves today, they're going to love our Cosmic Adventurers events here at Stump Cross Caverns.

They'll blast off into the stars and explore space in an exciting and educational way. They'll learn about the planets of the solar system, get tips on spotting constellations and take part in some creative activities. It's pure, hands-on science fun.

Sessions last one hour and take place from 2 PM to 3 PM every day throughout April 2025. Book your spot today and get ready for a journey that's truly out of this world!

Easter events in Yorkshire for families [2025]

bowerman.oliver@gmail.com (Oliver Bowerman) — Fri, 04 Apr 2025 07:42:43 GMT

Discover family-friendly Easter events in Yorkshire, featuring egg hunts, free gifts and chocolate aplenty.

Finally, the birds are singing and the sun is shining. Daffodils bloom. Lambs bounce around the fields. Yes, Easter is just around the corner.

With the school holidays looming (chocolate, anyone?), we've rounded up some of the best family-friendly Easter-themed events Yorkshire has to offer. Expect egg hunts aplenty and lots of bunny-themed fun.

Free events

Skipton Giant Easter Egg Hunt

Date: Saturday 5 April to Monday 21 April

Cost: free

Time: all day

Brought to you by Skipton BID, this super-sized egg hunt takes place all over the town.

Be on the lookout for six giant eggs – plus a special golden bunny! Can you find them all? Collect letters from each egg and unscramble them to find the secret Easter code.

Enter the code on the form in the trail leaflet, post your answer in one of the official boxes and cross your fingers. If you're lucky, you'll win a glorious Easter hamper.

Trail leaflets are available from Craven Court and Skipton Town Hall.

Easter crafting at The Swadford Hub

Date: Thursday 10 April

Cost: free

Time: from 10:30 AM to 12 PM and from 1 PM to 2:30 PM

Supported by Skipton BID and Creative Peeps, this event will give children aged five and over the chance to express their creativity.

Parents aren't required to stay for the event. You can drop your child off and relax for an hour or so, safe in the knowledge that they'll be in their crafty element.

Activities include decorating egg cups and painting that Easter favourite – bunnies!

Easter event at the Skipton Canal Basin

Date: Saturday 19 April

Cost: free

Time: from 10 AM to 3:30 PM

If you can't afford to bust the budget but are looking for a fun day out for the family, this event is for you.

With a petting zoo, affordable food and drink and various workshops and stalls, you'll find something to entertain bouncing bunnies of all ages.

National Trust events

Easter egg hunt at Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal

Date: Saturday 5 April to Monday 21 April

Cost: £3.50 plus venue admission (admission is free for National Trust members)

Time: from 10 AM to 3 PM

This truly historical Easter trail is hosted in and around the grounds of an ancient abbey.

Fun and educational, the trail will take you on a journey through history. You'll learn about Easter festivities through the ages while you enjoy crafts, games and races (and perhaps a few surprises…)

You can pick up your trail sheet from Swanley Grange (on site) – and don't forget to grab your free chocolate egg before you leave. There are even vegan and "free from" options, all included in the ticket price.

Easter trail at East Riddlesden Hall

Date: Saturday 5 April to Wednesday 23 April

Cost: £3.50 plus venue admission (admission is free for National Trust members)

Time: from 10 AM to 4 PM (last entry at 3:30 PM)

You'll have great fun following this trail around the beautiful gardens of East Riddlesden Hall. And that's not all – with 10 activities on offer, the entertainment just keeps on going. Ever won a wheelbarrow race? Well, now is your opportunity!

Every trail sheet comes with bunny ears and a chocolate egg. So, hop on over to this impressive stately home and get hunting.

The Great Outdoors

The Great Studfold Easter Egg and Fairy Hunt 2025

Date: Saturday 5 April to Tuesday 22 April

Cost: full-price tickets cost £8.50; concessions cost £7.50; under twos go free

Time: from 10 AM to 1:30 PM

In the heart of the Yorkshire Dales, within the Nidderdale National Landscape, you'll find Studfold Caravan and Camping Park.

With an adventure trail, go-karts and accommodation (from 11 April), the park is well worth vistiting at any time of year. However, the woods come alive during Easter with a very special trail.

This year's theme is "springtime fairies and their friends". You're sure to learn all about the fairy way of life as you spot golden rabbits on the enchanting trail. Children over two will receive a gift, which you can collect from reception upon completion of the trail.

During Easter weekend, there will also be craft activities for you to enjoy. Why not visit the cafe and order a special picnic hamper?

Hebden Bridge Duck Race

Date: Monday 21 April

Cost: £1

Time: 3 PM

Organised by the Rotary Club of Hebden Bridge, this self-proclaimed "Totally Quackers" event is a calendar highlight.

With two races to enjoy, you're sure to see a fine array of rubber duckies in all manner of funny outfits and hats. And in case that wasn't enough, there are generous prizes on offer, including £500 holiday vouchers for first place. That's not to be sniffed… erm, quacked at.

Springtime Live at the Great Yorkshire Showground, Harrogate

Date: Saturday 5 April

Cost: From £8 to £13; under twos go free

Times: 9:30 AM, 10:30 AM (sold out) 11:30 AM and 12:30 AM

Hosted by the Yorkshire Agricultural Society, this one-day event is sure to create magical memories your family will never forget.

Why not have a go on the mini tractors, shake it all out in a moo music session or get crafty with a willow-weaving workshop? You'll also get the chance to meet cute animals, ranging from giant tortoises to slinky ferrets.

In short, there's loads to do – and ticket admission includes all the activities, so you won't be stung by hidden costs.

Don't miss Stump Cross Caverns this Easter

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we've got plenty going on to entertain and educate the whole family this Easter.

For a start, our ever-popular Golden Tooth Giveaway is back – and it's better than ever.

How it works is simple. Have a go at our gem sluice and you'll get a spoils bag full of sand and sparkly goodies. Take the bag to the sluice and you can have fun panning for gems you can take home and keep.

But if you get lucky, you won't just find gems. You might just find a shiny golden shark tooth hidden among the spoils. If you do, you'll win a very special Easter prize.

We're also hosting our own spin on the classic Easter egg hunt – a Dino Egg Hunt! Head down into the caves and see if you can spot them among the awe-inspiring rock formations.

And, of course, we're still holding our usual calendar of cave activities , including our ever-popular interactive fossil digs .

Fancy something a little different this Easter? We'd love to see you down in the caves. It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

A visit to Stump Cross Caverns in 1902

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 28 Mar 2025 15:21:23 GMT

What can we learn about Stump Cross Caverns from a 1903 newspaper article? Follow the story with us.

Descend the 60 steps into Stump Cross Caverns and you're following a route taken by many thousands of visitors over the years.

Stump Cross was discovered in 1860 by two lead miners. They thought they found an attractive seam of lead. Instead, their spades broke through the roof of an underground chamber.

Their loss was our gain. The caves were soon dug out, explored and made open to the public. At the time, show caves were becoming a feature of British life. Caves were no longer the preserve of bats and insects. They were slowly but surely becoming the tourist attractions that many are today.

But before the caves were properly opened as an attraction, cavers and walkers could still visit. The caves were just as beautiful – but the health and safety measures were a little, shall we say, lacking .

In July 1902, for instance, two cave explorers and mountain climbers paid the caves a visit. Their aim? To take a survey of the caves. In the process, they discovered a new cave and found that another cave was closer to the surface than had been realised.

One of the men, Fred Botterill from Leeds, wrote an engaging and humorous account of this survey in the Yorkshire Weekly Post (12 December 1903). It sheds a fascinating light on the early days of Stump Cross Caverns.

So, what did Fred Botterill and his companions find all those years ago?

Some things never change…

Fred Botterill's article begins like a present-day TripAdvisor review. Although Stump Cross Caverns is no longer "little known", it can still, as Botterill wrote, "justly lay claim to being one of the most beautiful caves in the country".

"It is interesting," he went on, "not only on account of its beautiful stalactites and stalagmites but also the complex ramifications of its passages."

The main difference is that Botterill was visiting a series of caverns – not a show cave as such. On his first visit in 1901, he and his companions were given the keys by a Mr Storey, who warned them: "Mind you don't get lost."

They soon realised why. "On all sides," Botterill wrote, "were branch passages, some leading in an upward, others in a downward direction… we soon began to get confused."

His companions decided to cut their losses. But Botterill was so impressed by a passage with a crystal roof and floor that he went on alone.

He soon became lost, wandering through the caves in a state of delight and disorientation: "On, on, on, along these seemingly endless passages and passing more beautiful curtains, and more wonderful chambers as I advanced."

When he emerged, he was convinced he had been down there for three hours – in fact, it had only been 25 minutes!

The experience made a strong enough impression on Fred Botterill that, in July 1902, he returned with Mr Jesper (photographer) and Mr Simpson (draughtsman). It was then that they took a survey of the caves.

New discoveries

Fast forward to July 1902 and the intrepid trio emerged from the caves with a plan of the "subterranean labyrinth".

In his description of the expedition, Botterill can't take his eyes off the astounding natural beauty of the caves. "I have never seen," he wrote, "so many stalactites and stalagmites crowded together in their dazzling whiteness in so small a space."

But his written account of the expedition is a testament to boredom as well as beauty. Sure, there were crystalline lakes, "dazzling whiteness" and percussive stalactites that, when struck, produced musical notes. But the survey also took hours . On the second trip, they left the caves at 3:10 AM, having started at 6:00 PM the previous day.

Perhaps best of all, they discovered a new cave. It was, said Botterill, "the chef d'oeuvre of Stump Cross", boasting a miniature crystal lake and a profusion of rock formations.

Like all good cavers, Botterill and his companions spent a good deal of time on their knees, crawling through narrow passageways and chambers. We have them to thank for shedding new light on the caverns all those years ago.

What's changed since Botterill's visit?

Remove the florid Edwardian prose and Botterill's account of the caverns' beauty could be plucked from an online review. Nevertheless, some things have changed substantially since his trip.

First of all, his visit was extremely unsafe by modern standards. Rest assured that present-day visitors will see the caves by electric light rather than candles.

Back then, visitors to Stump Cross would find bed and board at the Moorcock Inn . This pub, however, is a thing of the past, gone the way of penny farthings and antimacassars.

The cave network is also bigger than it was back then. Over the years, new caverns have been opened, including Reindeer Cavern and Heaven and Hell .

Another big difference is that transport back then was complicated, to say the least. To reach the caves from Leeds, Botterill had to take a train to Grassington, a bus to Hebden and a three-mile walk to the caverns.

The site itself was dramatically different: "a small hut by the side of the road" with "a flight of steps leading downwards to a little door".

Compare that to today's visitor's centre with its car park, cafe , shop and all mod cons. We know which we prefer!

The caves are now full-blown show caves. They're safe for all the family, well-lit and well-signposted. On top of this, the caves are now a venue for all sorts of events: from educational workshops for kids to cinema viewings , from stargazing to sound baths.

At Stump Cross, we're passionate about the history of the caves and the Yorkshire Dales more generally. Stay tuned for more forays into the past!

Looking for an unforgettable family day out near Harrogate ? Stump Cross Caverns is fun and educational, whatever the weather. Book your tickets online today.

Cave craft projects for the Easter holidays

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 24 Mar 2025 06:47:41 GMT

Looking for a craft project this Easter holiday? Get the glue sticks ready as we share 4 cave-inspired options.

Ah, the holidays. Free time for the kids. Time to roam and relax, to explore and educate. Time to cook, craft and create. In a word, quality time.

All too often, though, holidays pass in a blur of missed opportunities. We've all been there – you imagine a diary jam-packed with activities before realising the holidays have passed and you've only ticked one off the list.

It's easily done. But if you want to make sure your kids have a productive Easter holiday that's equal parts productivity and play, why not do a cave craft project?

Caves are a great starting point for craft projects because they're so diverse. Caves themselves are diverse – they can be hideaways for Stone Age people, superheroes, bats or, well, anything else. And the wide choice of materials offers almost endless versatility.

Paintings! Jewellery! Costumes! Paper mache! All can be used to make cave-inspired crafts with just a few simple materials.

So, what are you waiting for? Here are four great cave craft projects for the Easter holidays.

1. Cave paintings

What were cave people like? The cliche has it that the average Stone Age person was a knuckle-dragging oaf – the sort of person you wouldn't trust with a pan of boiling water, let alone a hunting spear.

In fact, there's plenty of evidence that cave people were creative, artistic types. We see this in the fragments of musical instruments found in caves from hundreds of thousands of years ago. We also see it in the many amazing cave paintings found across the world.

Yes, it seems that early humans had the craft itch just like we do. There are many beautiful examples of cave art. Most of them focus on animals and human-like figures. Others include hands.

This Easter, why not get a book of cave paintings or look up some examples on Google Image Search? You can then draw your own with pastels or charcoal for an authentic look, or use any other drawing material for a contemporary twist.

You could take it a step further by making your own Stone Age paint.

Our Stone Age ancestors made paint in different ways. Most versions involved some combination of dirt, crushed-up rocks and animal fat. Others included charcoal and berries.

If you want to embrace a bit of messiness in your cave painting project, why not make some Stone Age paint out of dirt from the park or garden and some margarine? You can then apply your prehistoric-style mixture to, well, pretty much anything: wood, stone, canvas… As with all of these ideas, the only limit is your imagination.

2. Build a cave

If you're feeling ambitious, why not build a cave at home?

There are many ways you can approach this. We've listed several of them our guide to making a cave at home . You can make a miniature rocky hideaway out of a balloon and paper mache. You can make a fort out of blankets and chairs. Or you can use shoe boxes, paints and other materials to make a cave.

If your cave is big enough to get into, you might want to add some decorations. Rugs, cushions and cave paintings are all possible additions – or how about a sign at the cave mouth?

Depending on the size of your homemade cave, you could add stalactites and stalagmites made out of cardboard tubes or pipe cleaners. Use spray paint to add that signature gleaming white appearance.

Last but not least, why not add some wildlife to your cave? Bats, spiders, snakes – all can be found in caves across the world. Again, how you go about this depends on the size of your cave. You could buy toys or make your own.

Big or small, creepy or cosy, a DIY cave is an ambitious but fun project that could keep the kids busy this Easter holiday.

3. Make a Stone Age costume

The beauty of crafts is that you can tailor projects to your skill levels. Take the example of a Stone Age costume. This could be as simple as repurposing a few bits of cardboard as a Stone Age club or as complicated as sewing a leopard print smock and furry boots.

However you approach the task, the essential components are familiar to us all. You need some makeshift footwear, a dash of animal print and some kind of implement: a club, horn or piece of jewellery.

And if you need inspiration, well, you've got options. You could base your costume on The Flintstones or another cartoon. You could scour Pinterest and other sites for inspiration. You could even take a look at our resident Cavewoman's spectacular get-up !

This brings us nicely to our next cave craft project idea. If you're going to dress up as a caveman or cavewoman, you might want to throw some jewellery into the mix.

4. Make Stone Age jewellery

These days, jewellery is a fine art, requiring expensive materials and high-precision tools. But back in the Stone Age, they made do with string made out of grass and tree bark, threaded with shells, bones and teeth.

Now, we're not recommending you slay a boar this Easter and make necklaces out of its teeth (unless you're really at a loose end). But you can easily get materials from shops like The Works and Hobbycraft to make Stone Age-inspired jewellery.

The great thing about Stone Age jewellery is that it's simple: typically just a bit of string and some bead-like objects. This makes it a fabulously accessible craft project – or the starting point for something more ambitious. Plus you get to glam up at the end of it all!

Looking for an unforgettable day out in Yorkshire this Easter? Book tickets for Stump Cross Caverns today or check out our calendar of unique events and experiences .

Fun family activities in Yorkshire this spring [2025]

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 21 Mar 2025 15:37:55 GMT

Looking for a fun family-friendly activity in Yorkshire this spring? Explore 9 options in our handy guide.

"Little darling," the song goes, "it's been a long and lonely winter."

However, the cold weather is beginning to shift and families up and down the land are looking for fun things to do both indoors and out.

In Yorkshire, you're spoilt for choice, whether you're on the lookout for natural beauty, animal life, history, physical activity or some combination of the four.

So, shake off your end-of-winter blues and get planning. Here are nine family-friendly activities in Yorkshire this spring. We hope they spark your imagination.

1. Hesketh Farm Park

Situated just outside the historic splendour of Bolton Abbey, Hesketh Farm Park is a working farm that's fun for all the family.

Evergreen attractions include animal feeding, play areas and a straw maze. But in spring, you could be lucky enough to see a lamb being born. Lambing season begins in February with most of the lambs due at Easter. Visitors at Easter can also take part in the annual Easter trail.

2. The Forbidden Corner

It takes some guts to brand yourself as "the strangest place in the world". But in our opinion, The Forbidden Corner in the Tupgill Park Estate is a strong contender for the title.

It's a maze-like garden filled with tunnels, grottoes and sculptures that masterfully walk the line between the weird and the wonderful.

The Forbidden Corner is undeniably unique. It's perhaps this uniqueness that won it "Visitor Attraction of the Year" in 2022.

The attraction reopens in April.

3. Bolton Castle

Bolton Castle is a grand 14th-century pile in Wensleydale. It has a rich and storied past including a six-month spell in 1568 when it served as a prison for Mary, Queen of Scots.

Today, Bolton Castle is a great destination for all the family. Visitors can explore the gardens, enjoy refreshments in the tearoom and watch a falconry display.

As well as this regular programming, Bolton Castle is home to a calendar of unique "living history" events.

4. Lightwater Valley Family Adventure Park

Looking for a family adventure? Lightwater Valley Family Adventure Park has it right there in its name.

Once home to the longest rollercoaster in the world (the aptly named "Ultimate"), Lightwater Valley is the perfect place to feel the fear and do it anyway.

And as you'd expect from a family adventure park, it offers something for everyone. Daredevils, thrill-seekers and seat-of-the-pant addicts can take a ride on Eagles Claw and Splash Falls. Meanwhile, the little ones can enjoy smaller rides such as the Dragon Boats.

With 40 rides and attractions to choose from, Lightwater Valley offers a whole lot of fun for all the family.

5. Eureka! The National Children's Museum

Based in Halifax, Eureka! is an interactive educational museum for children aged zero to 11. Its primary purpose is "learning through play" – a hands-on approach to education that we share here at Stump Cross Caverns.

It's a rich and self-contained world, featuring a miniature town square, a gallery all about the science of sound and music, a huge outdoor sandpit, a "Wonder Walk" and more.

Make sure to book before you visit.

6. SEA LIFE Scarborough

Seals, sharks, jellyfish and Humboldt penguins are just some of the fascinating marine creatures on show at SEA LIFE Scarborough.

This magnificent aquarium and sea life centre is housed in three triangular buildings on Scarborough's North Bay. It's home to thousands of sea creatures, more than 50 displays and the only seal hospital in Yorkshire.

7. Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway

The Yorkshire Dales are rightly famous for their gorgeous landscapes – from lush woodland to dramatic crags, outcrops and caves. And what better way to soak it all up than on a vintage steam locomotive?

This heritage railway line takes you on a four-mile journey from Embsay Station to Bolton Abbey Station.

But this 19th-century steam railway offers more than just views. You can also enjoy some top-quality scran in their dining trains.

The service runs all year round, but the days change. Make sure you check its calendar to avoid disappointment.

8. Dales Countryside Museum

Want to learn more about the history of the Yorkshire Dales? The Dales Countryside Museum tells the story of the area and the people who have lived and worked there.

Located next to Hawes railway station (now disused), the museum boasts a real steam train perched on the tracks in all its former pomp.

Once inside, you can learn all about Dales life, from Viking artefacts to 19th-century lead mining. There are Fun Fridays, craft workshops and an outdoor trail, not to mention an ever-changing calendar of temporary exhibits.

Whether you live in the Dales yourself or are passing through, the Dales Countryside Museum is a treasure trove of information.

9. Stump Cross Caverns

All year round, Stump Cross Caverns is an underground wonderland for all the family. Just 65 steps down from the surface is a magical network of passageways and chambers filled with unforgettable rock formations.

On top of this, we have a calendar of unique events and experiences . These range from UV cave tours , where you get to see the rocks glowing under ultraviolet light, to fun educational workshops for kids.

So, what are you waiting for? Book today on our website. We look forward to seeing you down in the caves…

When it comes to fun family activities, Yorkshire is a goldmine. We hope this list gets you and the family out and about this spring!

Yorkshire Hideaways: homes away from home

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 17 Mar 2025 09:00:02 GMT

Looking for a cosy cottage in Yorkshire? Find out how Yorkshire Hideaways can help make you feel at home.

Whether you're a first-time visitor to Yorkshire or one of the loyal band of travellers who come back year after year, chances are you're going to need somebody to find you a place to stay.

For the last five years, Yorkshire Hideaways has been doing just that. Its rich and varied portfolio of holiday cottages in Yorkshire boasts more than 100 stunning homes. Here for a hike or raring to relax? Yorkshire Hideaways has got you covered.

Its cottages are dotted across the county – a county which is blessed to straddle three National Parks and three National Landscapes. Nature lovers are spoilt for choice in a county that brims with beauty – from crags to castles, from hills to picturesque villages, from dales to coastal towns.

The cottages on offer are ideal for short breaks, long breaks and everything in between. Romantic weekend? Check. Hiking odyssey? Check. Take a look at what's on offer and you'll soon be struck by the variety and value for money.

Oh, and there's a selection of dog-friendly properties on offer, too, so your pooch can stretch its legs across the county with you.

The reviews speak for themselves, both from holidayers and the cottage owners themselves.

Based in Leyburn, the company is more than just a portfolio. Its staff are also adept at steering customers towards the right property for their holiday, whether it's a getaway for two or a larger group.

What's more, its team will be on hand throughout your stay to answer any queries and solve any problems.

The company is part of the Quality Holidays Assured family – a family that's been providing comfortable, cost-effective holiday homes for 35 years.

What is there to do in Yorkshire?

How long have you got? The Yorkshire countryside is a rich tapestry of castles, abbeys, hills, moors, waterfalls and more. It's a sought-after destination for hikers, birdwatchers and stargazers – the latter because of the Yorkshire Dales' spectacularly dark skies.

There are show caves at White Scar, at Ingleborough and right here at Stump Cross Caverns. There are traditional pubs and gourmet restaurants. There's history wherever you look, from the region's Viking past through to the Industrial Revolution and beyond.

So, if you do come to Yorkshire for a break, why not book with Yorkshire Hideaways ? We know you'll get a professional, flexible service that puts your requirements front and centre.

Essential information

Address: 10 Market Place, Leyburn,

Grid ref: SE 1108 9046

w3w: ///muddy.reframe.recap

Monday to Friday – 9am to 5pm, Saturday – 9am to 5pm, Sunday – Closed

01969 600600

enquiries@yorkshirehideaways.co.uk

At Stump Cross Caverns, we're proud to be a part of the gorgeous Yorkshire landscape. If you're staying in the area, why not pay us a visit? Book today or check out our calendar of fun and educational cave activities .

Can we bring the mammoth back to life by 2027?

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 14 Mar 2025 07:34:55 GMT

Could 2027 see the return of the woolly mammoth? A company in Dallas, Texas thinks so. Find out more.

Remember Jurassic Park? In Steven Spielberg's classic 1993 film, scientists founded a theme park to house a spectacular array of dinosaurs.

These dinosaurs had been brought back from extinction through genetic engineering. The scientists in the film extracted ancient blood from mosquitoes fossilised in amber.

These long-dead insects, however, didn't provide all the DNA needed to clone a dinosaur. So, the scientists ingeniously fused the dino DNA with that of a frog – its closest living relative.

Finally, the reconstructed DNA is implanted into an ostrich egg. Voila! You've got a dinosaur back from the dead.

Cool story, huh? Unfortunately, it's a load of dino dung. Dinosaurs can't be brought back to life. Aside from anything else, there are no samples of DNA old enough to work with.

"Ah well", you might say, "another childhood dream trampled on by the hooves of impossible beasts." But how about the woolly mammoth?

Believe it or not, scientists believe that the woolly mammoth can be brought back to life or "de-extincted". What's more, they've got a deadline: 2027.

It's a fascinating story that touches on both cutting-edge biotechnology and climate change. So, how could such a feat be possible? To find that out, we first need to figure out what's meant by "de-extinction".

What is de-extinction?

De-extinction is when an extinct species is replaced. A living organism's phenotype is adapted through genome editing. The result? An animal that is, for all intents and purposes, brought back from the dead.

Sounds like claptrap? Think again. In July 2003, the recently extinct Pyrenean ibex was successfully born again.

In one of life's little ironies, however, she died just minutes after birth – making the Pyrenean ibex the only organism to have gone extinct twice.

De-extinction isn't the same as cloning. Dolly the Sheep , for instance, wasn't brought back to life but rather cloned from an existing cell.

So, could the woolly mammoth be successfully de-extincted? Scientists at Dallas-based biotechnology firm Colossal certainly think so.

The return of the woolly mammoth?

Colossal says it will reincarnate the ancient hairy beast as soon as 2027. Not only that, but the firm also aims to reintroduce the woolly mammoth to its ancient ecosystem. This, they argue, will help fight the adverse effects of climate change in that region.

The thinking – backed by millions of dollars of funding – goes something like this. The woolly mammoth's DNA is almost identical to that of the Asian elephant – around 99.6% the same.

The plan is to use gene editing to create a woolly mammoth embryo. This will be placed in an African elephant, which will give birth to the de-extincted woolly mammoth.

"Our teams," Colossal says, "have collected viable DNA samples and are editing the genes that will allow this wonderful megafauna to once again thunder through the Arctic."

It's not the only animal they're hoping to bring back from the dead. Colossal is also working on reincarnating the thylacine, also known as the Tasmanian tiger, which went extinct in 1936.

What's more, they're trying to bring back the dodo , a bird that went extinct in 1681. Colossal intends to extract and edit cells from a common pigeon and then add the genes of the dodo. These edited cells will then be injected into a developing pigeon embryo.

The resulting bird will be a pigeon whose reproductive organs contain dodo DNA. But when that bird reproduces (assuming all goes to plan) it will give birth to a dodo. Could we be entering an era when "dead as a dodo" no longer makes sense? Guess we'll have to think up another simile…

This real-life science-fiction project could see long-extinct beasts roaming again (though not T-Rex, at least not yet!) However, like all scientific innovations, the de-extinction movement has its critics. It could, they say, create more problems than benefits.

What problems could de-extinction create?

One of the biggest criticisms of de-extinction is that it's not the best use of scientific funding. Wouldn't it be better, critics argue, to spend all those millions of dollars protecting endangered species rather than rustling up ones that are long extinct?

Then there's the question of reintroducing the animals into habitats, a key part of Colossal's plan. There are fears that de-extinct animals could displace modern ones or even pose a threat to humans. It would also cost a lot to do successfully.

And in the case of the woolly mammoth, there's the fact that woolly mammoths were historically highly sociable animals. Ethical questions have been raised about creating just a handful of animals that love to mingle.

Why did woolly mammoths go extinct?

Woolly mammoths were a common sight in the northern hemisphere for more than 500,000 years. Fast forward to 10,000 years ago and the population had been drastically reduced. A few thousand years later and they were gone entirely.

We don't know exactly why they went extinct. The two most plausible theories are that the population was thinned out by overhunting and the Earth's changing climate.

Could woolly mammoths be cloned?

Woolly mammoths could, it seems, be made de-extinct. But could they be cloned? For now, the answer is a whopping great "no".

In the case of woolly mammoths, it's all about the time-frames involved. Cloning would consist of removing the DNA-containing egg nucleus from a female elephant and replacing it with a woolly mammoth nucleus – much like Dolly the Sheep back in the 1990s.

But at the time of writing, nobody has found a mammoth cell that can do the job. It's even unclear whether a living cell could have survived in the Arctic for so many centuries.

Could that change? Well, we'll keep you posted…

Stump Cross Caverns is an ancient cave system buried beneath the UK's Yorkshire Dales. As well as running cave tours, we also hold special educational events – including interactive fossil digs for kids. Check out our ticket options to learn more.

British Science Week 2025: do caves change over time?

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 10 Mar 2025 10:03:57 GMT

The Earth is constantly changing – but what about caves? Learn all about it this British Science Week.

This year, British Science Week is all about change and adaptation: not just climate change but changes in plants and animals, technology, human populations and even outer space.

So, how about caves? Do these underground voids change over time? Or is a cave like Stump Cross Caverns just as it was when it formed all those hundreds of thousands of years ago?

Well, it's safe to say that caves take a long, long time to form. Take stalactites – those icicle-like columns of rock that hang from cave roofs. Each one takes thousands of years to form and there's no way to speed up the process.

In this fundamental way, caves don't dramatically change – at least at a scale of centuries. Once they're formed, they develop the odd stalagmite, stalactite or other formation. They get bigger. But a naturally occurring cave looks much the same to us as to our prehistoric ancestors.

In other ways, however, caves change dramatically. Food chains change as animals evolve and go extinct. New passageways are dug between chambers. Light and air enter the cave, introducing new plant life and eroding cave paintings. Caves are turned into "show caves", kitted out with electric lighting, stairs and other amenities.

It's one reason why we, here at Stump Cross Caverns, take our role as cave custodians so seriously. We know our actions can change the caves for the worse – so we do everything we can to conserve these subterranean wonders for future generations.

But let's rewind a little. Even the deepest, echo-iest cave has to start somewhere. What geological processes lead to this remarkable change?

How caves form

Have you ever watched a bath bomb fizz and dissolve in hot water? It's not unlike what happens to limestone and leads to the formation of caves – except it happens in seconds, whereas caves form over hundreds of thousands of years.

After all, a cave is just a hole. But it's a hole formed by rainwater dissolving limestone millimetre by millimetre.

As the rainwater seeps through the soil, it becomes a weak acid. This then has the slow but persistent power it needs to dissolve the limestone, seeping into joints and fractures.

Not every fracture becomes a cave, of course. But every limestone cave – from show caves you can visit to those that are still impassable to humans – began life as a fracture filling up with water.

Digging expeditions

Water isn't the only thing that makes caves bigger. There are also humans with their pickaxes, dynamite and digging tools.

Of course, the caves were minding their own business for millennia before humans came along. But humans have a way of shaking things up – sometimes for the better and often for the worse.

In the case of caves, this is largely through the activities of cavers – those brave souls who like nothing more than to get on their knees and crawl through damp, craggy passageways. Some do this for scientific research, others to take photos. Still others do it for the sheer love of caves.

Over the centuries, cavers have dug out new passageways and cleared detritus from existing caves. This has sometimes been part of the process of turning a cave into a show cave. At other times, it's to map underground regions or do geological research.

This doesn't just change the physical shape of caves. Cavers also bring in seeds and other bits of vegetable matter, which lead to the growth of new types of cave flora.

Mankind's impact on caves didn't begin with potholing clubs, however. In the Stone Age, early humans lived in them. They left behind bones, fragments of stone tools and even musical instruments. They also painted figures on the walls that resembled humans and animals.

But there's another way that humans have had a significant impact on caves. By opening them to public use, cave paintings can be compromised, as was the case in France's Lascaux caves. The mere presence of humans started to erode some of the world's most remarkable cave paintings.

The dangers of the outside world

A cave is a bit like a pickle jar. As long as the lid is tightly sealed, the pickle can stay edible for years. But take the lid off and those pickles will quickly spoil.

Caves aren't necessarily spoiled by human visitors (if we thought that, we wouldn't invite you to come and look around Stump Cross Caverns). However, the outside world does have a serious impact on caves in the form of something called "lampenflora".

This term refers to plants, lichens and mosses that grow under electric light. Lampenflora can discolour caves and, worse still, start to wear away at cave paintings.

This can be avoided through the use of modern lighting systems. But it's a clear example of two things: first, how we need to take care of the effect we have on the world's caves, and secondly, that caves are changing all the time.

(And by the way, we're raising funds to upgrade our cave lighting and combat lampenflora . Can you spare a few pounds to help preserve Stump Cross for centuries to come?)

Changes to the food chain

Did you know caves have their own food chains? In most cases, these range from bats, lizards and snakes at the top to tiny insects at the bottom. And that's before you explore the weird and wonderful world of cavefish.

These food chains change over time. Once upon a time, there were cave bears, cave lions and other cave-dwelling mammals. But as the climate changed, these died out, and caves became the preserve of different kinds of animals.

Final thoughts

The natural world can often seem static. Apart from the changing of the seasons, we rarely notice natural features changing, especially those of us who live in cities. So, it may come as a surprise to think of caves as changing over time.

But change they do, whether through slow geological processes, human intervention or extinction events. Who knows what today's caves will look like in millions of years?

Caves may change – but if you visit Stump Cross Caverns, you'll feel like you've witnessed an ancient moment frozen in time. Our caves were born long before humans or dinosaurs roamed the Earth, making us by far one of the oldest historical places to visit in Yorkshire . Ready for an amazing and educational family day out? It's easy to book tickets online .

Women in STEM: 4 women who are changing the world in 2025

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 08:09:23 GMT

In the run-up to International Women's Day, we celebrate 4 women changing STEM. See who's made the list.

History, they say, is written by the victors – and for a long time, the victors were men. This means the history of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) is often skewed towards male contributions, with vital work by women relegated to the footnotes.

There are exceptions, of course. Marie Curie, for instance, is a household name. But how about Dorothea Dix, Katherine Johnson or Tu YouYou? These women have made massive contributions to our understanding of the natural world and the human body – yet outside the academy, they don't have the stature of Einstein or even Professor Brian Cox.

But it's not just the Hall of Fame that needs working on. For centuries, women have been underrepresented in STEM courses and jobs in all parts of the world.

Things are beginning to change. Scientific organisations increasingly highlight the pivotal work done by women in STEM. Meanwhile, events like International Women's Day – held on 8 March – shine a bright light on their achievements.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're passionate about science – a passion reflected in our stargazing events, home education days , teaching materials and more. So, we thought we'd help signal-boost the achievements of four women who are changing the world in 2025.

1. Jennifer Doudna

Jennifer Doudna's CV is filled with high-profile teaching positions and medals that recognise her work. Her achievement, however, can be summed up in a sentence: she's developed of way of editing genes to prevent otherwise intractable diseases.

These "genetic scissors", known as "CRISP-Cas9", have epoch-shaking potential. DNA can be snipped and edited in order to tackle diseases – and to stop them from developing at all. The possibilities for medicine are immense.

It's a remarkable achievement that won Doudna and her collaborator Emmanuelle Charpentier the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Doudna, however, hasn't lost the art of modesty. In a 2024 lecture at Berkeley University, she said: "For students, in particular, I wanted to point out that in my career, the story of CRISPR – really the work that we've done over many years here at Berkeley – has really been a combination of opportunity, serendipity and collaboration."

She currently works as a professor at Berkeley, teaching chemistry and molecular cell biology, and as an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

2. Mae Jemison

Mae Jemison will always be known for her world record. She was the first African-American woman to travel into space, taking part in NASA's STS-47 mission in 1992.

For most people, that would be a nice enough laurel to rest on. But Jemison's career demonstrates a passion and commitment to STEM education that goes far beyond her record-breaking achievement.

Since leaving NASA in 1993, Jemison has founded a technology research company and a non-profit educational foundation. She was also the principal of the 100 Year Starship project – a study into the possibility of interstellar space travel.

In 2018, she collaborated on the Science Matters initiative. This aimed to get young children interested in agricultural sciences.

On top of that, she's an active public speaker on a mission – to promote science and technology. Oh, and she appeared on Star Trek: The Next Generation. What a life!

3. Fabiola Gianotti

Like Mae Jemison, Fabiola Gianotto is a record-breaker.

The Italian experimental particle physicist is the first female director-general of CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research). Not only that, but she's also the first director-general to be appointed for two full five-year terms.

CERN hit the mainstream headlines in 2012 when scientists discovered a new particle called the Higgs Boson.

The Higgs Boson is a tiny particle with huge ramifications for physics. It's the fundamental particle associated with the Higgs field. This field gives mass to other building blocks of the universe, such as electrons and quarks.

Before becoming director-general of CERN, Gianotti worked closely on the ATLAS collaboration. This is one of two key experiments that brought the Higgs boson to light.

As you would expect from somebody so closely involved in this epoch-defining discovery, Gianotti has been awarded more medals and honorary degrees than you can shake a Large Hadron Collider at.

She did, however, have a brush with notoriety when she presented the discovery of the Higgs Boson using the Comic Sans typeface. Some felt this undercut the momentous nature of the findings. But even that can't undercut her incredible contributions to her field.

4. Frances Arnold

Sometimes, scientists become renowned for working on theories, experiments and projects that other people started. It's all part of what American chemical engineer Frances Arnold calls the "evolutionary" nature of science. "We build," she says, "by adding to and recombining what is already there."

In her case, however, she had the bright idea and the ingenuity and persistence to see it through. The idea? Using directed evolution – the steering of proteins or nucleic acids to achieve a specific goal – to create new enzymes.

Evolution, she famously remarked, is "the best bioengineer in history". That's why she applied the principles of natural selection to her work in the lab.

The enzymes she created and helped create have led to new biofuels, pharmaceuticals and other chemicals – all through sustainable processes.

This breakthrough led to her sharing the Nobel Prize for Chemistry with two other biochemists in 2018.

She also made an appearance as herself on American sitcom The Big Bang Theory . She joked that this was the greatest accolade of her life!

Final thoughts

STEM is changing all the time – and it's all thanks to the incredible patience and ingenuity of scientists. These four women have helped to change our world. Who knows where the scientific community will take it next?

Know a little scientist-in-the-making? Why not introduce them to one of our educational online activities ? They can learn about how rocks are formed , how light works and much more. It's great fun for ages seven to 11.

World Book Day: 9 amazing cave stories for kids

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 07 Mar 2025 07:15:45 GMT

Looking for a gripping cave-related read this World Book Day? Explore 9 of the best stories for children.

Since 1995, World Book Day has been celebrated in more than 100 countries on the first Thursday in March. Its aim is simple: to promote reading for pleasure among children and young adults.

The organisation behind World Book Day claims that "reading for pleasure is the single biggest indicator of a child's future success – more than their family circumstances, their parents' educational background or their income".

Whether this is true or not, reading for pleasure is a surefire way to expand young people's horizons and fire their imaginations.

At Stump Cross Caverns, we love telling stories to kids. So, this year, we decided to compile a list of nine amazing cave stories for kids and young adults. We hope it helps you find a book that your children or students just can't put down.

1. Laura and the Bandits by Philipe Dumas (1985)

This short but action-packed read centres on a beach holiday interrupted by an unexpected discovery in a cave. Luckily, Laura the dog is on hand (or paw) to sort things out…

2. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain (1876)

It's the 1840s in St Petersburg, a town on the Mississippi River. Schoolboy (and rascal) Tom Sawyer gets into more scrapes than a careless driver.

In one memorable episode, Tom takes his sweetheart on a picnic to McDougal's Cave – but they soon discover that the caves aren't empty.

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a romp that more advanced readers are sure to enjoy.

(Please note that most editions of the book include language now considered offensive. Censored editions are available.)

3. Moonfleet by J. Meade Falkner (1898)

No collection of cave stories would be complete without a smuggler's den or two – and J. Meade Falkner's Moonfleet has them in no short supply.

Like The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , it's a 19th-century novel best suited to the more advanced reader. Despite its challenges, there's plenty of smuggling, treasure and shipwrecks to keep those pages turning.

4. The Mystery of the Whistling Caves by Helen Moss (2011)

There's something about caves that attracts myths and legends – and Helen Moss's The Mystery of the Whistling Caves creates a new legend for young readers to enjoy.

In the book, brothers Scott and Jack Carter visit their great-aunt for the summer. So far, so boring. But they soon meet Emily Wild and her dog Drift. Together, they explore the area, including its castle and whistling caves.

When the caves stop whistling, the legend has it, the castle will be under attack. It looks like this holiday will give Scott and Jack more than they bargained for…

5. Stone Age Tales: The Great Cave by Terry Deary (2018)

Terry Deary is perhaps best known for his Horrible Histories series. In The Great Cave , he whisks us back to our Stone Age past – 17,300 years ago, to be exact.

The story takes place in Lascaux, France, the real-life site of caves that boast some of the world's most impressive cave paintings.

It focuses on a tribe of cave people and the struggles of one hunter, Willow, to survive among the big strong boys.

The story zips along nicely and comes with reading notes for teachers to help extend learning.

6. Elf Girl and Raven Boy: Creepy Caves by Marcus Sedgwick (2015)

This is the first book in our list to take place in an entirely imaginative world – one where Elf Girl and Raven Boy must face the Goblin King at Creepy Caves.

It's a wild ride bursting with escapades. Along the way, our heroes encounter a goblin army, lava rivers and, of course, a network of creepy, creepy caves.

Creepy Caves can be enjoyed by all sorts of readers – but be aware that some scenes are a little, well, creepy.

7. Caveboy Crush: A Picture Book by Beth Ferry (2019)

This picture book tells a tale of young love, with cave boy Neander falling head over heels for cave girl Neanne. Soon, he has no time for his usual pursuits – even his pet rock gets cast aside!

But the course of true love never did run smooth and Neander's advances are met with indifference – until, that is, Neanne turns the tables in a dramatic and witty twist.

With its relatable characters and cute pictures, Caveboy Crush could be just the thing for World Book Day (less than a month after Valentine's Day, after all!)

8. Tek: The Modern Cave Boy by Patrick McDonnell (2016)

Part of the point of World Book Day is to get kids off their devices and nose-deep in a good book. Tek: The Modern Cave Boy makes the case better than any amount of nagging.

It's the story of a cave boy who can't get enough of his tablet, phone, games and TV. Shut off from friends, family and the world outside his cave, he's reduced to saying just one word: "UGH!"

This cleverly designed book resembles a device shutting down before the reader reconnects with the real world – just like Tek himself.

9. Children of the Cave by Virve Sammalkorpi (2016)

This short novel by Finnish writer Virve Sammalkorpi is all about difference. In it, the assistant to a French explorer goes on an archaeological expedition in the Russian wilderness.

There, they find a cave where children with animal characteristics live. The novella takes the form of diary entries about the creatures and events in the camp.

With its gripping premise and big ideas about faith and science, Children of the Cave is a great choice for young adult readers.

Final thoughts

Caves have always been places of wonder and imagination. If you're looking for some reading matter for your kids this World Book Day, we hope one of these picks engages and entertains.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we love teaching new explorers about our natural world. If you're looking for more educational fun, why not try our key stage 2 activities ? You'll find lots of games and quizzes looking at geology, the Stone Age and more.

Space science for children: join us on a Cosmic Adventure!

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Tue, 04 Mar 2025 15:13:09 GMT

Looking for a fun, educational workshop for kids? Look no further than our Cosmic Adventures sessions.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're not just passionate about our caves and our role as their custodians. We're also passionate about education – in particular, learning through play.

This March, you can see this passion in action at our Cosmic Adventures sessions . These family-friendly workshops are all about the solar system. Are you ready to join us for blast-off?

Kids get to learn all about the night sky and are introduced to spotting constellations. The sessions then move to creative crafts, giving kids the opportunity to mould their own planet and create a constellation.

It's a fun, engaging adventure – and an absolute bargain at £5.50 per person. The sessions run on weekends throughout March 2025 and daily throughout April. Each session lasts one hour and starts at 2 PM.

Want more than just a Cosmic Adventure?

As if that wasn't enough, you can buy tickets for the Cosmic Adventures and Cave bundle . This combines the workshop with a chance to explore the caves and take part in a fun, inclusive quiz.

Then there's the Cave and Fossil Dig bundle . This is another interactive, hands-on session that focuses on our extensive collection of prehistoric fossils and gems.

Not only that, but this bundle also lets you take part in a UV cave tour . This is a trip around the caves with a difference. Each participant is given an ultraviolet torch, under which the rocks glow with an eerie magic.

So, what are you waiting for? Book a ticket bundle today to make the most of our underground wonderland.

Dark skies events

Our Cosmic Adventures workshops are designed for children to enjoy. But we also hold dark skies events – stargazing sessions that can be a treat for people of any age and any skill level.

The Yorkshire Dales are dark – but not like the darkness you get in cities. In nearby Leeds and Harrogate, for instance, the constellations are obscured by pollution from street lamps, neon signs and other light sources.

But out here at Stump Cross Caverns, the skies are a pitch-black canvas for a sparkling tapestry of stars that has to be seen to be believed.

It's so dark, in fact, that the Yorkshire Dales National Park is a designated Dark Sky Reserve . This means measures are taken to preserve the darkness of the night sky.

We're currently wrapping up our winter season of stargazing events but will be back in November for more. This is a time of year when you can get a good look at constellations, such as Orion, and the planets of our solar system, including Jupiter, Venus and Uranus.

At Stump Cross, we're truly blessed to have front-row seats for the cosmos. Come and join us to see what the fuss is all about.

Secure your spot for a Stump Cross Caverns Cosmic Adventure today or explore your ticket bundle options .

10 cave jokes and memes to tickle your inner spelunker

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Thu, 27 Feb 2025 00:22:28 GMT

Ready to laugh your rocks off? Join us for 10 rock-solid jokes and memes about caves and caving.

Caving is a serious business. For some, crawling through tight, damp, rocky places is about as much fun as mediaeval surgery. But for others, it's the most fun you can have with a wetsuit on.

To paraphrase the internet meme, cavers gonna cave. And while they're at it, they're not averse to cracking some jokes.

Take these cavers passing the time with some speleological puns (that's cave jokes to you and me):

There's plenty more where that cave from – sorry, came from. Grab your flashlight and your hard hat – it's time to share some truly awful cave jokes and memes. Who knows? You just stalag-might enjoy them.

1. Bats in the cave

"So the frightened tourist asked, 'Are there any bats in this cave?' The guide said: 'There were – but don't worry, the snakes ate them all.'"

There are, indeed, many kinds of cave-dwelling snakes. Take the cave-dwelling rat snake, which Akron Zoo somewhat sinisterly describes as an "excellent climber". (Where's it climbing to ?)

This snake can grow to six-and-a-half feet long and "will hang in the mouths of caves and catch bats out of the air as they fly by".

Rest assured, however, that Stump Cross Caverns is a snake-free experience. The only organisms crawling on their bellies are the local cavers .

2. Cave insurance

"I go caving with cave insurance," the joke goes, "so if there's a collapse, I'm fully covered."

Rest assured, we would never let anyone into a cave that was in danger of collapsing. The safety of our visitors is no joke!

3. Persistent potholers

A joker on Reddit posted the following:

"My friend begged me for weeks to go spelunking with him. I finally caved."

As rock-solid as that is, it was nothing but a setup for another user:

"I know the feeling. You tried to be like a rock. And then you crumbled."

Laugh? We nearly cried.

5. Caving tips #1

Question: "Why are caves so good at giving advice?"

Answer: "Because they always go deep into the matter!"

It's not an advice-giving cave per se, but in Greek mythology, the Oracle of Delphi delivered prophecies from a cavern beneath the slopes of Mount Parnassus.

She gave advice to lawmakers, kings and generals on warfare. She told farmers when they should plant their seedlings. And, perhaps most famously, she told Oedipus he would murder his father and marry his mother.

6. Caving tips #2

Stalactites are a staple of naturally occurring caves – those stone icicles hanging down from the cave roof. They take thousands of years to form as groundwater seeps through the ground and leaves calcium deposits.

But what might a stalactite say if you asked it for advice? "Just hang in there!"

Well, if it's worked for the stalactite, perhaps it will work for us…

7. Calvin and Hobbes go spelunking

Every day from November 18, 1985, to December 31, 1995, the daily comic strip Calvin and Hobbes delighted readers across the world. And in one strip, six-year-old rascal Calvin and his tiger friend Hobbes discuss the finer points of spelunking.

"Spelunking" is just one of many words used to describe the exploration of underground caves. Scientists go on speleological expeditions. Explorers go caving, potholing or spelunking, depending on who you ask.

The word "spelunk" comes from the Old French word spelonque , meaning "cave" or "cavern". Today, it can be used as a verb ("Calvin and Hobbes went spelunking") or as a noun ("Spelunkers know how to pass the time").

But as the Calvin and Hobbes strip jokes, the word "spelunk" also has a pleasingly onomatopoeic quality. This has led to the folk etymology that "spelunk" refers to the sound of a fairweather caver falling into an underground stream.

One thing's for sure: spelunkers will hear plenty of splashes and spelunks on their adventures. It's all part of the fun!

8. Subterranean refreshments

Now for a couple of gags about beverages. First: what's a spelunker's favourite kind of fizzy drink? Answer: lemon and limestone.

We're sorry.

Next: how do troglodytes drink? Through soda straws, of course!

(For those not taking notes, a soda straw is a type of rock formation .)

What refreshment would you take down into the caves? When Geoff Workman spent 105 days in Stump Cross Caverns , he celebrated his record-breaking achievement with mashed potato, mushroom soup and strawberry jelly.

You could say this temporary troglodyte had a troglobite to eat. Again, we're sorry .

9. How many cavers does it take to change a light bulb?

Every subculture, group and gang has its own in-jokes. Why would cavers be any different?

Over on the UK Caving message board, one user asks: How many cavers does it take to change a light bulb?

The answer: "Two, one (called 'Pete') to point a lamp in the opposite direction, leaving the other one to change it in the pitch dark, drop the bulb, swear, and spend the next hour feeling his way out of the cave."

One can only speculate about this Pete character and what he did to upset our forum user. It's likely, however, that tensions can run high when cavers find themselves quite literally in a tight squeeze.

10. Occupational hazards

Cavers love to cave. But even they know it can appear to people above ground as, well, a little eccentric.

Take this meme. There must be moments in every caver's career when they ask themselves the same question!

Another vein of iron – sorry, humour… Let's start again. Another source of limestone – we mean humour . Sorry, we've got caves on the mind. The fact of the magma is that caving can appear dangerous to an untrained eye.

This has led to this variation on the classic meme: "Let's go caving, they said. It will be fun – they said…"

We love a good laugh here at Stump Cross Caverns. But we're serious about educating the next generation of geologists and explorers. Know a little rock fan who loves to learn? Discover our fun and educational cave activities .

Stump Cross Legends: Len Cook

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 24 Feb 2025 02:01:19 GMT

The history of Stump Cross Caverns is full of fascinating characters. Learn all about Len Cook in our article.

A trip to Stump Cross Caverns is a trip back in time – no time machine required. As you descend the 60 steps underground, you're entering a network of chambers and passageways that are hundreds of thousands of years old .

Yes, these limestone caves are ancient history all right – the results of slow, slow geological change. But the history of the caves doesn't end with their formation. There's also the history of the men and women who explored, surveyed and mapped them.

One such legend was Len Cook, an active and enthusiastic member of the local Craven Pothole Club – first as a member, then as President.

Len was passionately involved in the digging expeditions that expanded our knowledge of the Stump Cross network. On top of this, he was a pioneer of cave photography, taking beautiful photos of Stump Cross Caverns, Ingleborough Cave, Ireland's Pollaraftra Cave and more.

He was also a regular and prolific writer for Craven Pothole Club journals. These articles are an invaluable source of information about the history of Stump Cross in general – and of Len Cook in particular.

So, how did it all begin for Len Cook? As so often, it wasn't a grand plan – more a happy accident. It all began with a man who needed a lift.

Len's first descent

Gaping Gill is a Yorkshire landmark – the moody, magical spot where the waters of Fell Beck disappear into the Earth.

It's a sight loved by many and a pothole prized by cavers the world over. It was also where Len's love of caving began. But if John Frankland hadn't asked him for a lift in 1947, he might never have got into potholing.

With his typical combination of confidence and self-deprecation, Len remarks that John wanted him there for his driving rather than his company.

He describes the two of them as "ill-prepared" in "ordinary shoes, tweed jackets and grey flannel trousers… armed only with cycle lamps".

He goes on:

"I can still remember standing on the old gantry in 1947 ready for my first descent and wondering why I was putting myself in dire peril on a skinny bit of wire, and then dropping into the darkening hole."

If you were to make a film called Big Hole: The Len Cook Story , this would be the moment of revelation. Descending into the abyss, Len realises his calling for the caves.

But Len didn't have time for such sentimentalities. "There was no sudden revelation," he writes, "that this was the life for me! It was rather an insidious process aided and abetted by J.F that convinced me that I was missing something."

In those early days, there were hi-jinks, transport difficulties and a slow but steady improvement in the quality of Len's caving gear. But it only really started to get serious for Len when he discovered the art of cave surveying.

Surveys and explorations

In 1949, some two years after his first trip to Gaping Gill, Len announced his intention to start a Cave Survey Group. Around the same time, he became involved in the digging expedition that uncovered the section of Stump Cross Caverns known as "Heaven and Hell".

Len and co began the expedition with a three-course dinner – a decision Len retrospectively described as a mistake. They descended via the 20-foot chimney of Bar Pot and stumbled on some extraordinarily well-decorated chambers.

Len loved the mystery of cave exploration. He knew there was more – and he wanted to be involved in finding it.

"One thing is certain," he wrote, with characteristic clarity. "Only a fraction of Stump Cross is known. A concentrated effort by an organised party during the winter months can count on success; there is no 'if' about it. Take a shovel, dig in Stump Cross and open up a passage."

This joie de cave also led him to be part of the expedition that discovered Reindeer Cavern – one of the jewels in the Stump Cross crown you can visit to this day.

It wasn't all plain sailing (or digging), however. In one article, he refers to "time and toil spent with very little to show for it". He spent the better part of 50 years looking for a legendary lost lake before finally throwing in the spade.

Len was closely associated with Stump Cross, but his speleological zeal led him elsewhere. He travelled around the caves of Ireland in a removal van and visited the show caves of France.

By the early 1950s, he was also seriously passionate about cave photography.

Len's lenses

Len was a talented cave photographer – and like all talented people, he knew that results came from one percent inspiration and 99% perspiration.

"There are two 'musts'," he wrote, "associated with colour photography underground – a good companion of equable temperament, and for oneself, great patience. Two years' work and 300 underground slides have taught me this if nothing else."

In time, his patience was rewarded, and he became a regular on the lecture circuit where he shared his latest snaps. He also set up the "Men of Kent Trophy", given to the Craven Pothole Club member who took the year's best cave photo.

Even today, cave photography isn't easy to do well. Back then, you had to use flash powder and heavy equipment. It's perhaps no surprise that Len was injured in the process on more than one occasion.

He was interested in moving pictures, too – a passion he wrote about in the CPC journal. This was made possible by his knowledge of photography and, more generally, of "lighting in caves" (the subject of a 1957 article).

Len continued to cave until the grand old age of 78. Throughout his adult life, he led meets at Stump Cross and wrote vividly about his expeditions.

Len Cook, we salute you!

Looking for an unforgettable and unusual day out in Yorkshire ? Visit Stump Cross Caverns and discover a brave new world underground. It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

Wainwright's footsteps: the best Yorkshire Dales walks of all time?

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Sat, 22 Feb 2025 02:00:00 GMT

Walking boots at the ready! Discover the walking routes in the Yorkshire Dales created by Alfred Wainwright.

As any seasoned rambler will tell you, the landscape of Yorkshire Dales is perfect for walking.

Its varied terrain of hills, moors and waterways makes it ideal for walks of all kinds – from gentle strolls to epic treks.

There are many much-loved walking routes in the Yorkshire Dales. Each year, to take one classic example, thousands of walkers attempt the Three Peaks Challenge , climbing Whernside, Ingleborough and Pen-Y-Ghent.

No account of Yorkshire walks, however, would be complete without mention of Alfred Wainwright. While closely associated with the Lake District, Wainwright also plotted some unforgettable routes in the region.

In this article, we're going to take an in-depth look at two of these. Be warned: these are long and at times arduous walks. Yorkshire offers some superb walks for the casual stroller. These very much don't fit in that category.

So, get your boots and crampons – we're going for a walk!

Wainwright's Pennine Journey

The Pennines, also known as the Pennine Chain or Pennine Hills, are often considered "the backbone of England". Look at the hills on a map and you'll see why!

The hills straddle Northumberland, Cumbria, County Durham, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Cheshire, Derbyshire and Staffordshire. But Wainwright's Pennine Journey began and ended in the Yorkshire Dales – the town of Settle, to be precise.

It all started in September 1938 when Wainwright headed out on a 211-mile-long walk through the Pennines. Over the next 11 days, he travelled from Settle to Hadrian's Wall and back.

Wainwright wrote up his journey in A Pennine Journey: The Story of a Long Walk. It's a travelogue, combining vivid descriptions of landscape with musings on the people he met, all against the backdrop of turmoil in Europe.

Much of the journey took place on quiet minor roads. Today, these roads aren't quite as peaceful. For this reason, today's walkers often tackle the route on public rights of way and trails.

The 2010 Pennine Journey guidebook splits the walk into 18 stages. Like many classic long-distance walks, it can be attempted in one go over several days or split into more manageable chunks.

It's a challenging trudge that offers some truly spectacular scenery. Over half of the journey, in fact, lies within the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. This includes the first legs of the journey in Yorkshire, heading from Settle through the Dales and into County Durham.

Two-hundred-odd miles later, and you're back where you started. Time for a well-deserved trip to the pub, we think…

The Coast to Coast Walk

The Coast to Coast Walk does what it says on the tin. It's one of the most popular long-distance trails in the UK (perhaps the world).

It takes you from the Irish Sea at St. Bee's Head 190 miles across the North of England, ending at Robin Hood's Bay on the North Sea.

On the way, the coast-to-coast hiker traverses three National Parks: the Lake District, the Yorkshire Dales and, finally, the North York Moors.

In the introduction to his book A Coast to Coast Walk, Wainwright fizzes with enthusiasm: "Surely there cannot be a finer itinerary for a long-distance walk! […] The countryside traversed is beautiful almost everywhere, yet extremely varied in character, with mountains and hills, valleys and rivers, heather moors and sea-cliffs combining in a pageant of colourful scenery."

Like the Pennine Journey, there's more than one way to tackle it. Wainwright broke the walk into day-long chunks spanning a two-week holiday (with a day or two off to take care of blisters).

But Wainwright was all about the landscape, not physical effort for its own sake. He encouraged readers to make their own routes and soak up the scenery. After all, who would want to race through such jaw-dropping landscapes as these?

Tradition has it that walkers attempting the Coast to Coast route should dip their feet in the Irish Sea and pick out a pebble to take with them for the whole journey. At the journey's end in Robin Hood's Bay, drop the pebble into the North Sea and wet your feet. This marks the end of one heck of a journey.

Who was Wainwright?

Alfred Wainwright was a fellwalker and writer. He's best known for his Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells , which he described as a "love letter" to the area. These seven guidebooks combine pen-and-ink sketches, maps and thoughts from the man himself.

Born in Blackburn, Lancashire, he visited the Lake District for the first time aged 23. It was love at first sight. He moved to Kendal and spent many years mapping the area.

He was described by his wife Betty as "a sensitive, shy man who sought anonymity, hiding himself behind a gruff exterior". His works reveal an emotional, passionate side to his personality and a deep love of England's landscapes.

When Wainwright died in 1991, his ashes were scattered on Haystacks, a hill at one end of Buttermere Valley. "This," he wrote, "is in fact the best fell-top of all", highlighting its "beauty, variety and interesting detail", its "sheer fascination and unique individuality".

What is a Wainwright?

Wainwright's legacy isn't restricted to his guidebooks and walks. He also gave a name to fell tops.

A Wainwright is the summit of a "true" fell top. Wainwright listed 214 of these – and to this day, many walkers try to climb them all.

Wainwrights vary wildly in height and difficulty. Black Fell, Latrigg and Castle Crag are at the easy end, while Helvellyn, Great Gable and Scafell Pike (the tallest of the lot) are for hikers who thirst for a challenge.

Speaking of thirst, a Wainwright is also a type of ale named after the great man. The perfect refreshment at the end of a day's walking in the Dales…

Stump Cross Caverns is an ancient cave system surrounded by the bleak beauty of the Yorkshire Dales. Why not explore more of our favourite Yorkshire walking routes ? And while you're here, we'd love to welcome you to our underground caverns. It's easy to book tickets online .

Stump Cross on YouTube: what vloggers thought of our UK caves

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 17 Feb 2025 16:53:15 GMT

Several YouTubers have filmed videos at Stump Cross Caverns. What did they make of it? Let's find out.

Stump Cross Caverns is an ancient cave system hidden underneath the tumbling hills of the Yorkshire Dales.

It's a place full of secrets. Weird and wonderful rock formations. Concealed corridors and vast chambers. Fairies, magic and more than 300 million years of history.

Our advice? Come and discover it all for yourself. Deep underground, you'll find new surprises around every corner.

But if you'd rather get a taste before you take the plunge, no problem. Plenty of intrepid YouTubers have visited Stump Cross and documented their adventure on film.

What did they see down there? And what did they make of it all?

Let's check in with some of our favourite vloggers to find out. But be warned – if you don't want to spoil the surprise, look away now.

Rambling with Ritchie: "Absolutely amazing"

UK-based Ritchie is something of an enthusiast for dark and mysterious places. Over his 15-year YouTube career, he's visited a slate mine in Keswick, a grotto in Ambleside and more than a few show caves.

It was only a matter of time before he visited us here at Stump Cross Caverns.

Ritchie starts his tour in the fossil shop , perusing our rare gems and megalodon teeth. Next, he pokes his head into our private cinema. "Stunning", he remarks.

But the main event, of course, is his trip down into the caves – and Ritchie doesn't miss a moment. If you want a whistle-stop tour of some of our finest rock formations, you won't be disappointed.

Ritchie dishes out some fascinating commentary along the way, too. He points out that The Butchers Shop – a mighty, bulbous mass of calcite crystal – got its name because it looks like meat hanging in a butcher's window.

"When you get closer, they're actually red", he explains. "And the reason why they're red is because of the iron that's in the rock." (Ding ding! Top marks, Ritchie.)

You'll also see glimpses of The Hawk (a bird-shaped stalagmite that Victorian visitors used to rub for luck), The Sentinel (a huge column of pure white limestone) and much more.

His final verdict? "Absolutely amazing."

"I highly recommend [Stump Cross Caverns] to everyone", he says. "It's a place where you can bring kids. There are some kids' activities you can do on the way around."

Theme Park Gang: "Make sure to always look up"

Here's a charming little video from a young YouTuber with a passion for theme parks – and caves.

Yes, our host may be youthful – but she's no greenhorn. Clearly, she's visited a few caves in her time. She even offers up a tip or two for first-time cavers.

"If you go caving, make sure to always look up", she says, pointing her camera to the exquisitely decorated roof. "Look at this! You see so much more on the ceiling."

Theme Park Gang is obviously a lifelong fan of Stump Cross Caverns. For her, the video was a trip down memory lane.

"I wanted to promote this cave because it's such a big part of my childhood. I think that it should get a really, well, like, BIG UP ."

We couldn't agree more.

Yorkshire Pop Top Adventures: "The views are gorgeous"

Yorkshire Pop Top Adventures does what it says on the tin. It follows one Yorkshireman and his family as they explore the region in their pop-top camper van.

As you might expect, the channel brings a distinctly different (and distinctly Yorkshire-flavoured) take on the Stump Cross Caverns experience. See, the Pop Top family wasn't just here for the caves – they were also taking advantage of our affordable motorhome parking .

Dad Colin stayed overnight and came away impressed. "I do like this park-up", he said. "It's simple, and the views are gorgeous. Plus, you have the added bonus of the cafe and show cave."

Of course, he checked out the caverns, too. But he was careful not too give away too many details. "I don't want to give the game away", he remarked. "I want you to come down and experience it for yourself because they are absolutely amazing."

One thing that struck Colin on his underground adventure was the sense of peace and quiet. "You can't hear the road noise", he whispered. "It's as quiet as a mouse. It's unreal."

Overall, Stump Cross got a big thumbs up and a hearty recommendation for fellow campers. "This place is definitely worth a visit – either for the night or simply to explore the caves with your family."

Danielle: "I really, really enjoyed that"

If a video ever deserves more attention, it's this one.

At the time of writing, Danielle's underground adventure stands at 92 views. But it's a thoroughly entertaining video tour that gives a good look at some of the best bits of Stump Cross.

So, you know what to do. Give it a watch, a like and a subscribe. It's well worth it.

An interesting point is that Danielle visited as we began digging out C Chamber . When our work is complete, this magnificent cavern will be the first new part of the cave opened in at least 25 years.

"We explored all of the caves that there currently is to explore", she explained. "When we were on our way out, a staff member came along, and we were talking to him a little bit all about how they're actually digging out more of the caves."

"So, there's going to be a bit more of the caves to explore", she added, "which is going to be great."

And to sign off: "I really, really enjoyed that".

Follow Stump Cross on YouTube

We love welcoming YouTubers to our cave. Through their videos, more people can experience the wonders of Stump Cross Caverns – and that can only be a good thing.

But don't forget we have our very own YouTube channel , too.

Follow us there to keep up with some of our most exciting developments. For instance, we recently posted this video documenting the early stages of our project to open C Chamber.

Don't want to miss a thing? You can also catch up with us on Instagram , Facebook and X .

We hope to see you down in the caves soon. Until then, happy YouTubing!

The best Stone Age museum exhibits in the UK

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 14 Feb 2025 08:58:48 GMT

When it comes to Stone Age museum exhibits, the UK is spoilt for choice. Explore a few of the very best.

The Stone Age covers 99% of human history. For more than three million years, early humans relied on stone tools to hunt, build shelters, make clothes and even carve musical instruments.

It's a lost way of life we know about through the hard work of archaeologists. In the absence of written records, our understanding of the Stone Age is based on tools and other artefacts buried under millennia of dirt.

Most of the Stone Age is gone forever. But across the world, and here in the UK, museums hold fascinating exhibits that give us a glimpse into human prehistory.

In this article, we take a look at the best Stone Age and Bronze Age museum exhibits in the UK. Happy exploring!

Stone Age exhibits

In the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, there are many Stone Age artefacts – from antlers to the remains of archery equipment, from beakers to horns, from shields to jewellery.

The museum also offers learning resources about prehistoric Britain, including videos, "collector's cards" and high-quality images.

The British Museum, too, has its fair share of Stone Age exhibits. Visitors can see Stone Age tools from Zambia, South Africa and elsewhere.

A more hands-on experience is offered at Gunnersbury Park in West London, where children can take part in a "Stone Age Survival" session.

At the National Museum Cardiff, visitors can admire art and science exhibits, ranging from 19th-century Impressionist paintings to dinosaurs, woolly mammoths and other prehistoric specimens.

In Aberdare, you can visit the Cynon Valley Museum. This is a free-entry local history museum and gallery. Exhibits include two Neolithic stone axe heads.

These date from a time when early humans in present-day Wales were moving from a lifestyle built around foraging to more settled, domesticated lives.

As the Stone Age gave way to the Bronze Age, humans learnt how to work with metal. Stone tools were replaced with bronze implements. This technological shift changed everything – and it can be explored at a number of museums across the UK.

Bronze Age exhibits in the UK

The Wiltshire Museum holds a collection of Bronze Age artefacts, some made of gold and amber. Best of all, it's home to the Bush Barrow lozenge.

Around 1950 BC, a man was buried near Stonehenge with objects demonstrating his power. This collection, which included an axe, a dagger and a mace, has been described as "the Crown Jewels of the King of Stonehenge". On his chest was found a large, lozenge-shaped sheet of gold that served as an ornate buckle.

All we know about the Bush Barrow man comes from his burial. It's a stark reminder of what we know about our past – and what is lost in the prehistoric mists.

Flag Fen Archaeology Park in Peterborough is home to some fascinating Bronze Age artefacts, including a wooden wheel, a makeup grinder and some shears. All give a tantalising glimpse into Bronze Age life.

The Havering Hoard is a collection of 453 items dug up in 2018, the largest of its kind to be uncovered in London. Its axes, tools, swords and more are all on show at the London Museum in Wennington, East London.

Last but not least, the Royal Cornwall Museum is home to prehistoric artefacts, including ancient Cornish gold.

Henge monuments

Remnants of the Stone Age and Bronze Age can be found outside museums, too. There are several henges across the UK.

The most famous, of course, is Stonehenge, with its large stone circle. These stones, however, were added at a later date. A henge is an earthen bank and ditch rather than a stone circle.

We don't know what they were used for, but historians believe they may have been sites for rituals and burials.

Henges in England include Avebury, Silbury Hill and Castlerigg Stone Circle. They are enduring mysteries which archaeologists and historians are still making new discoveries about.

Take Stonehenge. Until 2024, its sandstone altar stone was believed to have come from Wales. But research now suggests it was carried over 435 miles down from Scotland. Wow!

It's a great example of how archaeology is a living history. What else will we learn about the past from studying these fragments of rock and metal?

What is the difference between the Stone Age and the Bronze Age?

The Stone Age lasted for about three and a half million years, ending sometime between 4000 and 2000 BC. It covers the period of human history where early humans used tools and weapons made out of stone.

Stone Age humans didn't exclusively use stone, of course. They also used wood and bone. On the whole, however, these have rotted away, whereas stone artefacts have stood the test of time.

The Stone Age is an extraordinarily long period of human history. Archaeologists split it into three eras: the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. By the end of the Stone Age, people were farming, making pottery and looking after cows and pigs.

In the Bronze Age, humans in the Middle East started using tools and weapons made out of metal – first copper, then bronze. This signalled the end of the Stone Age and the beginning of the Bronze Age.

A lot changed in the Bronze Age. The first writing systems were invented, meaning we have fragments of text to study as well as physical items. The wheel was invented. People began to settle and trade, creating urban societies closer to our own lives than existed in the Stone Age.

The Bronze Age ended with a bang around 1200 BC. We still don't know exactly why, but historians suggest a combination of earthquakes, drought and famine induced by climate change, rebellions, invasions and political instability.

Do you love learning about the Stone Age as much as we do? Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we put on a wide range of history and science activities for kids . Why not visit us in the Yorkshire Dales and join in on the fun? Check our events calendar to see what's up next.

Science and solitude: what one man learned about life underground

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 10 Feb 2025 03:03:38 GMT

In 1963, Geoff Workman spent 105 days alone in a cave. What did we learn from his trip? Let's find out.

Geoff Workman was a scientist, a dedicated caver and a Stump Cross legend. As a lifelong member of the Craven Pothole Club , he did much to improve our understanding of Stump Cross Caverns and other Yorkshire Dales caves .

He was a man with many achievements to his name and a tenacious appetite for discovery. Geoff, ever the explorer, was still poking around local potholes well into his eighties.

His crowning success, however, came at a relatively young age. In 1963, when Geoff was in his early thirties, he spent 105 days underground at Stump Cross Caverns – breaking a world record in the process.

Thanks to Geoff's meticulous accounts, we know a fair bit about his life underground.

We know, for instance, that Geoff topped up his drinking water by leaving a pan underneath a dripping stalactite. We know he celebrated his record-breaking achievement with a slap-up feast of mushroom soup, mashed potato and strawberry jelly. And we know he didn't get bored – despite not seeing another human being for the best part of four months.

"I had decided before I started that it would be best if I gave myself a big enough workload to keep myself busy all the time", Geoff wrote in his book 105 Days Below . He went on to provide a prodigious list of tasks, including photography, surveying and "carrying out medical studies to see how the underground camp was affecting the body".

Clearly, Geoff had plenty to do underground – and his daily rota of experiments shows that he was interested in the science behind his solitude.

But one question remains: why? What did Geoff hope to learn from his subterranean vacation? And what did we learn from it all?

Let's find out.

Why did Geoff spend 105 days underground?

Geoff's underground jaunt occurred just two years after Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space.

We know that Geoff was a man with a scientific mind – and that he took a keen interest in the nascent Space Race. Was he setting out to prove, as some have suggested, that humans could cope with the isolation of spaceflight?

A contemporary news report paints a somewhat bleaker picture. "[Geoff] wanted to prove that, if we had to go into caves in a nuclear war, all we need do is wrap up warm and take down a lot of food." Crikey.

Both these reasons may be true. Back in the early 1960s, the Cold War was in full freeze. It's not unreasonable to assume that conflict and the cosmos were playing on Geoff's mind.

The official reason, however, is a little more prosaic. As Geoff detailed in a report from 1973, he was mainly interested in proving that "underground camps for prolonged periods could be safely carried out". Indeed, he had previously set a world record in 1953 after camping alone for 14 days at Gaping Gill in the Yorkshire Dales.

However, his theory had suffered some recent setbacks.

In September 1963, a Frenchman by the name of Michel Siffre emerged from an Alpine cave. He had spent 63 days camping alone – and he was in a bad way. As Geoff noted, "Newspapers suggested that he was in a state of physical and psychological breakdown at the end, and he had to be helped out of the cave".

Shortly thereafter, Australian caver Bill Penman gave up on his cave-sitting jaunt after 64 days. "This was due to general deterioration and failing eyesight", remembered Geoff.

These failures suggested that humans couldn't withstand more than two months of underground living. But Geoff was sceptical. "I was convinced that the apparent limit was a false one", he wrote. "It appeared that the fault lay not in the human body, nor in the individuals concerned, but in the techniques and methods used."

So, Geoff began planning his own expedition. Initially, he set out to prove that humans could withstand underground isolation for three months. Little did he know that he'd end up smashing that target by nearly two weeks.

What did we learn from Geoff's stay?

Geoff's main motivation was to show that humans could stay underground for three months with no long-lasting ill effects.

Of course, he proved this beyond any reasonable doubt. In fact, even after three months underground, he seemed to be clamouring for more. "There was no sign at all of any approaching human barrier to a much longer stay", he wrote after emerging from the cave. "The human body had thus been shown to be completely adaptable to the conditions of the experiment."

Geoff carefully monitored his health while underground. He took measurements of his pulse, temperature, muscular strength, sleep patterns, mental fitness and more.

The only notable disruptions he recorded were to his sleep cycle and biological clock. Geoff was otherwise fit and healthy. He even suggested that there may have been "a slight improvement in some directions". For instance, he made a habit of testing his mental acuity with daily crosswords – and he scored some of his fastest completion times in the last month of his stay.

Science aside, there are some interesting tidbits in the report that help cast light on Geoff's psychological state within the caverns.

He reveals, for instance, that he hallucinated the sound of a ringing telephone on several occasions. His psychologist later concluded this was down to stress – "for example, when I had been told that someone had threatened to break into the cave and wreck the equipment".

We also learn about his experience od leaving the cave. "I was stopped at the middle door by the television camera team," he remembers. "Their brilliant floodlamps merely caused a moment or two of blinking before the eyes accommodated to this exceptional light."

He went on to note that he had no trouble adjusting to daylight. And, being a dyed-in-the-wool scientist, he concluded that the need for special glasses after long periods of darkness "was nothing more than a myth".

Later, Geoff was driven directly from the cave to his psychologist's office. "The car was driving exceedingly fast [around] winding and hilly country lanes," he recalled.

"The general opinion of psychologists was that the appearance of rapidly approaching objects would cause considerable fear after the peace and quiet of the cave. No such strain was noticed."

Perhaps the psychologists were wrong all along. Or maybe Geoff was just made of strong stuff.

Want to experience the caverns where Geoff Workman made history all those years ago? Visit us at Stump Cross Caverns and discover a world of ancient secrets, magnificent rock formations and underground mysteries. It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

Kids' crafts: how to make your own cave at home

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 07 Feb 2025 17:42:27 GMT

Are you looking for cave-based craft activities for kids? Explore your options in our simple how-to guide.

There's something about caves that captures kids' imaginations. They can be cosy or creepy, the home to soft plants or magnificent beasts. They can be naturally occurring, manmade or realms of pure fantasy.

This versatility makes them an ideal choice for a craft project. They can be small and ornamental or big enough to crawl into. They can be painted with one or two colours or turned into a technicolour spectacle.

Sounds good, right? But it may be that you don't know where to start. We hope this article changes that, introducing you to some easy ways to make a cave at home.

But before we jump into some of the methods you can use, what could your cave look like?

Ideas

A kid-crafted cave can take many different forms. It can be a realistic cave with stalagmites and stalactites. It can feature grass, stones and other real-life natural elements. Done this way, you can relate the activity to what your child is learning in science lessons.

But caves can also be a portal into a world of imagination. You could make a dragon's lair, a bat cave or a cave from Minecraft. Your cave could be a superhero's home, an igloo or a nativity scene. It could be underwater, underground or even on the Moon.

Or why not encourage the kids to go off-piste entirely and make a cave that's never existed before in fantasy or reality?

Whatever design you choose, there are different ways to go about it. Let's take a closer look.

Papier-mâché

Papier-mâché is a popular craft activity for kids for several reasons. First, it's cheap. All you need is some old newspaper, glue, water and a paintbrush.

Secondly, papier-mâché lasts. Done well, it can last for centuries. This means you and your kids can make a cave that can be revisited, enjoyed and even added to over the years.

Finally, many kids love it. There's an undeniable something about tearing up old newspapers and slapping on the glue mixture. Perhaps it's the fact that the process stimulates all five senses and requires a range of movements.

To make a papier-mâché cave, you need to blow up a balloon. Cover the balloon with strips of old newspaper and watered-down PVA to create the shape of your cave. Aim for five layers minimum to ensure a sturdy cave.

Each layer needs to dry before moving on to the next. If you like, you can air-dry the papier-mâché or use a hairdryer.

Once your layers are stuck to the balloon, it's time to decorate the cave with paints.

When you've painted your cave to your satisfaction, it's time to burst the balloon – and voila, you've got a cave that can stand alone or form part of a larger scene.

Blankets

A balloon-sized cave is all well and good. But what if you want to build a cave you can crawl into? Well, it's time to make a den.

There are different ways to build a den. One involves a play tent and blankets. First, set up the tent. Next, hang rugs inside and out to create a cave-like appearance. Finally, open the tent flaps to create a cave mouth.

If you don't have a play tent, you can place two chairs next to each other, backs facing inwards. You then hang blankets over the backs of the chairs and put blankets, a duvet, cushions or pillows inside.

Your blanket cave can be a place to play, read, do crafts or just sit quietly. You could even give your child a torch to explore the cave.

Shoebox cave

Take the lid off a shoebox and turn it on its side. There you have the basics of a cave, ready to be painted and filled with rocks, animals and plants. These could be homemade or toys bought for another purpose.

You could roll the card from an egg box to make stalagmites and stalactites. You could paint the walls with prehistoric cave art. You could add a waterfall, stream or lake. The only limit is your child's imagination.

Cave art

Tens of thousands of years ago, cavemen and cavewomen painted on the walls of their caves. Often, the pictures were simple scenes of humans, spears and animals. Why not take inspiration from our ancestors and add some art to your cave?

If you make a cave out of a large cardboard box, you can encourage your kids to draw on the inside walls. This could make a refreshing change from your usual drawing activities. Or how about hanging up drawings or paintings inside your cave?

Alternatively, why not experiment with clay? You can flatten a block of clay into a canvas, add shapes with a pencil and then fill them in with paint.

Adding pictures to a homemade cave opens up new creative possibilities and makes the finished product even more personalised.

Why do crafts with your children?

If you're reading this article, chances are you're convinced that crafts are a good thing to do with your children. But it's worth recapping the benefits for those times when it seems more trouble than it's worth.

Crafts encourage children to be creative and use their imaginations. It can help them develop hand-eye coordination and other motor skills. It helps them explore colours, shapes and textures.

It can also help children build confidence and self-esteem. Setting a child up to do a craft activity puts them in a position to take control and work independently.

Finally, crafts can be a way for children to express emotions. This is a key reason why they're widely used in child therapy sessions.

Why not complement your craft sessions with a day trip to a real-life cave? Here at Stump Cross Caverns in the Yorkshire Dales, we hold regular educational sessions for young explorers. If you're looking for activity days out in Yorkshire , you won't find anything else quite like it. Start by exploring our calendar of events and activities .

The most extreme sport: cave diving

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Tue, 04 Feb 2025 18:37:37 GMT

Cave diving involves diving in flooded caves. Learn more about this niche and dangerous extreme sport.

Games and sports are bewilderingly diverse. They range from an activity as simple as running to a sport as labyrinthine as cricket – and from the peaceful putt of a golf ball to extreme sports like skateboarding, BMX and cave diving.

Cave diving is not for the faint-hearted. It's not even for the bold-hearted. It's for the calm and collected thrill-seeker with deep diving skills and experience.

A simple thought experiment will tell you if cave diving is for you. Imagine you're scuba diving in a flooded cave. You're surrounded by gorgeous geological formations and marine life. But there's no way out except the way you came.

This is the aspect of cave diving that makes it the most extreme. In deep sea diving, you can always make for the surface if you're running low on breathing gas or lacking visibility. In cave diving, you have to retrace your kicks one by one.

Cave diving can be a rewarding experience that gives you access to some of the Earth's most breathtaking sights. However, you must have plenty of diving experience and training before you even consider it.

Why get into cave diving?

If you're an experienced diver, you might be looking for a new challenge. Cave diving could provide this, deepening your diving skills in both senses of the word.

In many cases, it's the only way to see flooded cave environments. It puts you in touch with fascinating geological features and rare fauna.

But cave diving isn't just a leisure pursuit. Cave diving is also a tool used for scientific research. And if disaster strikes, as in the 2018 Thai cave rescue, cave divers can save lives.

Some say there are fewer than 100 professional cave divers in the world. This rarity is part of the appeal – but it also tells you something important about getting into the sport.

This is 100% not an activity you can just have a go at . The stakes are simply too high. You need skills, procedures and equipment to ensure safety when cave diving.

For this reason, you need to undergo rigorous training and be accompanied by an expert. It's a commitment – but one that most cave divers would say is well worth the effort.

Where can you go cave diving?

There are cave diving spots all over the world.

In Africa, there are flooded caves in South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Madagascar. In Asia, the karst regions of China and Southeast Asia are popular haunts. Australia, Europe, Florida, Mexico, Brazil, the Bahamas – the world's your oyster.

Are you based in the UK? There are cave diving sites in England, Wales and Scotland. Training is provided by the Cave Diving Group (CDG). You can find out more about it on the CDG website .

What equipment is used?

In cave diving, the right equipment is a matter of life and death. Like deep sea diving, you need scuba equipment. Breathing gas supply is essential. If you get lost and run out of breathing gas, you could die.

Cave diving also calls for dive lights, a drysuit and a diver's reel. This last item is mission-critical. When cave diving, your only way out is back the way you came. This means you have to follow a guideline through the cave's narrow, winding passages. Without it, you could easily get disorientated.

This is by no means an exhaustive list but should give you an idea of the kinds of equipment needed. Another key fact is that all equipment needs to be strapped down. Loose or flapping equipment can lead divers to get entangled, sometimes fatally.

What skills do you need?

Cave divers need high-level diving skills. These include buoyancy control and a mastery of different propulsion techniques (flutter kick, modified flutter, frog kick, modified frog kick, back kick and helicopter turn).

On top of this, a cave diver needs to be able to navigate in total darkness using just a guideline. Without this skill, a life-enhancing experience could become deadly.

For this reason, training courses often include night dives. This gives divers greater confidence in orientating themselves in the dark.

Courses teach procedures relating to navigation, gas management and the specific challenges of diving in a flooded, covered space with no vertical escape route.

These are all physical skills. Cave divers also need to be calm, reliable, responsible and thoughtful. Bravado, recklessness and panic can all lead to tragedy.

What are the dangers?

The main danger of cave diving is that you can't swim vertically to the surface. Instead, you have to retrace your route. Caves are often winding and complicated. This means breathing gas must be in good supply, and the diver must have a continuous guideline to follow.

The second danger is visibility. Flooded caves tend to have low visibility. This can be worsened by torch malfunction or "silt-out". This is when silt gets stirred up and the water goes cloudy.

Both of these dangers can be handled with the right skills and training. Nevertheless, cave diving has a reputation for being the deadliest sport, as well as the most extreme. Most fatalities have been non-specialists or people without adequate equipment.

In short, the dangers of cave diving are clear. But with the right skills, procedures and equipment, it can be a hugely rewarding experience.

What's the difference between cave diving and cavern diving?

Cave diving refers to diving in flooded caves. Cavern diving is when you dive in those parts of the cave where an exit can be seen by natural light. This is typically a stepping stone to full-on cave diving.

Final thoughts

Cave diving isn't for everyone. It requires long years of training and deep familiarity with life-saving skills and procedures. But those who love it really love it – and the rest of us get to watch from the safety of the surface.

Want to go on cave adventures in the UK without the danger? Visit Stump Cross Caverns – a magnificent underground cave system in the depths of the Yorkshire Dales. There's so much to discover – and you don't need a diving suit. Book your tickets online to secure the best price.

Yorkshire in winter: 8 sights that look better when it's colder

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 27 Jan 2025 12:04:53 GMT

Something about the Yorkshire landscape lends itself to winter. Explore 8 winter wonderlands today.

"The weather outside is frightful," the old song goes, "but the fire is so delightful." Yes, in the winter months, it can be tempting to stay indoors – fire or no fire.

But here in Yorkshire, no winter is complete without some time spent outdoors. There's something about the landscape, in its varied beauty, that comes alive in the wintry air.

Whether it's historical monuments cutting imposing shapes against the sky, snow-topped peaks or ice-cold fountains, Yorkshire in winter is an enchanting place to be.

So, wrap up warm – it's time to blow away the cobwebs with a bracing winter walk.

1. Castle Howard

This English country house in Henderskelfe, North Yorkshire, can be visited all year round – but it's especially splendid in winter.

You might recognise it from TV and film adaptations of Brideshead Revisited . It's an evergreen attraction even among the bare trees.

Its lakes, gardens, mausoleum, fountains and Temple of the Four Winds all have a ghostly beauty in the colder months.

2. The Three Peaks

Ingleborough, Whernside and Ribblehead: three of the most remarkable peaks in Yorkshire and, dare we say it, the world.

Every year, thousands of intrepid hikers take on these mighty mountains, whether to raise funds for charity or simply stretch their legs.

The ascents are as challenging as the views are stunning. If you do tackle them this winter, make sure the weather is good and that you're wearing suitable gear.

If the weather is bad enough that you have to put your crampons away, the peaks are still worth admiring from a distance. Under snow, they're positively Alpine.

3. Malham Cove

Around 80 feet above the village of Malham is a huge limestone pavement. Time has worn away the limestone to create a pitted, ridged, almost alien landscape.

The pavement is unique and the views to die for. And in winter, there's something bleakly comforting about this vast natural amphitheatre.

Stepping over the clints (blocks) and grykes (gaps), you could be forgiven for thinking you've stepped into the prehistoric past.

It's a jewel of the Yorkshire landscape that pops up in poems, films and TV. In the BBC series The Trip , for instance, Steve Coogan goes for a walk along the Cove on a gorgeous day – only for it to be ruined by a fellow hiker keen to give him a science lesson.

Drivers take note: you can't park next to the footpath up the cove. Instead, park at the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority car park and walk through the village to the foot of the cliff.

4. Bolton Castle

Wensleydale isn't just famous for its cheese. It's also home to Bolton Castle, a 14th-century stronghold that has outlived many a king and queen of England.

Despite being damaged in the English Civil War and partially falling into ruin, the castle stands strong, still in the hands of the Scrope family after all these years.

In the winter months, Bolton Castle is closed to visitors and open only for weddings and private events. Nevertheless, it's well worth admiring from a distance when the winter winds are blowing and (fingers crossed) the snow is falling.

5. Sewerby Hall

Sewerby Hall is a popular attraction here in Yorkshire. Poised on a clifftop overlooking the seaside town of Bridlington, its Georgian country house and acres of landscaped gardens attract more than 150,000 visitors a year.

The grounds are well worth a stroll at any time of the year. In winter, however, the whole place has a timeless, romantic quality that has to be seen to be believed.

And if you do need to warm up, the hall is home to the Museum of East Yorkshire and the Coastguard Museum.

6. Fountains Abbey

The comedian Stewart Lee recently revealed that he experienced a "time slip" at our next destination, the ruins of Fountains Abbey.

"I went into the abbey," he said, "the main part of the abbey, and for a few seconds, out of nowhere, it knitted itself together around me. It was full of monks facing away from me towards the altar. The walls were all filled in, the stained-glass windows were back, and interestingly, the walls had frescoes on them."

However you explain this experience, it's no surprise that Fountains Abbey should inspire such a vision. These bare ruins evoke a lost way of life: "Bare ruined choirs," in Shakespeare's words, "where late the sweet birds sang."

The grounds of Fountains Abbey aren't just good for monks, comedians and poets. They're also a great place for dogs to explore. Just make sure you keep your four-legged friend on a short lead at all times.

7. The Stanza Stones Trail

Follow the 47-mile-long Stanza Stones Trail from Marsden to Ilkley, and you can find six poems written by Poet Laureate Simon Armitage carved into stone.

The first poem in Marsden Quarry is inscribed into a stone wall. Carved in 2012, the letters are already slowly turning green with lichen. There against the deep-coloured rock is a poem called, simply, "Snow":

The sky has delivered its blank missive. The moor in coma.

Snow, like water asleep, a coded muteness to baffle all noise, to stall movement, still time.

If you're looking for a hike with a difference, the Stanza Stones Trail could be just what you're looking for this winter.

8. Stump Cross Cavern s

Look, we're biased – but we reckon Stump Cross Caverns looks gorgeous all year around.

Still, there is something undeniably Christmassy about the caves themselves that makes the surrounding areas something of a winter wonderland, too.

Perhaps it's those stalactites hanging from the cave roof or the flowstone gleaming like marzipan. Whatever the reason, it can feel like a natural destination after a brisk winter walk across the moors.

Looking for a rainy day activity in Yorkshire ? Escape the winter showers at Stump Cross Caverns and discover a magical world hidden deep underground. Book your tickets online to get the best price.

10 of the best geology museums in the UK

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 24 Jan 2025 14:18:27 GMT

The UK is a treasure trove of natural history and geology museums. Explore 10 of the best in our guide.

One of the best things about geology is how tactile it is. Those millions of years of change can be seen and even touched in the form of fossils, minerals and dinosaur skeletons.

This makes it an ideal subject for a museum. And here in the UK, we're spoiled for choice.

Yes, there's the Natural History Museum in London, one of the wonders of the modern world. But there are university collections, private collections, interactive experiences and more.

So join us as we count down 10 of the best geology museums in the UK – from Fort William down to Dorset.

1. The Rotunda Museum, Scarborough

Built in 1829, Scarborough's Rotunda Museum holds one of the finest collections of Jurassic geological specimens on the Yorkshire Coast.

Its curved design was suggested by William Smith – AKA the Father of English Geology – and realised by architect Richard Hey Sharp.

Treasures include the skeleton of the Gristhorpe Man, found buried in a tree trunk, and the Speeton Plesiosaur. In total, the collection boasts more than 5,000 fossils and 3,000 minerals.

2. Horniman Museum and Gardens, London

Sure, the Natural History Museum gets all the footfall. For our money, though, the Horniman Museum and Gardens in Forest Hill, South London, is one of the best geology museums in the UK.

The Horniman is famous for its eclectic collections, housing everything from taxidermied animals to musical instruments.

It's also home to some fantastic fossils in the Natural History Gallery. Some of these specimens are around 500 million years old. They include a remarkable Megalodon tooth unearthed in South Carolina, USA.

3. Lapworth Museum of Geology, Birmingham

Universities play a key role in preserving and analysing geological specimens. One of the best collections is at the University of Birmingham's Lapworth Museum of Geology on its Edgbaston campus.

It's named after the 19th-century geologist Charles Lapworth and dates back to 1880.

One of the strengths of the Lapworth Museum is that it caters to all sorts of visitors: families, children, students of science, curious adults and specialist geologists.

Its exhibitions tell the story of life on Planet Earth over the course of 4.5 billion years. They include more than 250,000 fossils, rocks and minerals.

4. Etches Collection Museum of Jurassic Marine Life, Kimmeridge, Purbeck

The Jurassic Coast is a World Heritage Site, covering 96 miles from Exmouth in East Devon to Studland Bay in Dorset – and 185 million years of geological history.

Its rich hoards of fossilised remains make it a much-loved and much-studied destination. And in the village of Kimmeridge, the Etches Collection houses a remarkable collection of marine fossils from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation.

5. Stone Science, Anglesey

This family-owned museum is home to one of the biggest collections of fossils in Wales.

It's a museum that actively encourages participation. Children of all ages can touch many of the specimens, and there are plenty of videos to bring the subject to life.

The museum also includes dioramas showing the Earth's evolution and a brief history of dinosaurs. There are fossils, crystals, minerals, Native American arrowheads, and more.

6. Great North Museum: Hancock, Newcastle.

Opened in 1884, the Great North Museum is located on Newcastle University's campus, just next to the Great North Road.

It's a large museum with a wide range of collections. Among these are some impressive palaeontological collections.

Perhaps the most impressive are Thomas Atthey and Thomas Barkas' Coal Measure Fossil collections. These, however, are just the tip of the iceberg. There are also vertebrate, invertebrate and botanical specimens from the Permian, Carboniferous and other prehistoric areas.

7. Oxford University Museum of Natural History

This world-class natural history museum contains some of the earliest surviving fossil collections. Its collections are a who's who of English geology: William Burchell, Charles Lyell, William Buckland and John Tradescant the elder and his son.

Along with its geological treasures, the museum contains a 1651 painting of a dodo by Jan Savery. This may have inspired the Dodo in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland . Carroll was a regular visitor and was sure to have seen this weird and wonderful picture.

Museum lovers should also check out the adjoining Pitt Rivers Museum, which specialises in archaeology and anthropology.

8. Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow

Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum is one of Scotland's most popular museums. Located in Kelvingrove Park in the city's West End, it's been dazzling visitors since 1901.

Among the paintings, ceramics, medieval arms and Scottish history, there's a wealth of palaeontological specimens.

These include dinosaurs, the remains of Carboniferous tropical forests, coral seas and early fish. There's the skeleton of a huge Irish deer, the rare fossil of a water scorpion and much, much more.

And as you'd expect from a Victorian museum, the building itself is splendid.

9. The Ulster Museum, Belfast

The Ulster Museum began life as the Belfast Natural History Society in 1821. Today, it's home to collections of fine art, archaeology, zoology, the Spanish Armada – you name it.

It's also worth visiting for its fossils, minerals, rocks and meteorites. The museum is home to the only two dinosaur bones ever found in Ireland, discovered by the late Roger Byrne in the rocks of Islandmagee, on the east coast of County Antrim.

10. Treasures of the Earth, Fort William

This award-winning attraction in Fort William, Inverness-shire, is an atmospheric simulation of caves filled with gemstones, crystals and fossils.

There are amethyst geodes, some as tall as seven feet. There are gemstones, including rubies, diamonds, garnets and emeralds. There's the world's biggest gold nugget. There's a life-size T-Rex skull. There's even some dinosaur dung.

On top of all this, visitors get to see the Ultraviolet Cave and watch the crystal glow under the UV light.

Talking of ultraviolet caves, did you know that the caves at Stump Cross also glow under ultraviolet light? Book a slot after 3PM to take part in our glow-in-the-dark cave experience. Guided by a special UV torch, you'll watch the rocks light up like strange alien jewels.

And best of all, you can snatch a whopping 25% off your ticket – but only if you book online .

Have geologists discovered a new ocean?

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 20 Jan 2025 11:36:40 GMT

Is a sixth ocean forming within the Indian Ocean? Some geologists certainly think so. Let's dive in.

Science books will tell you there are five oceans: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Southern or Antarctic Ocean.

And at the time of writing, they're spot on. But if we're still around in five to 10 million years, those scientists might tell a different story.

This is because of a long crack emerging in the east of Africa – the so-called "East African Rift". This 35-mile-long fissure is slowly, slowly expanding. In time, it could break up the continent and form a new ocean.

This is all because of tectonic plate movements. These massive pieces of the Earth's crust drift on the semi-fluid mantle. You may think that the land you stand on is stationary. But in fact, it's moving all the time.

We only become aware of tectonic plates when disaster strikes in the form of earthquakes or volcano eruptions. But these mighty plates have created mountain ranges, ocean trenches – and oceans themselves.

Since the planet's dawn, supercontinents have formed and broken up. Now that humans have so fully inhabited and changed the world, it can be tempting to think these processes are finished. But they're not. Scientists predict future supercontinents. Whether we'll be around to see them is another matter.

In East Africa, the Somalian tectonic plate is gradually separating from the larger Nubian tectonic plate. This is the biggest rift of its kind since South America and Africa split hundreds of millions of years ago.

But like we say, it will take another five to 10 million years to completely sever. It's currently moving at a rate of just a few millimetres a year. But it's incredible to think that one day, there could be a sixth ocean on Planet Earth.

What is the East African Rift System?

When old tectonic plates split apart, new plates are created. These create new land masses and new channels for the sea.

The continent of Africa is mostly made up of the Nubian and Somalian plates. These meet the Arabian plate in the Afar region of Ethiopia. It's here that a slow-motion fracture is occurring.

The Nubian and Somalian plates are drifting away from each other and also away from the Arabian plate to the north. Most of the rifting is taking place in the Horn of Africa – but it's stretching down into Kenya, Tanzania and the Great Lakes.

It's incredible to think that, one day, landlocked countries like Ethiopia and Uganda could have coastlines. What this could mean for humans is a huge, complex question. Arid lands could become marine environments. Whatever human life looks like in five to 10 million years, humans will have to adapt to this new ocean and these new lands.

Is there a sixth ocean underground?

The Earth may one day have a sixth ocean on its surface. But could there already be a sixth ocean deep underground?

Scientists at Northwestern University believe so. They've found a pool of water deep within the Earth's mantle. The water is trapped in a blue rock formation called ringwoodite. This is a mineral formed under extreme pressure underground.

Ringwoodite is like a crystal sponge. Its molecular structure lets it soak up water and hydrogen.

Sure, this isn't an "ocean" in the everyday sense of the word. But its ramifications for geology are huge. Researchers argue that this water plays a critical role in maintaining the stability of oceans.

When did the Earth's oceans form?

Planet Earth is around 4.6 billion years old. It was formed from a mixture of dust and gas around the sun, growing larger as other planets, asteroids and dust particles collided in space.

Our oceans formed shortly after the planet's formation. Volcanic activity released water vapour. As the planet cooled, this condensed into early oceans. Cometary impacts played a similar role.

Oceans helped stabilise the Earth's climate. Without them, early life wouldn't have evolved around 3.8 billion years ago.

The land masses on planet Earth have changed over time. As supercontinents form and break up, new oceans are formed and reformed.

And the story isn't over yet.

Take the Pacific Ocean. Did you know that it's shrinking? Two tectonic plates are colliding in slow motion, forcing one plate to dive under the other. It's believed the ocean will close entirely in around 300 million years.

What makes an ocean an ocean?

At this point, you might be wondering what the difference is between a sea and an ocean. Is it simply a matter of size?

Seas are smaller bodies of water than oceans, yes. But they also tend to be partially enclosed by land. The Sargasso Sea is the exception – a region of the Atlantic Ocean defined by ocean currents alone.

The Pacific is the world's largest and deepest ocean. It covers a whopping 637 million square miles and contains more than half of the world's water.

For a long time, there were four oceans: the Atlantic, the Pacific, the Indian and the Arctic. Today, however, most countries recognise the Southern (Antarctic) Ocean as the fifth ocean.

Strictly speaking, of course, there's only one ocean. Humans have laid down markers, but the water flows over them, just as winds blow over the borders of our ever-changing nations.

About us

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're fascinated by our prehistoric past. How couldn't we be? Our caves are more than 500,000 years old. Each stalagmite and stalactite took thousands of years to form.

If you want to step into a time machine, why not take the 60 steps down into the caverns? We guarantee you a fantastic day out in Yorkshire that you won't forget in a hurry. It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

Secrets of Stump Cross: the Fourth Stream

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 17 Jan 2025 09:33:20 GMT

Could there be a fourth stream and a lost underground lake at Stump Cross Caverns? Follow the trail today.

Here in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, Stump Cross Caverns is a local treasure that's home to ancient treasures. Chambers like Reindeer Cavern and Wolverine Cave are known to cavers the world over.

But Stump Cross is so much more than the sections you can visit. Take the Fourth Stream. It's far from a household name, even among the most passionate of cave lovers. We're not even 100% sure that it exists. But if it does, it could have fascinating consequences for our understanding of the caverns.

It's a story as long and winding as our subterranean passageways – and it all begins with a happy accident one freezing day at the beginning of 1860. So wrap up warm – we're heading down into the caves…

A brilliant mistake

In the second half of the 19th century, the area surrounding Stump Cross Caverns was a hotbed of lead mining. The industry sustained entire communities. It was a hard life that involved combing the landscape for seams and digging, digging, digging.

In January 1860, two brothers from Greenhow Hill were out doing just that. They started digging – but their spades didn't touch the material they were after. Instead, they went right through the ground into a network of passageways and chambers.

The caves were soon opened to the public, who came from all around to marvel at the prehistoric treasures.

For the first 60 years of Stump Cross as a tourist attraction, the caves were relatively dry. Sure – they got a little damp in places, but there were no streams, lakes or other water sources in sight. If there was a stream, it was running somewhere below the visitors' feet.

All that changed in 1922 when a team of Cambridge medical students led by Christopher Long carried out further excavations in the caves.

The initial discovery of Stump Cross Caverns was a brilliant mistake. But the Cambridge cavers knew what they were doing. Long's vision was to extend the network and make it a show cave to compete with its counterparts in Somerset and Derbyshire.

They were in luck – but this time, their luck was helped along by skill, determination and grit. They discovered a second, lower series of caves and a hitherto undiscovered stream.

Big dreams and little streams

The following years saw further explorations by the Craven Pothole Club and others. They traced the First Stream into the Far Upper Stream Passage and identified its source as a swallow hole called North Sink.

In 1949, members of the CPC discovered a series of caves that they called "Heaven" and "Hell". Here, they found a second stream.

Further explorations in the 1950s and 1960s mapped this stream's course all the way from a sink opposite the Mongo North entrance to where it flows into the First Stream.

Around the same time, a third stream was discovered and given the enigmatic name of the Runestream. We don't know who discovered it or when – but there is a story that Martin Davis of the Yorkshire Underground Research Team returned from an expedition with his wet suit in tatters.

This is where it gets interesting. Could there be a fourth stream – and if there is, could the legend of Long's Lost Lake be true after all?

What is the legend of Long's Lost Lake?

When Christopher Long and his caving companions carried out their excavations in 1922, Long made a remarkable claim. There was, he said, an underground lake in the cave network.

The expedition over, he told the owner about his discoveries. But he had a not-so-ulterior motive. Now that he had uncovered such a fascinating feature, could he earn some money from the show caves?

The answer was a firm "no". In high dudgeon, Long filled in the lake – and it's never been seen since.

Or so the story goes. It could be that Long made the whole thing up as leverage. But not if you ask Stump Cross Caverns legend Geoff Workman.

Who was Geoff Workman?

Geoff Workman was a passionate caver who added hugely to our knowledge of Stump Cross Caverns. He was also a record-breaker, spending an astonishing 105 days underground in 1963 . At the time, this was the longest time spent in isolation underground.

Above all, he loved to dig. His digging expeditions led him to suspect that there was a fourth stream underground – and that this could flow out of Long's Lost Lake.

A lake needs two things: a stream and a natural dam to contain the water. Geoff knew about the streams – so how about the dam?

He pointed to three pieces of evidence. First, there was the six-inch vein of barite excavated at the start of the Clay Level. Barite doesn't dissolve in water – so if there was barite elsewhere in the caves, could it act as a natural dam?

Then there was a shakehole near the Mongo North entrance that featured the remains of a concrete channel. In the 1960s, it was a water channel. Today, however, it's mostly dry. Could water have flowed down this channel into the heart of Stump Cross, where it was contained by the barite dam?

Finally, there's a telling detail from the legend of Long's Lost Lake. Long claimed to have found a vein of lead in the Lake Series. Is it a coincidence that stream-washed nuggets of lead ore have been found elsewhere in the cave system?

Taken together, Geoff argued, these pieces of evidence point in one direction: Long's Lost Lake.

So what do you think? Is there a lost lake somewhere in the winding passageways and chambers of Stump Cross Caverns? Or was it the invention of an ambitious young man with his eyes on the prize?

If we learn any more about it, we'll be sure to let you know.

There are many more secrets to discover at Stump Cross Caverns. Looking for an unforgettable family day out near Harrogate ? It's quick and easy to book your tickets online .

There's a monster in a cave near you – and it hates the dark

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 13 Jan 2025 15:16:49 GMT

Electric lighting in show caves attracts the dreaded lampenflora. Learn more about this light-loving beast.

Humans have changed the Earth's ecosystems in a multitude of ways. But not all of them are intentional. Sometimes, human presence alone is enough to make a difference.

One example of this can be found in the world of show caves. Show caves, by definition, are caves that have been opened for the public to explore. And like it or lump it, cave owners and the public have changed the ecosystems of caves.

Sometimes, this is for the better. Take safety measures. When the first show caves were opened, safety was not a strong suit. Heck, it was barely an afterthought. But today, you can soak up the wonders of prehistoric caves without putting yourself in danger. Good job, humans!

Then there's lampenflora. This is a problem in show caves the world over – and it's the direct result of human visitors.

Here's what happens. Humans open a cave for public use. They install lighting to show off the beautiful rock formations.

They also bring in germs, seeds and spores. These grow under the electric lights. Before you know it, the cave walls are a breeding ground for algae, mosses and even ferns.

These are known collectively as lampenflora and they're a problem for cave ecosystems. That's why show caves the world over are committed to using different kinds of lighting to minimise their impact – and that includes us right here at Stump Cross Caverns.

How do lampenflora grow?

Lampenflora grow under electric lighting. They typically grow around 50 centimetres from the light source and develop around it in a circle.

In the days before LED lighting, the light bulbs would dry out the moisture and the plants would form lichen-like rings.

Modern lighting transmits less heat, meaning less lampenflora. You can even get special LED lights that don't transmit the frequencies needed for photosynthesis.

Why is lampenflora a problem?

There are two main problems with lampenflora. The first is that it's a form of pollution. Dripstones get covered in green rings. Taste is subjective, of course, and some people find them beautiful. Either way, they're an unwanted addition to a prehistoric environment.

The second, overlapping reason is that lampenflora can produce weak organic acids. Over time, these corrode both limestone and rock formations – those stalagmites and stalactites that make show caves so special.

The problem is even worse when the caves contain ancient cave paintings. These are especially vulnerable to lampenflora.

Show caves are time capsules. Like art galleries or ancient buildings, they preserve our planet's history. Whatever you think of its appearance, lampenflora is like black mould on the Sistine Chapel roof or graffiti on Michelangelo's David.

Thankfully, it doesn't have to be like this. Cave owners the world over are proactive in combatting lampenflora.

How can lampenflora be combatted?

Different methods have been used over the decades to remove lampenflora and inhibit its growth. For a time, toxic herbicides were used until the environmental toll was fully registered.

Other cave owners wiped the rock surfaces down with brine. But this had one main drawback: it took time and had to be done several times a year.

The simplest way to combat lampenflora is with modern lighting. LED lights lack the heat that helps lampenflora grow.

It's not just the lighting itself that helps. It's also where it's positioned. The lighting needs to be kept as far from the surfaces as possible.

Some caves, especially those with prehistoric cave paintings, go so far as to dispense with electric lighting altogether. Instead, visitors light their way with torches.

What different kinds of lampenflora are there?

The most common types of lampenflora are green algae, mosses and cyanobacteria (a type of blue-green algae). It also includes lichens, ferns and even certain flowering plants, such as saxifrage.

It's important to note that the term "lampenflora" only covers cave plants that grow under electric lighting. It doesn't cover fungi and roots growing into caves or plants growing in sunlight at the cave mouth.

Where does the word "lampenflora" come from?

Lampenflora is a German word that literally translates as "lamp flora" or "plants of the lamp". It was introduced by the botanist Klaus Dobat in 1963. Today, it's used everywhere.

It's also sometimes referred to as "green sickness" and la maladie verte ("the green sickness" in French). This gives you some idea of how unpopular it is in the cave community…

What happened at Lascaux?

Discovered by accident in 1940, Lascaux Cave in France is a prehistoric wonder of the world. It boasts more than 600 wall paintings, mostly of large animals, dating from between 17,000 and 22,000 years ago.

In 1963, however, the caves had to be closed. This was primarily because the sheer number of visitors had changed the cave environment. Lichens and crystals began to appear on the walls, threatening to damage the priceless paintings.

Like the algae-covered Cango Caves of South Africa, Lascaux is a warning from history about what can happen if lampenflora goes unchecked. And at Stump Cross Caverns, it's a warning we take seriously.

That's why we're raising funds to update our lighting and ensure the caves can be visited for generations to come.

About our fundraiser

Stump Cross Caverns isn't just a business. It's also a conservation project. We're custodians of these magnificent Yorkshire Dales caves , and we take our responsibilities seriously.

This means balancing the needs of our visitors with the needs of the caves themselves. Electric lighting is a necessity to ensure people can enjoy the subterranean wonders. But we need better lighting to keep the caves looking their prehistoric best.

Our aim is to install state-of-the-art lighting that will protect the cave's formations, cut energy costs and keep the caves open to visitors.

If you want to help us reach this goal, please consider donating to our crowdfunder . We're grateful for every donation, big or small.

The latest on C Chamber: a new cave at Stump Cross Caverns

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 10:13:08 GMT

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're embarking on a new adventure. Get the latest news on C Chamber.

The Yorkshire Dales is threaded with caves and caverns – more than 2,500, in fact. But a particularly beautiful example lay undiscovered until 1860. If it hadn't been stumbled upon by two local lead miners , perhaps we'd still be none the wiser.

Since its discovery that on fateful day, Stump Cross Caverns has undergone many changes – changes of ownership, changes to accessibility and the opening of new chambers.

We were recently delighted to share the news that we're getting ready to open a new cave to the public . C Chamber, as it's known, is currently overrun with mud and rocks. But when it's cleared out, it will be a publicly accessible cavern showcasing gorgeous rock formations.

Buckle up. We've got some exciting updates for you.

For a start, our pet project has gone global. In the States, the news has reached Kansas , Tennessee and Indiana . And closer to home, it's been covered by the BBC , as well as local news outlets like Your Harrogate and The Yorkshire Post .

We're also excited to announce the first in a series of videos that will chart the ups and downs of the project. (We're crossing our fingers for nothing but 'ups'.)

In the video, Stump Cross Caverns owner Oliver Bowerman says:

"It's a once-in-a-generation thing. The last time it happened here at Stump Cross was in the year 2000. You can count on one hand the amount of times it's happened in the UK in the last 20 years or so."

So when, you might be wondering, will C Chamber be open? It's not an easy question to answer – let us tell you why…

What's happening at Stump Cross Caverns?

For the first time in 25 years, we're opening a brand new section of Stump Cross Caverns: C Chamber, as it's known.

Why does it matter? Well, many of the world's caves are for professional eyes only. They're inaccessible to the public due to safety concerns. C Chamber is one such cave. To get a good look at it, you'll need to get into caving gear and join a caving team.

This is a real shame because C Chamber is full of gorgeous rock formations – those stalagmites, stalactites and other decorations that fill the world's show caves.

As Oliver told the BBC:

"It's incredibly exciting because we can get people to see what we've seen.

"We get the chance," he went on, "to actually peer behind the curtain and see these amazing caverns, but it's a massive undertaking because there's a lot of engineering that is going to be involved."

"Massive undertaking" is no exaggeration. For C Chamber to be made accessible to the public, there's a huge amount of digging to be done.

What state is C Chamber in?

At the moment, C Chamber is a place of contradictions. It's full of pristine stalactites, stalagmites and unique crystal pom-poms that can match the decorations in the rest of the caverns.

It's also full of muck and waste material that render it inaccessible – for now.

What do we mean by waste material? It largely consists of "spoil" – material removed and discarded over half a century of caving expeditions.

If you're excavating a tunnel, the mud and rocks you dig up have to go somewhere. Much of it has been dumped in C Chamber, sometimes piled up in walls – a practice known as "dead walling".

This waste material is blocking the way through C Chamber. Before it can be opened to the public, it all has to be removed.

Then there's the mud and sediments that make C Chamber, in its current state, a destination for cavers only. The excavation will involve digging through sediments that have been lying there for thousands of years.

As Oliver says, this is a massive undertaking – one that could take years. But it should all be worth it in the end.

What's the point in doing all this digging?

Imagine finding a gold coin buried in a field. It's caked in soil, and the engraving is stained. It's not something you want on your mantlepiece. But clean off the muck and buff it up, and the coin will shine again.

This is a bit like what's happening at C Chamber. The cave is full of sparkling, gleaming, glimmering rock formations. But they're lost in a wilderness of mud and detritus.

Once the excavation is complete, the chamber will take its place as a jewel in the Stump Cross crown.

But there's another reason why opening C Chamber is a big deal for Stump Cross. It will offer a new way out of the caves.

For the first time, visitors will be able to experience the caverns as a circular route rather than doubling back on themselves. We believe this will enhance your experience, whether you're a first-time visitor or coming back for more.

We're confident that C Chamber will be a worthy addition to the caverns. But it could offer even more. As Tom Thompson, a caver from the Craven Pothole Club, says, "You never know what you might find".

Other caves at Stump Cross Caverns were the site of prehistoric fossils, including reindeer and wolverines. Could C Chamber be home to more fascinating fossils? Could there be a bison buried in that glacial mud? We can't wait to find out and show you.

What is the timeline?

The truth is that we don't how long the process of excavating and digging out the chamber will take. However, work started on 6 January 2025, so we should know more very soon.

It's going to be wet, muddy, arduous work – so who better to help us than the Craven Pothole Club ? No amount of mud will deter these passionate local cavers.

At Stump Cross Caverns, we see ourselves as custodians of the caves. That's why we're so excited to be able to add a new show-cave to our network. We'll let you know how we get on.

Stump Cross Caverns is an ancient underground network of caves in the heart of the Yorkshire Dales. Looking for a fun and educational family day out in Yorkshire ? Take advantage of special offers when you book tickets online .

15 great video games about cave exploration

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 06 Jan 2025 14:08:17 GMT

Looking for a video game that takes you deep underground into virtual caves? Here are 15 of the best.

Video games have always been about adventure. From the comfort of your gaming chair, you can explore other worlds – sometimes fantastical, sometimes closer to home.

So, it's no surprise that game designers the world over have delighted in creating virtual caves to explore. They provide a controlled environment for players to navigate, explore and plunder for resources.

They also lend themselves to a variety of moods. Caves can be creepy, magical, beautiful or a bit of all three. It all depends on the aim of the game and the vision of its creators.

From the text adventures of the late 70s to the online worlds of the new millennium, caves are a fixture of video games – and they show no signs of going away.

In this article, we run down 15 of the best video games about cave exploration. We've taken what you might call a "console-agnostic" approach – in other words, there are games for PC, Xbox, PlayStation and more.

We hope you find something that engages, inspires and entertains.

1. Colossal Cave/Colossal Cave Adventure

Available for Mac, Meta Quest, Nintendo Switch, PC, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5

PEGI rating: not rated

We begin in the late 1970s with Colossal Cave Adventure – a text-based adventure game that journalist Steven Levy has called the genre's equivalent of Shakespeare. The game, based on the real-life Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, takes the player on a fantastical journey in search of treasure and gold.

In 2023, the game was reimagined as Colossal Cave – a virtual reality experience for modern consoles. If you want to play the original cave game but can't stomach walls of text, it's well worth a try.

2. Deep Rock Galactic

Available for PC, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5 and Xbox One

PEGI rating: ages 16 and up

We jump from the 1970s to 2020 when Deep Rock Galactic was released for various platforms.

You play a dwarf employed by an intergalactic mining corporation. Your mission: to extract minerals from the caves of Hoxxes IV.

3. Dear Esther

Available for Mac, PC, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One

PEGI rating: ages 12 and up

This 2012 adventure game is a lonely but absorbing experience. Your objective is to explore the ruined buildings, shipwrecks, caves and other features of an uninhabited island in the Hebrides. Along the way, you hear a man read a series of letters to his late wife, Esther.

4. Firewatch

Available for Mac, Nintendo Switch, PC, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One

PEGI rating: ages 16 and up

In 2016's Firewatch , players control a fire lookout named Henry in the Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming. But things aren't all they seem to be. Soon, Henry is exploring the forest in search of answers. Could a locked cave hold a clue?

5. Amnesia: Rebirth

Available for PC and PlayStation 4

PEGI rating: ages 18 and up

Released in 2020, Amnesia: Rebirth is a first-person survival horror game. You wander through a dimly lit desert land in search of your companions. As you venture through caves and tombs, you must find matches, lamps, torches and candles and solve puzzles by their light.

6. The Tomb Raider franchise

Available for a wide range of platforms

PEGI ratings: various – search by game title here

British archaeologist Lara Croft simply can't get enough of raiding caves, tombs and ruins for artefacts – and gamers the world over can't get enough of the series. At the time of writing, some 100 million copies have been sold.

7. Subnautica

Available for Mac, Nintendo Switch, PC, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One

PEGI rating: ages 7 and up

In 2018's Subnautica , you play Ryley Robinson. You find yourself in the aftermath of a spaceship crash, stranded on an ocean planet known only as 4546B. Your mission is to locate essential resources in the planet's underwater caves and islands – all the while dodging some lethal predators.

8. Assassin's Creed Odyssey

Available for Nintendo Switch, PC, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One

PEGI rating: ages 18 and up

In 2018, gamers took a journey to the fourth century BC when the Peloponnesian War raged between the city-states of Athens and Sparta. Assassin's Creed Odyssey takes you through a large open world, including more than 20 caves to be explored and looted.

9. Terraria

Available for Android, iOS, Mac, Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo Switch, PC, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Xbox 360 and Xbox One

PEGI rating: ages 12 and up

"Dig, fight, build!" runs the slogan of this game that ingeniously combines action with creativity. There are caves to be raided for resources, equipment to be crafted and foes to defeat.

With Terraria 's intuitive gameplay and varied action-adventure activities, it's no wonder it's one of the best-selling games of all time.

10. Stardew Valley

Available for Android, iOS, Mac, Nintendo Switch, PC, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita and Xbox One

PEGI rating: ages 12 and up

If you inherited your granddad's dilapidated farm, what would you do? 2016's Stardew Valley lets you answer that question through all aspects of farm life, from growing crops to fishing, from exploring caves to starting a family.

11. Scanner Sombre

Available for Mac and PC

PEGI rating: not rated

At the beginning of the first-person exploration game Scanner Sombre (2017), you wake up in a tent in a cave. You find an augmented reality headset that guides you through the cave. Things quickly take a creepy turn with the remnants of witch-hunts and mining tragedies. Not one for the faint of heart!

12. The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim

Available for Nintendo Switch, PC, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox 360, Xbox One and Xbox Series X|S

PEGI rating: ages 18 and up

"Skyrim": the very word conjures up both a mythical past and a distant horizon. This 2011 role-playing game gives you both in spades. You're on a mission to defeat a world-eating dragon – a mission that takes you through dungeons, caves, cities, towns, villages and wilderness.

13. Far Cry 3

Available for PC, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One

PEGI rating: ages 18 and up

So far, we haven't touched the rich and varied world of the first-person shooter. But in Far Cry 3 , you've got a gun and you aren't afraid to use it. Your aim is to rescue your friends from pirates and escape from the tropical Rook Islands. But it's not going to be easy. Along the way, there are ancient caves to explore – and much, much more.

14. Spelunky

Available for Nintendo Switch, PC, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita and Xbox 360

PEGI rating: ages 7 and up

In Spelunky, you spelunk. But this isn't a gentle afternoon with the local caving group. No, this game features treasure, damsels in distress, fiendish foes and treacherous traps.

One of the best things about Spelunky is that the caves are procedurally generated. This means each time you play the game, you're getting a slightly different experience. Neat!

15. The Cave

Available for Android, iOS, Mac, PC, PlayStation 3, Wii U and Xbox 360

PEGI rating: ages 12 and up

In 2013's The Cave , players explore a magical talking cave and its twisting, turning passageways.

You select three out of seven possible characters, each with a dark past. You believe the cave will teach you something about yourself – and your future. Once inside, you collect objects and solve puzzles within the sentient cavern.

Because you spend the game with three of the seven characters, the game can only be completed over several run-throughs – perhaps one reason for its reputation as a darkly absorbing game.

Video games can be great fun – but not as fun as finding real-life caves to explore . Fancy discovering a few underground secrets? Join us at Stump Cross Caverns in the heart of the Yorkshire Dales. It's easy to book tickets online .

Stone Age jewellery: did our ancient ancestors glam up?

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 03 Jan 2025 13:43:32 GMT

Stone Age men and women wore jewellery made of different materials. Learn more about this ancient bling.

Our Stone Age ancestors get a bad rep. Too often, they're depicted as barely human brutes, hitting one bit of stone with another stone, running after bison and staring vacantly into the fire.

The evidence, however, suggests quite the contrary. Stone Age life was defined by the need for survival, yes. But in between hunting, cooking and building shelters, our ancient ancestors were artistic folks.

We can see this in the musical instruments that have been found in caves and other archaeological sites. We can see it in the gorgeous cave paintings that adorned their stony abodes. And we can see it in the jewellery specimens that have been discovered over the years.

The earliest known examples of jewellery date from the Stone Age and were made out of a variety of materials.

All these materials could be found lying around: feathers, shells, seed heads, stones, teeth and bones. But it's also probable that prehistoric jewellers would use teeth and bones from the animals they hunted for creative uses.

It's a fascinating area of ancient life which doesn't get the press it deserves. Well, we're here to fix that. Here are some examples of Stone Age jewellery that show our ancestors knew how to dress for success.

Shells

The earliest known piece of jewellery is a necklace found in Grotte des Pigeons, a cave in the north of Morocco.

Grotte des Pigeons is a treasure trove of archaeological finds, from tools to animal bones, from human remains to vegetation. It also featured a necklace made out of seashells, estimated to be 82,000 years old.

The shells were pierced for threading and covered in red ochre, a natural pigment that comes from clay-rich earth.

Bones and teeth

Our ancient ancestors also made necklaces and bracelets out of animal bones. These could have been salvaged from animal remains or deliberately removed from hunted animals.

Burial sites show that bone jewellery was worn by both children and adults. Small bird bones were used as they were easy to thread. Other bones were carved into discs.

One remarkable example comes from around 130,000 years ago. Ancient Neanderthals in present-day Croatia made a piece of jewellery from eight white-tailed eagle talons.

Teeth were also used. Arctic fox teeth, for instance, were bored with holes and threaded onto string to make amulets and pendants.

These pieces of jewellery may have been used as trophies to show human or Neanderthal dominance over the animal kingdom. Or perhaps they just liked the look of them! Sadly, there are no written records to let us know for sure.

Other materials

Did you know that some stones have naturally occurring holes? These glassy flint stones have been found in Britain, Egypt and Northern Germany.

They come under many names: adder stones, hag stones, witch stones… Meanwhile, the Germans call them Hühnergötter or "chicken gods".

These stones were used for jewellery. Other stones were drilled and threaded on string to make necklaces.

Stone Age people also made jewellery out of feathers, seed heads, chalk, jet and amber. Contrary to popular belief, they were creative and resourceful people.

Why did Stone Age people wear jewellery?

Today, people wear jewellery for all sorts of reasons. A necklace, for instance, can show status, support for a cause, a religious allegiance, a private association or a belief in healing properties. And that's on top of a straightforward interest in style.

But how about Stone Age people? The simple answer is that we don't know. The only records of Stone Age life are fossil records. There's no writing to tell us how people felt about jewellery.

We do know, however, that life for Stone Age people was harsh and free time was limited. The very fact that they put time into making jewellery suggests that it was important to them.

Perhaps they saw it as a way of warding off danger. Perhaps it was a way of indicating status. Perhaps it showed membership to a tribe or religion. Or perhaps they just looked the like of it.

We may never know – but as with all things prehistoric, it's a lot of fun to speculate.

How did jewellery change over time?

The Stone Age gets its name from its reliance on stone tools. Everything revolved around stone tools and hunting. Animals provided food, skins for clothes and shelter, and bones and teeth for jewellery.

But as the Stone Age gave way to the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, manufacturing became more sophisticated. People started to cast beads from precious and semi-precious metals, including gold, silver, tin, copper and bronze.

There are also examples of clay beads, such as those found at a burial site at Whitehorse Hill in Dartmoor, England. These chunky beads are believed to be around 4,000 years old.

Some fine examples of Bronze and Iron Age jewellery can be seen at the British Museum in London. They're a kind of bridge between Stone Age jewellery and the necklaces, bracelets and other pieces we wear today.

Our online shop

At Stump Cross Caverns, we're prehistory crazy. That's why we stock a selection of gemstone jewellery, including earrings, pendants, mood rings, gem bead bracelets and keyrings.

Interested? Explore our online gemstone shop today.

Our amber workshop

This winter, why not join us for a Baltic amber workshop ?

Amber is a remarkable material, formed from the resin of spruce trees some 40 million years ago – long before Stone Age men and women started creating jewellery.

Our workshops take place at a table in our cosy cafe next to a fire. You'll make an amber necklace and learn about its history and meanings, all with a spectacular view of the Yorkshire Dales National Park.

As well as taking home your necklace, you also get a sprinkle of amber dust and can learn how to infuse water with amber stones.

So, what are you waiting for? Spaces are limited, so book today to avoid disappointment.

4 women who changed geology forever

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 30 Dec 2024 09:35:01 GMT

Do you know your Charlotte Murchison from your Mary Anning? Meet 4 women who transformed geology.

Women in science have always had to fight. Male scientists studied at university, gave lectures, wrote books and were credited with their discoveries.

Meanwhile, female scientists were barred from university until 1868 – and even then, they weren't initially awarded degrees. Often, they acted as "assistants" to male scientists who took credit for their work.

This is true across all fields of science. In geology, women carried out game-changing research, yet their achievements were only recognised after the fact.

Some of these pioneers are becoming household names. Others remain obscure outside the academy. But all of them fought against the odds to contribute to a field of science that's shaped our understanding of the Earth.

So, without further ado, here are four women who changed geology forever.

Etheldred Benett (1776-1845)

Etheldred Benett was born into a wealthy, illustrious family. How wealthy and illustrious? Let's put it this way: her maternal grandfather was William Wake, AKA the Archbishop of Canterbury.

But in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, no amount of wealth or prestige could get a woman into university. Moreover, around half the population of the UK was illiterate. This meant only a handful of women could study science – and those who did were forced to do it at home.

This didn't deter Ethelred, who spent much of her life collecting and analysing fossils in South West England. She worked hard to create one of the largest fossil collections of the age.

She was in frequent touch with her fellow geologists and gained their respect – an unusual feat for a woman of her time. She also donated lots of her collection to various museums.

Etheldred was fortunate to have a name one letter away from "Ethelred", leading many people to think she was a man. This led to her being awarded membership of the Imperial Natural History Society of Moscow under the name "Master Etheldredus Benett". Go Etheldredus!

Charlotte Murchison (1788-1869)

Charlotte Murchison was a British geologist born in Hampshire, England. She was married to the geologist Roderick Impey Murchison. The two sketched cliffs and fossils in continental Europe and closer to home on the Yorkshire coast. Together, they built up a significant collection of fossils.

Her story is typical of female scientists of her time. Now known as a significant influence on her husband's work, she wasn't recognised for her achievements at the time. She was also barred from higher education.

The Murchisons were friends and collaborators with the geologist Charles Lyell. Charlotte insisted on attending his lectures, helping pave the way for female attendance.

She lived a full life before dying of malaria contracted on a field trip at the age of 80.

Mary Horner Lyell (1808-1873)

Born in London, Mary Horner Lyell spent her adult life as the wife-slash-assistant of famous geologist Charles Lyell. Historians believe, however, that she made significant uncredited contributions to his work.

Her only known independent work is her study of land snails in the Canary Islands. This is thought to be just the tip of the iceberg.

As well as contributing much to science, Mary was fluent in French, German, Spanish and Swedish. She acted as Charles's interpreter, scribe and assistant researcher.

In 1833, she fought for women to be allowed to attend lectures at King's College London. This was a major battleground in women's rights at the time. Charles permitted women to attend his lectures and found that more than half of the attendees were women.

When she died, the Boston Daily Advertiser paid tribute to her "strength and sweetness", writing, "There are many hearts in the United States that will be saddened by the death of this admirable woman… In every part of it [she] had made warm and lasting friends".

Today, we can add her contributions to geology and conchology to this eulogy.

Mary Anning (1799-1847)

The Natural History Museum in London is a treasure trove of geological specimens. One of its jewels, a complete Ichthyosaurus skeleton, was found by Mary Anning. Her other finds included a type of sea reptile called a plesiosaur and the flying Dimorphodon .

Mary was born into poverty in the coastal town of Lyme Regis, Dorset. Her father made cabinets and sold fossils on the side. He died when Mary was 10.

Undeterred, she devoted herself to collecting and analysing fossils and studying geology.

Aged 27, she opened Anning's Fossil Depot, a shop selling fossils to tourists. She collected these from beaches. Some of her finds, like the Ichthyosaurus , have had a lasting impact on geology and the theory of evolution.

Despite this lasting impact, Mary was excluded from the scientific community because of her gender. The history of geology was told without her.

All this began to change in the 20th century. Books such as H.A. Forde's The Heroine of Lyme Regis (1925) began to tell her story. She was referenced in John Fowles's The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969). For many years, people mistakenly believed that she was the woman who sells seashells on the seashore in the famous tongue-twister.

In 1999, the 200th anniversary of her birth was celebrated in Lyme Regis by an international assembly of historians, fossil collectors, palaeontologists and others.

Then, in 2010, the Royal Society listed her as one of the 10 most influential British women in the history of science.

A bronze statue of Mary, created by the sculptor Denise Dutton, now stands in Lyme Regis. It was commissioned thanks to the efforts of another inspirational female: 11-year-old Evie Swire, supported by her mother Anya Pearson.

Final thoughts

For a long time, the contributions of women to science have been overlooked or deliberately omitted. This is beginning to change, and inspirational scientists are starting to get their due. We salute them all!

Know a little geologist in the making? At Stump Cross Caverns, we love teaching kids about fossils with our interactive dig sessions. They'll enjoy learning about the ancient world and finding real fossils they can take home and keep. Fancy some educational fun? It's easy to book tickets online .

Why are caves good for making cheese?

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 27 Dec 2024 09:16:24 GMT

Join us as we trace the history of cheese and ask: why do people leave cheese in caves, anyway?

Question of the day: what does cheese have in common with penicillin and Velcro?

Answer: it was an accident.

Yes, like those era-defining inventions, cheese was probably "discovered" by pure fluke.

It might have happened a bit like this. Once upon a time, a nomadic tribesperson needed to carry a pint of milk from one windswept plain to another. So, they did what any right-thinking tribesperson would do and poured the milk into a bag.

Et voila! Portable milk. Now, they just had to strap the bag to a belt or a mule and they could keep their hands free for the long journey. Smart.

But there's a twist. That wasn't any old leather or linen bag. It was a bag hastily fashioned from an animal's stomach – and it probably wasn't very well cleaned.

The tribesperson journeyed on. And as they journeyed, the milk sloshed around and mixed with enzymes left on the walls of the stomach.

When their journey was done, the tribesperson opened the bag and was surprised to see that their milk was no longer milk. It was a medley of thick lumps and thin fluid that probably looked a little off. But, curious as they were, they tasted a little bit of the strange mixture and liked what they nibbled.

Cheese was born.

You might be surprised to learn that cheese is made in a similar way today. Or, at least, the broad strokes are the same. At its most basic, cheese is milk mixed with an enzyme called rennet (or a vegetarian alternative) and drained. Simple.

Of course, the world's cheesemakers have refined the recipe in many and multifarious ways. There are now around 2,000 types of cheeses, each with subtle variations in ingredients, method and – especially – the ageing process.

The art of ageing cheese

Most early cheeses probably weren't aged for very long. Like our modern feta and mozzarella, these protocheeses would have tasted fresh, creamy and mild.

So far, so delicious. But young cheeses come with some serious baggage. They have to be eaten very quickly, or they'll spoil – not good when you're trying to transport them or you're snacking in a hot climate.

That's why some enterprising cheesemakers started to look for ways to preserve their precious cheeses. In hot climates like the Middle East, they'd add copious amounts of salt. In colder climates, such as Europe, they'd simply leave the cheese to dry out in a cool spot.

New discovery unlocked: aged cheese has a funky, complex flavour all of its own – especially when moulds and bacteria have stowed away on its surface.

Yes, at some point, a cheesemaker saw that their cheese had gone mouldy and decided to try a piece. Ill-advised? Perhaps. Risky? Most definitely. But this brave decision had big consequences: it led to the plethora of mould-enriched cheeses we enjoy today.

If you're feeling a little icky at this point, allow us to make you feel even worse.

Yes, the early cheesemakers were making things up as they went along. Yes, they probably ate more than their fair share of stinky, rancid cheeses. But even today, ageing cheese is essentially a process of controlled rotting. It's about leaving cheese to go bad so it tastes good.

Of course, not any environment will do. As our enterprising cheese-smiths soon learned, you needed just the right balance of temperature and humidity. Get this balance right and you'll have a tasty cheddar or gooey reblochon. Get it wrong and you'll have stomach ache.

Thankfully, there were plenty of caves around.

Why are caves good for ageing cheese?

Cheese needs to age in a fairly cool environment. And – just as importantly – the temperature needs to remain fairly constant. Sudden hot spells or cold snaps can wreak havoc on a recipe.

That's one reason why caves are so ideal for cheesemaking: they're Mother Nature's fridges. Our forbears lacked the luxury of thermostats and active cooling – but they didn't need such fancy toys. Caves did the job just fine.

You can thank their thick rock walls for that. Rock is slow at transmitting heat, so caves tend to maintain a steady temperature all year round. And the deeper you go, the less the temperature fluctuates.

The second reason is that caves are dark and damp. This isn't ideal for humans – but it's great for cheese. That's because cheese loves humidity. If the humidity level was too low, the cheese would turn into a dry, tasteless wodge. Not good.

Of course, not all caves are the same. Some are cooler. Some are hotter. Some are more humid than others. It's these small variations that give cave cheeses their characteristic flavours and textures.

Is cheese still aged in caves?

Think of cave-aged cheese and you might imagine medieval monks working in dark natural cellars. A Father Déchanet, perhaps, carefully tending to his wheel of roquefort.

It's a nice mental image – but surely that sort of thing doesn't go on today?

It sure does. In fact, roquefort – the most famous of the cave-aged cheeses – has been made in much the same way since at least the Middle Ages.

The French take the provenance and authenticity of their cheeses very seriously. So, even today, roquefort can only be called "roquefort" if it's aged in the caves of Mont Combalou near Roquefort-sur-Soulzon.

Some cheeses used to be aged in caves but are now mass-produced in factories. However, a few adventurous producers have looked to the past and begun cave-ageing their cheeses once again.

Take Wookey Hole: a cave network in Somerset, UK. Back in the glory days of artisan cheesemaking, farmers from across the region relied on the caverns to give their cheddars a characteristic tang. But the world moved on and the practice died out.

In 2006, however, Ford Farm revived the practice. The caves became a gigantic cheese fridge once again.

Today, Ford Farm's cheesemakers select the finest cheddars from each batch and carry them into the caves, where they're left to mature for six months beneath the Mendip Hills.

And, by all accounts, they're the tastiest cheeses that Ford Farm can muster. It just goes to show – modern methods might be quick and reliable, but sometimes all you need is a cave and a bit of patience.

You won't find any cheese at Stump Cross Caverns (well, maybe in our cafe). However, you will find one of the most fascinating historical places to visit in Yorkshire . Our caves are full of mysterious rock formations and hidden secrets – and their story starts before the dawn of the dinosaurs. Fancy an adventure? It's easy to book tickets online .

A quick tour of our new online gem and fossil shop

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Sat, 21 Dec 2024 00:00:36 GMT

Looking for jewellery, fossils and gemstones? Join us for a tour of the Stump Cross Caverns online shop.

At Stump Cross Caverns, we're proud to be sitting on a treasure trove of stalagmites, stalactites and gleaming rock formations. Whatever time of year you visit, we guarantee you an enchanting trip you won't forget in a hurry.

But our activities aren't limited to the caves alone. We host a range of workshops, events and experiences for cave people of all ages. We have a cosy private cinema . We have a cafe , a gift shop and a Time Out Pod for people to unwind in.

And now, we have an online gem and fossil shop . This stocks stunning examples of gemstone jewellery, stones and minerals, fossils and other treasures.

Perhaps you're looking for a piece of jewellery to tie your outfit together. Perhaps you want a paperweight or ornament. Perhaps you're a dino lover or prehistorian. Perhaps you have a specific stone in mind for its healing properties. Or perhaps you're in search of a precious gift.

Whatever brings you to the world of gems and fossils, we've got you covered. But don't take our word for it – join us for a quick tour of what's on offer.

Jewellery

We currently have a wide range of gemstone jewellery in stock. These pieces are ideal whether you want to accessorise or channel positive energy.

There are gem bead bracelets , mood rings , gemchip earrings , gemstone pendant necklaces , gemstone keyrings and more. Each piece can add elegance and meaning to your outfit or make a beautiful gift for a loved one.

Fossils

At Stump Cross, we're mad about the Earth's ancient past. How couldn't we be? We're sitting on a network of caves that's hundreds of thousands of years old, after all.

So much of what we know about our prehistoric past comes from fossils. The fossilised remains of humans and animals teach us about their diets, their biology and their place in the food chain. Without them, life on prehistoric Earth would be one big question mark.

For this reason, we're delighted to share with you our range of fossils , each one telling a different story.

Whether you're a fossil collector, an educator looking for specimens or an amateur with a keen eye for an old bone, we're sure you'll find a specimen that takes your fancy.

We've got fossil boxes , shark teeth , ammonites and replicas . We also have Orthoceras . These intricately patterned shells are the preserved remains of marine creatures that thrived some 400 million years ago.

Oh, and if you visit in person, you can see our real-life prehistoric bones. Looking at them, it's incredible to think they're the remains of animals that walked the Earth long, long before civilisation as we know it began.

Take a look – there's sure to be a fossil for you.

Gemstones

We have a wide range of gemstones for sale . These range from decorative pieces such as amethyst geodes to gemstone eggs , from polished hearts to selenite .

There's also our aura collection, featuring rose quartz , chalcedony , obsidian arrowheads , agate slices and more.

We also stock onyx coaster sets – the perfect addition to any dining table or coffee table – and a mining kit that lets you unearth your own sparkly minerals.

There are also gemstone wands . These carved, polished objects would make a beautiful addition to any gemstone collection or can be used for energy healing and meditation.

Whether you're buying gemstones for decoration or healing properties, there's something for everyone at our online shop.

Figurines

Why not add one of our soapstone figurines to your shelf or toy box? Each one is hand-carved from natural soapstone and polished to a smooth finish.

Whether you go for a soapstone dinosaur or soapstone animal , these unique, earthy figurines will make a precious addition to your collection or a thoughtful gift.

Soapstone is a type of rock composed of talc. It's formed deep underground by long periods of intense heat and pressure – and it's been used for carving for thousands of years.

Fill a bag

Can't choose between our goodies? Get a gemstone goody bag ! Each contains a unique assortment of gems, minerals and fossils for you to enjoy.

What are gemstones?

Gemstones are cut and polished minerals or stones. They're also known as precious stones, semi-precious stones and fine gems.

Gemstones often have vibrant colours – think of a green emerald, a blue sapphire or a purple amethyst.

They're often used for jewellery and ornaments. Some people believe they have spiritual properties.

What are fossils?

Fossils are the preserved remains of organisms. Most of them are more than 10,000 years old. They're found in rocks and can include the preserved remains of bones, teeth, shells or wood, as well as footprints, burrows or plant roots.

They're formed over thousands of years when an organism is covered by mud or sand. The sediment stops them from being eroded or dug up by scavengers.

The study of fossils is called "palaeontology". A person who studies them is called a "palaeontologist".

Fossils are crucial to geologists because they help us understand the age of rocks and the biology of extinct animals. They're also beloved by collectors and used as ornaments across the world.

The word fossil comes from the Latin fossilis , which literally means "unearthed".

Fancy an underground adventure?

So, there you have it – a quick tour of our new online gem and fossil shop. We hope you find something for yourself or a loved one that will be treasured always.

And if you haven't already, why not take a tour of Stump Cross Caverns itself? Our ancient chambers and passageways are teeming with beautiful rock formations that take the breath away.

Whether you're a keen caver, a natural history buff or just looking for an unforgettable day out, Stump Cross Caverns could be just the ticket. We look forward to giving you a warm Yorkshire welcome.

Explore our online store for gemstones and fossils today.

The Yorkshire Dales on film and TV

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 16 Dec 2024 12:11:36 GMT

The Yorkshire Dales has often been a prime location for filming TV and movies. Discover 8 examples.

Bob Dylan once sang, "I'm a man of contradictions, I'm a man of many moods / I contain multitudes". The same could be said of the Yorkshire Dales.

There are the Dales of Wuthering Heights , all tangled furze, barren crags and heartless rain. Wuthering, in a word. But at other times, it's as tranquil and pretty as they come.

The landscape itself is delightfully heterogeneous, from limestone pavements to waterfalls, from stone-built villages to ancient woodland.

So, it should come as no surprise to learn that the Yorkshire Dales are often the star of TV and film. Its multitudinous moods make it perfect for everything from Gothic horror to fantasy, from slices of life to flights of fancy.

1. The Woman in Black

This Gothic horror, directed by James Watkins, was adapted from a 1983 novel by Scarborough-born Susan Hill. Its plot centres on a vengeful ghost in black terrorising the fictional village of Crythin Gifford.

Filming of the village scenes took place in Halton Gill, just north of Settle. It was also the site of a 2010 Sainsbury's Christmas advert with Jamie Oliver.

2. All Creatures Great and Small

The diversity of the Yorkshire landscape has made it a habitat for a remarkable variety of creatures great and small – and of the BBC TV series All Creatures Great and Small. This series, based on books by the British vet James Herriot, was set in the Dales in the 1930s.

Actor Peter Davison recalls: "The first thing we did was a filming block on location in North Yorkshire… I just remember driving up and seeing this beautiful countryside that I'd never seen before. It was untouched."

That word "untouched" resonates to this day. The crew stayed in West Witton, between Leyburn and Askrigg. Actor Robert Hardy, meanwhile, stayed in Low Row near Reeth at a "rather grand little bed and breakfast place".

Herriot loved Yorkshire – but he had to see it to believe it:

"I had a mental impression of Yorkshire as a stodgy, uninteresting place – rural in parts, perhaps, but dull. I remember Siegfried saying to me a few days after I had first met him, 'Wait till you see Swaledale, Wensleydale and Coverdale, my boy.' [He] was right."

We agree!

3. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

Fans of the Harry Potter films will remember Harry and Hermione setting up camp for their final battle with Voldemort. But did you know this scene was filmed on the magnificent curving limestone pavement at Malham Cove?

As well as filming on the philosopher's stone pavement (sorry), the film includes shots of Malhamdale, Cawden and Kirby Malham. It's a testament to the raw beauty of the Dales that they can convincingly represent a fantasy landscape.

4. The Railway Children

Directed by Lionel Jeffries and starring a young Jenny Agutter, 1970's The Railway Children features the Keighley and Worth Valley railway.

But just as Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows turned Malham Cove into a military base, so The Railway Children turns a real-life heritage railway into the fictional Great Northern and Southern Railway.

The railway was used because it was the only heritage railway in Britain with a tunnel. But the tunnel as it appears in the film is much longer than in real life. The production team had to temporarily extend it with canvas covers.

Today, fans can visit Oakworth station or take a Railway Children -themed circular walk from Haworth station.

5. Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

Robin Hood may be associated with Nottinghamshire, but a famous scene in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves was filmed right here in the Yorkshire Dales.

The fight scene between Robin Hood and Little John was filmed at Aysgarth Falls. Shooting took place on the topmost flight of waterfalls.

Aysgarth Falls is beautiful all year round, but it's especially striking after heavy rains. This waterfall becomes a water-cascade, with gallon upon gallon of water charging down its limestone steps.

Elsewhere in the film, Maid Marian sees Robin bathing at another Yorkshire waterfall, Hardraw Force. The film crew also went further north to shoot at Sycamore Gap in Northumberland.

6. The Secret Garden

In The Secret Garden, young Mary Lennox is sent from British India to her uncle's home at Misslethwaite Manor in Yorkshire.

Many of the Manor scenes were filmed in North Yorkshire: from Duncombe Park to Helmsley Walled Garden, from Helmsley Castle to Fountains Abbey. The North Yorkshire Moors Railway also makes an appearance.

7. Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny

Whip-wielding globetrotter Indiana Jones has seen some sights. But in 2023's Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny, he's seen surrounded by tanks and Nazis at Grosmont – a sleepy village on the North York Moors Railway line.

At the time of filming, one resident tweeted: "Look who walked right past us in Grosmont today… Our son asked him if he was Indiana Jones and he tipped his hat and said no, he was just the stunt double."

Around the same time, Tom Cruise shot some scenes for the Mission: Impossible franchise near Pickering and in Levisham.

It seems there's something about the Dales these Hollywood A-listers just can't resist!

8. The League of Gentlemen

Look at the filming locations for darkly surreal British comedy The League of Gentlemen and the Yorkshire Dales are conspicuous by their absence. Lancashire, Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, Greater Manchester… But no Yorkshire Dales. So, why is it on the list?

The answer is that the show features a sketch with a tour guide at the fictional Stump Hole Cavern – a guide who harbours a dark secret.

Sound familiar? That's right – Stump Hole was based on our very own Stump Cross Caverns.

The clip isn't safe for work – or little ears – so we won't share it here. But we'll just say this: we're a lot cheerier than Reece Shearsmith's character…

Watching the Dales on the big screen is breathtaking – but seeing it in person is even better. So, why not pay it a visit?

And if you're looking for things to do in the Yorkshire Dales (between marvelling at the landscape), don't forget to swing by Stump Cross Caverns. With its beautiful stalactites and stalagmites, our ancient cave system is just as awe-inspiring as the landscape above. Just be sure to book online for the best deal.

4 Yorkshire walking challenges to try

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Fri, 13 Dec 2024 08:49:49 GMT

Hikers, assemble! Discover 4 Yorkshire walks that are challenging, varied and exceptionally beautiful.

In early 2024, Winning Moves UK released a new edition of Monopoly. Instead of taking your cheese around the districts of London, players now bought properties and landmarks in the Yorkshire Dales.

Look at the Yorkshire Dales Monopoly box and one thing jumps out at you straight away. Most of the pictures are from the great outdoors: cottages, hills and waterfalls. It's a far cry from the hotels of Mayfair and Park Lane.

The Yorkshire Dales, you see, is prime hiking country. With its unforgettable and varied scenery, it's the natural destination for hikers year on year.

And it's not just the Dales that have this pull. From north to south, from east to west, Yorkshire is perfect for a stroll.

It's also perfect for something a bit more strenuous. Whether you're raising money for charity or smashing a personal goal, walking challenges can be fun, healthy and, well, challenging.

In this article, we run through (walk through?) four of the best walking challenges in Yorkshire. So, grab your boots and pack your sandwiches – it's time to get walking.

1. The Yorkshire Three Peaks

The Yorkshire Three Peaks comprises a trio of well-known hills within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. Each year, thousands of hardy hikers come to tackle one, two or all three of the summits.

There's Pen-Y-Ghent, with its gentle incline turning into a semi-scramble. There's Whernside, with its view of Ribblehead Viaduct. And there's Ingleborough with its Iron Age remains.

Each peak has its distinctive character – but all have one thing in common. They all afford spectacular views of the Dales.

The three peaks can be combined in different ways. If you're in search of a challenge, you could try the 24-mile circular walk that takes in all three. But even a more leisurely walk limited to one or two of the peaks should be a satisfying challenge for most.

As with all mountain hikes, safety is an important consideration. Springtime through to early autumn is the best time for walking to make the most of the daylight hours. Make sure you dress for the weather – and plan wherever possible so you get to enjoy those magnificent views.

2. The Lyke Wake Walk

"This ae nighte, this ae nights, / Every nighte and alle, / Fire and fleet and candle-lighte, / And Christe receive thy saule."

These words come from the traditional English folk song known as the "Lyke-Wake Dirge". The song describes the soul's journey from Earth to Purgatory and the hazards it encounters along the way.

By these standards, the Lyke Wake Walk is a doddle. But by earthly standards, it's a challenge and no mistake.

It was created by Bill Cowley in 1955. Cowley was a former Indian civil servant, North Yorkshire farmer, local historian, journalist and broadcaster. He set himself and his fellow walkers a challenge: to cross the North York Moors on foot from West to East within 24 hours.

The walk takes its name from the old coffin routes and ancient burial mounds in this area of Yorkshire. But despite these macabre overtones, it's a beautiful stretch of heather moorland – the largest in England, in fact.

A popular choice of walk in the 1970s and 1980s, today it's less well-known. But if you've got the stamina, it can be an unforgettable experience.

There's no official route, but templates exist. Make sure you follow them to avoid disappointment.

The sheer length of the walk means that training is essential – as are good-quality walking shoes and socks. Don't let blisters or sheer fatigue ruin the experience for you. Ouch!

3. Castle to Abbey: Yorkshire Coast Challenge

This 22-mile guided trudge undulates its way from Scarborough Castle to Whitby Abbey.

It's a gently dramatic walk, taking in gorgeous beaches, wooded glades, rugged cliffs and seaside towns. Popular with fundraisers and committed hikers alike, it gives you some of the most striking scenery in the region.

It's also a popular walk for wildlife spotters. Get lucky and you could see a dolphin fin, the flash of seal in the bays or sea birds in the air.

The walk is strenuous and suitable for adults only. No dogs are allowed except for assistance dogs.

4. Coast to Coast

No history of hiking would be complete without a mention of Alfred Wainwright, the legendary fellwalker whose guidebooks and illustrations are beloved to this day.

Much of his oeuvre focuses on the Lake District. However, he also devised a 182-mile coast-to-coast walk from St Bees in Cumbria to Robin Hood's Bay. Along the way, coast-to-coast walkers pass through three national parks: the Lake District, the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors.

For most of its history, the route has been largely unsignposted. In 2022, however, plans were unveiled to make it a National Trail. When completed in 2025, this could see a renewed interest in this legendary route.

Whether you do it as one unbroken journey or in sections, you'll soon see why it's rated as one of the world's great walks. Expect fells, valleys and villages in abundance.

Tradition has it that you should pick up a pebble and dip your booted toe in the Irish Sea. At the other end, you should do the same in the North Sea at Robin Hood's Bay.

Final thoughts

So, there you have it: four walking challenges you won't forget in a hurry. Each one is a testament to the many moods and landscapes of this gorgeous corner of England.

If you're hiking in the Grassington area, why not pay Stump Cross Caverns a visit? Our themed cafe is the perfect spot for a breather with its commanding views of the Dales. And whatever time of year you come, the caves themselves are a fascinating slice of prehistory. We look forward to meeting you!

Can't get enough of the stunning Yorkshire scenery? Check out our hand-picked list of walks near Grassington in North Yorkshire .

Baltic amber and pyrite: two of nature's timeless wonders

simon@mydigitalhero.co.uk (Simon Edward) — Mon, 09 Dec 2024 14:56:21 GMT

How are amber and fool's gold formed? Find out in our article about 2 remarkable natural phenomena.

Here at Stump Cross Caverns, we're mad about geology. That's why this winter, we're holding workshops dedicated to two remarkable materials: pyrite , commonly known as fool's gold, and Baltic amber .

We first got excited about pyrite when Nick and Lisa (AKA Cavewoman ) visited Victoria Mine in Navahun, Spain, and marvelled at the cubic pyrite crystals there. These beautiful specimens were millions of years old. Wow!

We simply had to bring them to Stump Cross so visitors could get a look.

Then there's Baltic amber, a beautiful, ancient material formed from fossilised tree resin. Each piece of amber has travelled many miles over millions of years.

But that's just the beginning. Let's find out more about these two timeless wonders…

What is pyrite?

Pyrite, or iron sulfide, is commonly known as "fool's gold". It's often found in the same place as gold and sometimes shines like gold. This has led many a miner to be fooled into taking home something less valuable – but no less fascinating.

The word "pyrite" comes from the Greek word for fire, pyr (think "pyromaniac"). This is because it can create sparks when struck against metal or stone. Ancient civilisations used it for fire-lighting and modern societies used it for firearms. In the south of Thailand, it's said to ward off evil, black magic and demons.

Today, it's mainly used for jewellery. It's also highly useful in the search for gold, as the two often form together. But how is it formed?

Well, the ancients believed it was formed deep within the Earth and brought to the surface by volcanic activity. Today, scientists tell a different story. Bacteria reduce sulfate ions in underground water, creating sulfide. This then reacts with iron to form pyrite.

It's found in many places: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, hydrothermal mineral deposits and coal beds.

And like amber, it's exceptionally good at preserving fossils . In 2024, for example, researchers cracked open a piece of pyrite to discover a 450-million-year-old spider!

The specimen was so well preserved that Luke Parry, who led the research team, remarked, "They look as if they could just get up and scuttle away".

What is Baltic amber?

Every piece of amber, Baltic or otherwise, has a long and storied history.

It begins with a tree getting cut or knocked. To protect itself against disease, the tree oozes resin, forming a natural scab over its wound.

The resin flows down to the forest floor and becomes embedded in the sediment. On the way down, it can trap insect or plant life.

Millions of years pass. A chemical substance called terpenes breaks down and leaves the resin. The result is amber.

This process happened millions of years ago in the forests of Northern Europe. So, how did pieces of Baltic amber end up on the shores of the UK?

Over the last two million years, glaciers melted and shifted amber deposits towards the Baltic shorelines. Storms churned the sea bed and sent them out to sea, ending up on foreign shores.

Amber has remarkable fossilising properties. Most amber inclusions are insects and arachnids, some trapped in motion. But amber can also fossilise lizards, dinosaur feathers, plant species and even birds.

Most specimens of amber are, well, amber. But they come in a surprising array of colours – from white to citrus yellow, from brown to black.

Today, amber is used for jewellery and lends its distinctive pinewood scent to some perfumes. Some people believe it has restorative properties.

What is the oldest material on Earth?

Pyrite and amber are astonishingly old. But did you know that the oldest material on Earth is 7.5 billion years old?

Scientists found dust grains within a portion of the Murchison meteorite that fell to Earth in 1969. These grains are older than our Solar System, which is a spring chicken at 4.6 billion years old.

Lead researcher Philipp Heck described the grains as "solid samples of stars, real stardust". They were analysed by pulverising fragments of the meteorite into a paste. It's like, says Heck, "burning down the haystack to find the needle".

"I am sure," he continues, "there are older pre-solar minerals in Murchison and other meteorites. We just haven't found them yet."

What is the Gold Experience?

Our Gold Experience combines a fascinating presentation on pyrite mining with hands-on fun.

The presentation is led by an expert and covers the history of pyrite crystals. It also zooms in on the geological riches of the Victoria Mine in Navahun, Spain.

Then it's time to roll your sleeves up, soak a piece of limestone in water and watch as cubic pyrite crystals are revealed. Every participant gets to take their sample home.

This workshop is suitable for geology buffs and curious novices alike.

If you can't make the session, why not buy a Mine Your Own Pyrite Cube from our website? It's a fun, hands-on activity suitable for miners of all ages and skill levels.

What is the Amber Experience?

Book for our Amber Experience to learn all about Baltic amber. You'll create your own amber necklace and learn how to infuse water with amber. You'll even get to take home a sprinkle of amber dust to remember your special experience.

Final thoughts

At Stump Cross Caverns, we're sitting on a geological treasure trove. Pay us a visit and you can explore one of the best-preserved caves in Britain , full of stalagmites and stalactites formed thousands of years ago.

But our interest in the Earth's history stretches far beyond the caves – far into the distant reaches of the past. Holding a piece of pyrite or Baltic amber in your hands, you're holding a piece of prehistory. It's a humbling and awe-inspiring experience.

So, if you have a passion for prehistory or a fondness for fossils and gems, why not book for a gold or amber experience at Stump Cross Caverns ? We look forward to seeing you in the caves!

Into the earth

What are the top-rated restaurants near Stump Cross Caverns?

Discover great restaurants and eateries near Stump Cross Caverns, from pubs to cafes – all perfect for refuelling after exploring the Dales.

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The Gamekeeper's Inn

Grassington House

Cobblestones Café, Grassington

The Devonshire, Grassington

The Stripey Badger Bookshop, Coffee Shop & Kitchen

Right here at Stump Cross Caverns

A region made for good food

How did cavemen and cavewomen brush their teeth?

Discover Stone Age dietary and dental habits, early methods of cleaning teeth, and what cavemen used instead of toothpaste.

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A very different diet

Cleaning teeth without a toothbrush

Nature did some of the work

What can ancient teeth tell us?

Not quite the same as today

Discover more at Stump Cross Caverns

The best apps for navigating the Yorkshire Dales

Discover the best apps for navigating the Yorkshire Dales, with maps, weather and safety tools to help you explore with confidence.

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OS Maps: the gold standard for walking routes

Google Maps: simple, familiar and useful offline

Komoot: easy route planning and turn-by-turn guidance

AllTrails: great for inspiration and real user reviews

Met Office Weather: reliable local forecasts

what3words: a simple but powerful safety tool

A few simple safety tips before you go

Starting your day at Stump Cross Caverns

Wild swimming in the Yorkshire Dales: 5 scenic spots to explore

Discover scenic wild swimming spots in the Yorkshire Dales, with essential safety tips to help you enjoy the water responsibly.

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Important safety tips

Five outdoor swimming spots in the Yorkshire Dales

Janet's Foss, Malham

Linton Falls and the River Wharfe

Appletreewick and the River Wharfe

Catrigg Force

Semerwater

Respecting the landscape

Start with Stump Cross Caverns

Rainy days out in North Yorkshire: where to escape April showers

Discover the best rainy day activities in North Yorkshire, from museums to cosy cafes and caves that are perfect for April weather.

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Visit a museum, heritage centre or art gallery

Try something creative – or a little more active.

Enjoy a relaxed pub lunch

Plan a day that works around the weather

Go underground at Stump Cross Caverns

Settle into a cosy cafe

Rainy days can still surprise you

Educational birthday party ideas for curious kids

Planning a birthday party for an inquisitive mind? Discover creative ideas to make your child's special day educational and fun.

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Educational children's birthday ideas

An adventure through time

Decorations

Activities

A dinosaur dig

Decorations

Activities

Galactic exploration

Decorations

Activities

A mini STEM fest

Decorations

Activities

Plan an unforgettable birthday party at Stump Cross Caverns

Questions kids ask about caves (and the fascinating answers)

Get ahead with your weird and wonderful cave knowledge. Learn the amazing answers to some of the most common questions kids ask about caves.

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How are caves formed?

Solution caves

Lava tubes

Coastal/sea caves

Glacier caves

Talus caves

What kinds of creatures live in caves?